Expt No: Active low pass and band pass filter

Aim:
i)To design a1st order active low pass filter with cut off frequency of 10KHz, 1st order active high
pass filter with cut off frequency of 2KHz, 1st order active bandpass filter with frequency 2KhZ
to 10KHz.

ii)

Apparatus Required:
IC741
Power Supply (5 or 12)
Resistors- 1.5K, 10K
Capacitors- 0.01F
DRB
Function Generator
CRO
Bread board and connecting wires

Design:
Second Order Low Pass Filter:
Given: fh=10KHz
1/2RC=10KHz
Let, C=0.01F, then R= 1.59K1.5K
For butterworth response, 1+Rf/R1=1.586
Rf/R1=0.586, if R1=10 K, then Rf=5.86K (use DRB)

First Order Band Pass Filter:

Given: fl=400Hz, fh=10kHz and pass band gain=4
Let, the LPF and HPF section in BPF may be designed to give gain of 2.
1+Rf/Ri=2,  Rf=Ri, i.e, Rf=Ri=10 K
For LPF, fh=10kHz=1/2R1C1
Let, C1=0.01F, then R1= 1.5k
For HPF, fl=400Hz=1/2R2C2
Let, C2=0.01F, then R2= 39.8k

Theory:
A frequency selective electric circuit that passes electric signals of specified band of
frequencies and attenuates the signals of frequencies outside the band is called an electric filter.
The active filter uses op-amp as the active element, and resistors and capacitors as the passive
elements.

Second Order Low Pass Filter

An improved filter response can be obtained by using a second order active filter. Here
the frequencies below the cut off frequency are passed and the other frequencies are attenuated.
First Order Band Pass Filter
The frequencies in between the upper and lower cut off frequencies are passed and the
other frequencies are attenuated. The important parameters in a band pass filter (BPF) are upper
and lower cut off frequencies (fh and fl), the band width (BW), the central frequency (fo), the
central frequency gain Ao and selectivity Q. A wide band pass filter (Q<10) can be formed by
cascading a HPF and LPF section.

Pin Diagram:
OFFSET NULL 1 8 NO CONNECTION

INVERTING INPUT 2 7 V+
IC 741
NON-INVERTING INPUT 3 6 OUTPUT

V- 4 5 OFFSET NULL

Circuit Diagram:
Second order low pass filter
R1=10K Rf=5.86K

+12 V

+ 3 7
- 2 6
Vo
741

Vin
+- 23 4
R=1.5K R=1.5K
-12 V
C=
C=
0.01f
0.01f

Fig.1
First Order Band pass filter

Ri =10K Rf=10K

Ri =10K Rf=10K

+12 V

+12 V
2 - 7
6
2 - 7 741 Vo
6
C2=0.01f 741 3 + 4
R1=7.9K
3 + 4
Vin -12 V
C1=
-12 V 0.01f
R2=39.8K

Fig.2
Model Graph:
Second order low pass filter First Order Band pass filter

Gain Gain
in dB in dB
AV AV
AV/2
AV/2

fh fl fh
freq. in log scale freq. in log scale

Tabulation:
First order low pass filter Second order low pass filter
Vi=1V Vi=1V
Frequency Vo in volts Gain in dB Frequency Vo in volts Gain in dB
in Hz 20 log V0/Vi in Hz 20 log V0/Vi
First order high pass filter First order Band pass filter

Vi=1V Vi=1V
Frequency Vo in volts Gain in dB Frequency Vo in volts Gain in dB
in Hz 20 log V0/Vi in Hz 20 log V0/Vi

Procedure:
1. Circuit connections are made shown in Fig.1 and Fig.2.
2. The signal generator is set to produce a sine wave with 1Vp-p at 1kHz.
3. Output V0 for different values of frequency on CRO is observed and the frequency
responses are drawn.

Result: