The Romanian judicial system

The justice is a main institution of a state and it comprises all the courts af law. In
Romania, the structure and organisation of the judicial system are established in the Romanian
Constitution, which says that the justice is done in the name of law.

According to the Constitution, the judicial system is structured in the form of a pyramid.
The High Court of Cassation and Justice is in the top of this hierarchical system and it represents
the supreme court. It is structured in 5 specialized sections: 1st civil section, 2nd civil section,
criminal section, administrative and fiscal litigation section, and united sections. After the High
Court of Cassation and Justice there are the Courts of Appeal. It is also organized in specialized
sections for civil and criminal litigations, as well as other branches of the law, as commercial,
administrative and fiscal litigations, or cases that involve infants or family problems. After that,
there are county courts (41 courts + the Bucharest Municipal Court). They are organized in every
county and they are under the jurisdiction of the Appeal Courts. They have the competence to
solve cases from different areas of law. At the base of the hierarchical judicial system are the
local courts, that are also under the jurisdiction of the county courts. The local courts have a
general competence to solve all the cases that are not intended to other hierarchically superior
courts.

The case is run by a judge, which is the only competent person to hear a case and to give
a judgement. Also, there can participate the lawyer, the legal adviser, the prosecutor, experts in
different fields, and others.

In civil matter, the person who starts a claim is called reclamant, and the person against
whom the claim is started is called parat. In criminal matter, the claim can be started by the
prosecutor or by the injured person, against the other party, which is called inculpate(defendant)