QAR Weel RMAROWIAL Yogi ‘MMOL / 1211 414/29, oll. 1-4-2011 - LQ PHYSICS Standard 11 (Semester I) @® PLEDGE India is my country. ‘All Indians are my brothers and sisters. Tove my country and I am proud of its rich and ‘varied heritage. I shall always strive to be worthy of it I shall respect my parents, teachers and all my elders and treat everyone with courtesy. I pledge my devotion to my country and its people. ‘My happiness lies in their well-being and prosperity a i Gujarat State Board of School Textbooks ‘Vidyayan’, Sector 10-A, Gandhinagar-382 010© Gujarat State Board of School Textbooks, Gandhinagar Copyright of this textbook is reserved by Gujarat State Board of School ‘Textbooks. No reproduction of any part of the textbook in any form is permitted without written permission of the Director of the Board. Authors Dr. P. N. Gajjar (Convenor) PREFACE Dr. V. P. Patel Prof. M. S. Rami ‘The Gujarat State Secondary and Higher Secondary Dr. A. P. Patel ‘Education Board has prepared new syllabi in accordance Dr. D. H. Gadani with the new national syllabi prepared by NCERT. Shri Pankaj Chavda based on N.C. 2005 and core-curiculam. These syllabi Reviewers ‘re sanctioned by the Government of Gujarat Dr. P. R. Vyas Dr. M. M, Jotani Prof. Manish Acharya Shri Kalpak $. Kothari Shri J. P. Joshi ‘Shri Dinesh V. Suthar Before publishing the textbook, its manuscript has It is a pleasure for the Gujarat State Board of ‘School Textbooks, to place before the students this textbook of Physics, Standard 11, (Semester 1) propared according to the new syllabus. Shri Shailesh M. Solanki been fully reviewed by experts and teachers teaching at ‘Shri Khushroo H. Ghadiali this level. Following suggestions given by teachers and Language Correction experts, we have made necessary changes in the Shri Ashok R. Garde ‘manuscript before publishing the textbook. Artist Shri GV. Mevada Co-Ordinator Shri Chirag H. Patel (Subject Co-ordinator : Physics) Preparation and Planning Shri Haresh S. Limbachiya Aaa. Dr. Bharat Pandit —_Dr. Nitin Pethani Ee Director Executive President Si Hes iS -elinvechive, Date : 3-3-2015 Gandhinagar - @y. Director ; Production) ‘The Board has taken special care to ensure that ths textbook is interesting, useful and fre from ero. However, we welcome any suggestions, ftom people interested in education, to improve the quality of the textbook First Edition : 2011, Reprint : 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 Published by : Bharat Pandit, Director, on behalf of Gujarat State Board of School Textbooks, “Vidyayan’, Sector 10-A, GandhinagarIt shall be the duty of every citizen of India :* To abide by the Constitution and respect its ideals and institutions, the National Flag and the National Anthem; To cherish and follow the noble ideals which inspired our national struggle for freedom; To uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity and integrity of India; To defend the country and render national service when called upon to do so; To promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood amongst all the people of India transcending religious, linguistic and regional or sectional diversities; to renounce practices derogatory to the dignity of women; To value and preserve the rich heritage or our composite culture; To protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers and wild life, and to have compassion for living creatures; To develop the scientific temper, humanism and the spirit of inquiry and reform; To safeguard public property and to abjure violence; To strive towards excellence in all spheres of individual and collective activity so that the national constantly rises to higher levels of endeavour and achievement; To provide opportunities education by the parent or the guardian, To his child or a ward between the age of 6-14 years as the case may be. * Constitution of India : Section 51-A