THEOLOGICAL DICTIONARY OF THE OLD TESTAMENT VOLUME I‘THEOLOGICAL DICTIONARY OF THE OLD TESTAMENT Coryaicut © 1974 sy WittiaM B. EERDMANS PUBLISHING Co. All rights reserved Revised edition 1977 Translated from ‘TurotociscHes WORTERBUCH ZUM ALTEN TESTAMENT Lieferungen 1-4 Published 1970, 1971, 1972 by ‘Vertag W. KoutiaMMer Gaal SrurToARt, W. GERMANY Reprinted 1997 Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Botterweck, G Johaunes. ‘Theological dictionary of the Old Testament. ‘Translation of Theologisches Wérterbuch zum Alten Testament. 1. Bible. 0. T.—Dictionaries—Hebrew. 2. Hebrew language—Dictionaries—English. 1 Ringgren, Helmer, 1917- joint author. IL. Title. BS440.B5713 221.3 73-76170 ISBN 0-8028-2325-4 Printed in the United States of AmericaCONTENTS ‘abhadh [abad]: 7 217: : ..19 T : 113N_‘abhah /"aba] show intention (B. Johnson). 24 PAN “ebhyon (ebydn] poor Botterweck) . .27 “VAR _‘abhir ('abir]; “2X strong; Mighty One (Kapelrud) . 42 YBN ‘abhal (abal); 99%; 73% mourn (Baumann) . . 44 n] stone (Kapelrud) 2... ee eee 48 DIIDR ‘abhraham [abraham] Abraham (Clements). . . 52 JATR ‘adhdn ("adon]; *YM8 lord. the Lord Eissfeldtt) 59 VIX ‘addir; NIX mighty (Ablstrsm) 7B OTN ‘adham ['édam] mankind), Adam (Maass) 75 MUYTR “dhamah ["*dama] land (Ploger) .. . . . . 88 DDR ‘ahabh [ahab]; AYA; IDB; IIR love (Wallis; Bergman, Haldar)... . . 99 SOAR “ahel: DT tent (Koch)... _ 118 {(ob] pit; spirit; necromancer (Hoffner) .... .. . woes e.. 130 FUE ‘avah (awa): AW MYD): AYSD: BND desire (G. Mayer) . 134 DWN “vil ["“wil): NYW fool, foolish (Cazelles) 137 TIX _‘aven ['awen); 198 "2¥B negative power; evildoers (Bernhardt)... .. . . 140 VIN “or light (Aalen) . obec eee 147 TAN rh ("6t] sign (Helfmeyer) .. 2. wee... 167 TN ‘ach [“ah]; Nimg brother; sister (Ringgren) . . . 188 ‘THN ‘echadh ["ehad] one (Lohfink; Bergman) . . . 193x ‘Contents WB ‘acher [‘ahér] other (Erlandsson) . . wie... 201 “IR ‘ach*ré ['ah*ré) after (Helfmeyer) . 204 FMR ‘ach*rith ('ah*rit) after(wards); end; last (Seebass) _. 207 DK ayabh [ayab); 3K; 7Z°K enemy (Ringgren) . . . 212 TYR “emah [ema]: ON: “NBR terror (Zobel) - _ 219 WK ish (78): TYR man; woman (Bratsiotis) . . 222 DON ‘akhal [kal]; YP; MED: AYP; PW: 9D: rite: nya eat, food (Ottosson) . 6... ee eee seseees 236 UN IE, god (Cross)... 242 TPN “alah (ala); NYY: ABD curse (Scharbert) .. 261 DTN “Lohim god; God (Ringgren) .. 267 D° ON “til worthless thing (Preuss)... ss. .. 285 AYZPR “almanah ‘almand]; Dry widow (Hoftner) .. 287 VOR ‘nan; Ty; WR; NB (be) faithful, believe; truth (Jepsen)... ... . . 292 PR “amats ["amas]; POR: MEPK; PR: TPRD be strong (Schreiner) . .. 323 VOR “amar; Wak; WR: AYR; APP: VB; WX say (Wagner) .. 328 WAR “ndsh [°*nd5) mankind (Maas)... - cee 22. 345 FURR “anaph [“anap]; *% anger (E. Johnson)... . . sete -... 348 DDN ps; OPN end (Hamp) .... 2... ee oo... 361 TE “on ark Zobel) _ 363 TDS ris TR: Va; VOR: 374 VIS ‘erets [eres] land (Ottosson; Bergman)... . VOR rr: TWD curse (Scharbert) we . WR ‘ash ['88]; MWR fire (Hamp; Bergman, Krecher) .. . . 418 DW asham [“akam); OW; OR; WOVE sin, be guilty (Kellerman) 429 HYWR “sherah ["*ierd] Asherah (De Moor)... -.... = -« - 438 TWWR blessed (Cazelles) ...... « cece DN eth 21); BY with (Preuss) WI beer; V3 well (Heinz)... 22D babhet (babel) Babel (Ringgren) Loe . ‘TAQ_baghadh [bagad]; 733 act faithlessly (Erlandsson) . . . 470 ‘TTR _badhadh [badad]; 73; 17} alone (Zobel)... es ... 473AANLR AASOR AB ABAW ABL ABR ABRT abs. ace. AcOr act. adj. ady. AF AIK AFNW Ajo AgAbh AH AHAW AHDO AHw AION AJA AISL Akk. AKM AN AnAcScFen Andeg AnBibl Anclsr ANEP ANET AnOr AnSt ANVAO AO AOAT AOB AOT AP APAW APNM Arab. Aram. ArbT ARM ArOr ARW ASAW ASKT Assyr. ASTI AT ABBREVIATIONS Auti dell’ Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei, Rendiconti Annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research The Anchor Bible Abhandlungen der Akademie der Wissenschaften, Berlin R.F. Harper, Assyrian and Babylonian Letters, 1-14, Chicago, 1892-1914 Australian Biblical Review, Melbourne J. Craig, Assyrian and Babylonian Religious Texts, Leipzig, 1895-97 absolute accusative Acta Orientalia active adjective adverb Agyptologische Forschungen, Gliickstadt Archiv fiir Kulturgeschichte Arbeitsgemeinschaft fiir Forschung des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen Archiv fiir Orientforschung Agyptologische Abhandlungen Analecta Hymnica, ed. G. Dreves and C. Blume, Leipzig, 1886-1922 Abhandlungen der Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften Archives d'Histoire du Droit Oriental W. von Soden, Akkadisches Handwérterbuch Annali dell'Istituto Universitario Orientale di Napoli American Journal of Archaeology The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures Akkadian Abhandlungen zur Kunde des Morgenlandes (Leipzig), Wiesbaden J.J. Stamm, Die akkadische Namengebung. MVAG, 44 (1939) Annales Academiae Scientiarum Fennicae Analecta Aegyptiaca Analecta Biblica, Rome R. de Vaux, Ancient Israel: Its Life and Institutions, trans. 1961 The Ancient Near East in Pictures, ed. J. B. Pritchard, Princeton, 1954, 21969 Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament, ed. J. B. Pritchard, 21955, 21969 Analecta Orientalia Anatolian Studies, London Avhandlinger utgitt av det Norske Videnskaps-Akademi i Oslo Der Alte Orient, Leipzig Alter Orient und Altes Testament, Neukirchen-Vluyn Altorientalische Bilder zum Alten Testament, ed. H. Gressmann, 21927 Altorientalische Texte zum Alten Testament, ed. H. Gressmann, #1926 A.E. Cowley, Aramaic Papyri of the Fifth Century B.C., Oxford, 1923 Abhandlungen der Preussische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Berlin H.B. Huffmon, Amorite Personal Names in the Mari Texts, Baltimore, 1965 Arabic Aramaic Arbeiten zur Theologie, Stuttgart Archives Royales de Mari, Paris Archiv Orientélni, Prague Archiv fiir Religionswissenschaft, Leipzig, Berlin Abhandlungen der Stichsischen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Leipzig P. Haupt, Akkadische und Sumerische Keilschrifttexte, Leipzig, 1882 Assyrian Annual of the Swedish Theological Institute in Jerusalem, Leiden Alte Testamentxi ATA ATD AThANT ATR Aug AuS BA Bab. BAO BAH BASOR BAss BBB BDB BE BeO BethM BETL BFChTh BHHW BHK BHS BHTh Bibl BiblRes BietOr Bile BiLi BIN BiOr BIRL BK BL BLA Blachére- Chouémi BLe BMAP BMB Bo BoSt BOT BRL BS BSAW BSGW BSt Br BThH BuA BuK BVC BWA(N)T BWL Abbreviations Alttestamentliche Abhandlungen, Minster Das Alte Testament Deutsch Abhandlungen zur Theologie des Alten und Neuen Testaments, Zurich Anglican Theological Review, Evanston Augustinianum G. Dalman, Arbeit und Sitte in Palistina, 1928-1942 The Biblical Archaeologist, New Haven Babylonian Beihefte zur Archiv fidr Orientforschung Bibliotheque Archéologique et Historique, Paris Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research Beitrige zu Assyriologie Bonner Biblische Beitriige Brown-Driver-Briggs, A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament Babylonian Expedition of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia Bibbia e Oriente Beth Mikra Bibliotheca Ephemeridum Theologicarum Lovaniensium Beitriige zur Férderung Christlicher Theologie, Giitersioh Biblisch-Historisches Handwérterbuch, ed. L. Rost and B. Reicke, 1962ff. Biblia Hebraica, ed. R. Kittel Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia, ed. K. Beitrige zur Historischen Theologie, Biblica, Rome Biblical Research Biblica et Orientalia Bibel und Leben Bibel und Liturgie Babylonian Inscriptions in the Collection of James B. Nies, New Haven Bibliotheca Orientalis, Leiden Bulletin of the John Rylands Library, Manchester Biblischer Kommentar zum Alten Testament, ed. M. Noth and H. W. Wolff Bibel-Lexikon, ed. H. Haag H, Bauer-P. Leander, Grammatik des Biblisch-Aramiischen, 1927 iger and W. Rudolph, 1968ff. ingen R.Blachére-M. Chouémi-C. Denizeau, Dictionnaire Arabe-Francais-Anglais H.Bauer-P. Leander, Historische Grammatik der hebraischen Sprache, 1922 E.G, Kraeling, The Brooklyn Museum Aramaic Papyri, 1953 Bulletin du Musée de Beyrouth Unpublished Bogazkéy tablets (with catalog number) Boghazksi Studien De Boeken van het Oude Testament, ed. Grossow, van der Ploeg, et al. K. Galling, Biblisches Reallexikon, 1937 Bibliotheca Sacra, Dallas Berichte iiber die Verhandlungen der Stichsischen Akademie der Wissen- schaften zu Leipzig Berichte der Siichsischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften Biblische Studien, Neukirchen The Bible Translator, London Biblisch-Theologisches Handworterbuch zur Lutherbibel und zu neueren Uber- setzungen, ed. E, Osterloh and H. Engeland B. Meissner, Babylonien und Assyrien, 1 1920, 11 1925 Bibel und Kirche Bible et Vie Chrétienne Beitriige zur Wissenschaft vom Alten (und Neuen) Testament, Stuttgart W.G. Lambert, Babylonian Wisdom Literature, Oxford, 1960Abbreviations XII Bz BZAW BZjr BzTS CAD CahRB CahTD CANES CAT cBQ cBsC CChr CDA,B cH Chrég CIH cis CML CollBG comm. ComViat conj. const. ContiRossini Copt. cor CRAL CRRA cT cr CTA cT™M CultBibl cw DACL DB DBS DISO diss. DissAbs DID DIZ DN DIT EA EB EGA Egyp. Biblische Zeitschrift, Paderborn Beihefte zur Zeitschrift fiir die Alttestamentliche Wissenschaft, Berlin Biblische Zeitfragen Bonner Zeitschrift fiir Theologie und Seelsorge The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, 1956ff. Cahiers de la Revue Biblique Cahiers du Groupe F. Thureau-Dangin, I, Paris, 1960 Corpus of Ancient Near Eastern Seals in North American Collections, 1, Washington, 1948 ‘Commentaire de l'Ancien Testament Catholic Biblical Quarterly The Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges Corpus Christianorum, Turnhout Damascus Document, Manusctipt A, B ‘Codex Hammurabi Chronique d'Egypte Corpus Inscriptionum Himjariticarum (=CIS,1V) Corpus Inscriptionum Semiticarum, 1881ff. G.R. Driver, Canaanite Myths and Legends, Edinburgh, 1956 Collationes Brugenses et Gandavenses, Gent commentary Communio Viatorum, Prague conjecture construct K. Conti Rossi Coptic ‘Commentaar op het Oude Testament, ed. G.C. Aalders, Kampen Comptes-rendus de U Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, Paris Compte Rendu de... Recontre Assyriologique Internationale Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets, etc. in the British Museum, London, 1896ff. The Egyptian Coffin Texts, ed. A. de Buck and A. H. Gardiner, 1935ff. A.Herdner, Corpus des Tablettes en Cunéiformes Alphabétiques Découvertes a Ras Shamra-Ugarit Vl, Paris, 1963 Concordia Theological Monthly, St. Louis Cultura Biblica, Segovia Die Christliche Welt F.Cabrol-H. Leclercq, Dictionnaire d’Archéologie Chrétienne et Liturgie, Paris, 1907ff. Dictionnaire de la Bible Dictionnaire de la Bible, Supplément, ed. L. Pitot, A. Robert, H. Cazelles, and A. Feuillet, 1928ff. Ch. F. Jean-J.Hoftijzer, Dictionnaire des Inscriptions Sémitiques de !' Ouest, Leiden, 1965 dissertation Dissertation Abstracts Discoveries in the Judaean Desert, 1955ff. Deutsche Literaturzeitung name of a deity Dansk Teologisk Tidsskrift, Copenhagen Tell el-Amarna Tablets Die Heilige Schrift in deutscher Ubersetzung. Echter-Bibel, Wurzburg R.M. Boehmer, Die Entwicklung der Glyptik wahrend der Akkad-Zeit, Berlin, 1965 Egyptian , Chrestomathia Arabica meridionalis epigraphica, 1931XIV Einl. ED EKL EMiqr EnEl Eng. ExfThSt Erlb EstBib EstEcl Ethiop. ETL Ev EvTh ExpT FreibThSt FRLANT FB gen. Ges! GF GGA GHK Gilg GK Gk. Gl GLECS Greg GSAT HAT Batt. HAW Heb. Hitt, ANT HO HSAT HThR HUCA iB cc IDB IE} ILC impt. impv. inf. in loc. Introd. IPN Abbreviations Einleitung Encyclopaedia Judaica Evangelisches Kirchenlextkon, Gottingen, 1 1956, II 1958 Entsiglopédia Miqra'it-Encyclopaedia Biblica, Jerusalem Enuma Elish English Erfurter Theologische Studien Eranos-Jahrbuch Estudios Biblicos, Madrid Estudios Eclesidsticos Ethiopic Ephemerides Theologicae Lovanienses The Evangelical Quarterly Evangelische Theologie, Munich The Expository Times, London Freiburger Theologische Studien Forschungen zur Religion und Literatur des Alten und Neuen Testaments, Gottingen Forschung zur Bibel genitive W.Gesenius-F.Buhl, Hebriiisches und aramiisches Handwérterbuch, 171921 A. Alt, The God of the Fathers, trans. in Essays on Old Testament History and Religion (1966), 1-77 Gottingische Gelehrte Anzeigen Hand-Kommentar zum Alten Testament, ed. W. Nowack, Gittingen Gilgamesh Epic W. Gesenius-E. Kautzsch, Hebrdische Grammatik, 281909 (=Kautzsch-Cowley, Gesenius’ Hebrew Grammar, 21910) Greek Inscriptions in the E. Glaser collection (Old South Arabic) Comptes Rendus du Groupe Linguistique d'Etudes Chamito-Sémitiques, Paris Gregorianum Gesammelte Studien zum Alten Testament Handbuch zum Alten Testament, ed. O. Eissfeldt, Ist series Batic Handbuch der Altertumswissenschaft, ed. W. Otto, Munich, 1929ff. Hebrew Hittite Handbuch zum Neuen Testament, ed. G. Bornkamm Handbuch der Orientalistik, ed. B. Spuler, Leiden, 1952ff. Die Heilige Schrift des Alten Testaments, ed. E.Kautsch-A.Bertholet, 4192/23 Harvard Theological Review Hebrew Union College Annual, Cincinnati The Interpreter's Bible, ed. G. A. Buttrick, 1951-57 The International Critical Commentary The Interpreter’s Dictionary of the Bible, ed. G. A. Buttrick, I-IV, 1962 Israel Exploration Journal, Jerusalem J. Pedersen, Israel. Its Life and Culture, 1926, 91953, 4 vols. in 2 imperfect imperative Interpretation infinitive on this passage Introduction (to) M. Noth, Die israelitischen Personennamen. BWANT, 3/10, 1928Abbreviations IrishThQ JA Ja TAOS JBL JBR ICs JEA JEOL JES as INES JNWSL JoPh JPOS JOR IR JRAS JRH JSOR ass ITRC JTS Jud K KAL KAR KAT KAV KB KBL KBo KHC KiSchr KUB KuD Lane Lat. LD Leslau, Con- tributions Levy, WIM LexSyr LidzEph LidzNE lit. LRSt Lss LTAK LUA LXX MAOG MBPAR MDAL xv Irish Theological Quarterly, Maynooth Journal Asiatique, Paris Enumeration according to A. Jamme (Old South Arabic) Journal of the American Oriental Society Journal of Biblical Literature Journal of Bible and Religion, Boston Journal of Cuneiform Studies, New Haven Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, London Jaarbericht... Ex Oriente Lux, Leiden Journal of Ecumenical Studies Journal of Jewish Studies, London Journal of Near Eastern Studies, Chicago Journal of Northwest Semitic Languages The Journal of Philology Journal of the Palestine Oriental Society, Jerusalem Jewish Quarterly Review Journal of Religion, Chicago Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, London Journal of Religion and Health Journal of the Society of Oriental Research, Toronto Journal of Semitic Studies, Manchester Journal for Theology and the Church Journal of Theological Studies, Oxford Judaica Tablets in the Kouyunjik collection of the British Museum H.Donner-W. Réllig, Kanaandische und aramiiische Inschriften, 11 21968, II 21969 E, Ebeling, Keilschriftiexte aus Assur religidsen Inhalts, 1915-1919. Kommentar zum Alten Testament, ed. E. Sellin, continued by J. Herrmann . Schroeder, Keilinschriften aus Assur verschiedenen Inhalts Keilinschriftliche Bibliothek, ed. B. Schrader L.Koehler-W. Baumgartner, Hebrdisches und aramiisches Lexikon zum Alten Testament, 21958, 31967EE. Keilschrifttexte aus Boghazkoy Kurzer Handcommentar zum Alten Testament, ed. K. Marti Kleine Schriften (A. Alt, 1953-59; O. Eissfeldt, 1962ff.) Keilschriftenurkunden aus Boghazkii Kerygma und Dogma, Gittingen E. W. Lane, An Arabic-English Lexicon, London, 1863-1893 Latin Lectio Divina W. Leslau, Ethiopic and South Arabic Contributions to the Hebrew Lexicon (1958) J. Levy, Worterbuch iiber die Talmudim und Midraschim, 21924 = 1963 C. Brockelmann, Lexicon Syriacum, 21968 M. Lidzbarski, Ephemeris fur semitische Epigraphik, 1900-1915 M. Lidzbarski, Handbuch der nordsemitischen Epigraphik, 1898 literally Leipziger Rechtswissenschaftliche Studien Leipziger Semitische Studien Lexikon fiir Theologie und Kirche, 1930-38, 219S7ff. Lunds Universitets Arsskrift Septuagint Mitteilungen der Attorientalischen Gesellschaft, Leipaig Miinchener Beitriige zur Papyrusforschung und Antiken Rechtsgeschichte Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archdologischen Instituts in Kairo, Wiesbaden 21966,XVI Abbreviations MdD MDOG MeyerK MIFAO MIO MKAW MKPAW MPG MPL ms. MT MThS MThZ Mus MUS) MVAG nd. NedGTT NedThT NKZ na. NovT NRTA E.S.Drower-R. Macuch, Mandaic Dictionary, Oxford, 1963 Mitteilungen der Deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft, Berlin Kritisch-exegetischer Kommentar iiber das Neue Testament, W. Meyer, Gottingen Mémoires publiés par les membres de l'Institut Francais d' Archéologie Orientale au Caire, Cairo Mitteilungen des Instituts fiir Orientforschung, Berlin Mededelingen der Kon. Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen, Amsterdam Monatsberichte der Kéniglich-Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Berlin Patrologia Graeca, ed. J.P. Migne, Paris Patrologia Latina, ed. J. P. Migne, Paris manuscript Massoretic Text Miinchener Theologische Studien Miinchener Theologische Zeitschrift Le Muséon, Revue d'Etudes Orientales Mélanges de 'Université St.Joseph, Beirut Mitteilungen der Vorderasiatisch-A gyptischen Gesellschaft (Berlin), Leipzig no date Nederduitse Gereformeerde Teologiese Tydskrif Nederlands Theologisch Tijdschrift, Wageningen Neue Kirchliche Zeitschrift, Erlangen, Leipzig no name Novum Testamentum, Leiden Nouvelle Revue Théologique, Paris G.A. Cooke, A Text-Book of North-Semitic Inscriptions, Oxford, 1903 New Testament Studies, Cambridge Norsk Teologisk Tidsskrift, Oslo object Oxford Editions of Cuneiform Texts, London, 1923tf. Oriental Institute Publications, Chicago, 1924ft. Orientalia Lovaniensia Periodica Orientalistische Literaturzeitung (Leipzig), Berlin Orientalia. Commentarii periodici Pontificti Instituti Biblici, Rome Oriens Antiquus Orientalia Neerlandica, Leiden The Old Testament Library Oudtestamentische Studién, Leiden De Ou Testamentiese Werkgemeenskap in Suid-Afrika, Pretoria Proceedings of the American Academy for Jewish Research paralleVand parallel passages passive Publications of the Babylonian Section of the University Museum, Philadelphia Palestine Exploration Quarterly, London perfect Phoenician Paliistinajahrbuch, Berlin name of a person H. Ranke, Die dgyptischen Personennamen, 1935-1952 F. Grondahl, Personennamen der Texte aus Ugarit, Rome, 1967 preposition Le Palais Royal d’Ugarit, ed. Cl. Schaeffer, Paris Proceedings of the Society of Biblical Archaeology, Bloomsbury (London) iated by H. A.Abbreviations XVII ptep. Pun. pv Pw Pyr. QuaestDisp R RA RAC RAR RB RdM RE REg repr. RES RES (with number) Rev RevRéf RGG RHA RHIE RHPR RHR RivBibl RLA RLR RLV RoB RS RScR RSO RSPT RT RTP Ry SAHG SAK SAT SAW SBAW SBM SBS SBT SchThU Serl SDAW SEA participle Punic Parole di Vita A.Pauly-G. Wissowa, Real-Encyclopiidie der classischen Altertums- wissenschaft, 1894ff. Pyramid Texts, ed. K. Sethe Quaestiones Disputatae, ed. K. Rahner and H. Schlier, 1959ff. H.C. Rawlinson, The Cuneiform Inscriptions of Western Asia, London, 1861- 1909 Revue d’Assyriologie et d’Archéologie Orientale, Paris Reallexikon fiir Antike und Christentum, ed. Th. Klauser, 1941ff. H, Bonnet, Reallexikon der dgyptischen Religionsgeschichte Revue Biblique, Paris Die Religionen der Menschheit, ed. C. M. Schréder Real-Enzyklopiidie fiir protestantische Theologie und Kirche, *1896-1913 Revue d’Egyptologie reprint, reprinted Revue des Etudes Sémitiques, Paris Répertoire d’Epigraphie Sémitique Revue de Qumran, Paris La Revue Réformee Die Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart, 91957-1965 Revue Hittite et Asianique, Paris Revue de I'Histoire Juive en Egypte Revue d'Histoire et de Philosophie Religieuses, Strasbourg, Paris Revue de !'Histoire des Religions, Paris Rivista Biblica, Rome Reallexikon der Assyriologie, ed. G. Ebeling and B, Meissner, Berlin, I 1932, II 1938, IIT 1, 2 1957/59 Revue de Linguistique Romane Reallexikon der Vorgeschichte, ed. Max Ebert, Berlin, 1924-1932 Religion och Bibel. Nathan Séderblom-Silllskapets Arsbok Ras Shamra Revue des Sciences Religieuses Rivista degli Studi Orientali, Rome Revue des Sciences Philosophiques et Théologiques, Paris Recueil de Travaux relatifs d la philologie et a Varchéologie égyptiennes et assyriennes Revue de Théologie et de Philosophie, Lausanne Enumeration in G. Ryckmans, Inscriptions sudarabes 1-XVU; Le Muséon, 40-72 A.Falkenstein-W. von Soden, Sumerische und akkadische Hymnen und Gebete Die sumerischen und akkadischen Kénigsinschriften, ed. F. Thureau-Dangin (=VAB,D Die Schriften des Alten Testaments in Auswahl, trans. and ed. H.Gunkel, et al., Gottingen Sitzungsberichte der Osterreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien Sitzungsberichte der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Munich Stuttgarter Biblische Monographien Stuttgarter Bibel-Studien Studies in Biblical Theology Schweizerische Theologische Umschau, Bern Scripta Hierosolymitana. Publications of the Hebrew University, Jerusalem ‘Sitzungsberichte der Deutschen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin ‘Svensk Exegetisk Arsbok, LundXVIII Sem Seux SG Sev SIT SL SMSR SNumen SNVAO Soq. SPA SSAW SSN StANT St-B. StOr SiSem StTh StudGen subj. subst, suf. Sum, SVT Synt Syr. Syr TAik TCL TDNT TDOT TGUOS Th. Theol. THAT ThE Theol.Diss. ThLZ TAR Thst ThStKr ThViat ThE Tigr. trans. TrThSt TrThZ TS TuThQ TynB UET UF Abbreviations Semitica J. M. Seux, Epithétes Royales Akkadiennes et Sumériennes, Paris, 1968 F. Delitzsch, Sumerische Grammatik Sammlung gemeinverstiindlicher Vortrige und Schriften aus dem Gebiet der Theologie und Religionsgeschichte, Tubingen Scottish Journal of Theology, Edinburgh ‘A. Deimel, Sumerisches Lexikon, Rome, 1925-1937 Studi e Materiali di Storia delle Religioni (Rome), Bologna Supplements to Numen Skrifter utgitt av Det Norske Videnskaps-Akademi i Oslo Sogotri Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin Sitzungsberichte der Stichsischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig Studia Semitica Neerlandica Studien zum Alten und Neuen Testament, Munich H.L.Strack-P. Billerbeck, Kommentar zum Neuen Testament aus Talmud und Midrasch, 1923-1961 Studia Orientalia, Helsinki Studi Semitici Studia Theologica, Lund, Aarhus Studium Generale, Heidelberg subject substantive suffix ‘Sumerian Supplements to Vetus Testamentum, Leiden C. Brockelmann, Hebriiische Syntax Syriac Syria, Revue d'Art Oriental et d'Archéologie, Paris Teologinen Aikakauskirja Textes Cunéiformes du Musée du Louvre Theological Dictionary of the New Testament, ed. G. Kittel and G. Friedrich, trans. G. Bromiley Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament Transactions of the Glasgow University Oriental Society Theologie Theology (of) Theologisches Handwérterbuch zum Alten Testament, ed. E. Jenni and C. Westermann, Munich, 1971 Theologische Biicherei Theologische Dissertationen, Basel Theologische Literaturzeitung, Leipzig, Berlin Theologische Rundschau, Tubingen Theologische Studien, Zurich Theologische Studien und Kritiken, Berlin Theologia Viatorum Theologische Zeitschrift, Basel Tigrinya (Tigri translated Trierer Theologische Studien Trierer Theologische Zeitschrift Theological Studies Theologische Quartalschrift, Tubingen, Stuttgart Tyndale Bulletin Ur Excavations. Texts, London, 1928ff. Ugarit-ForschungenAbbreviations xix Ugar. Urk. UT UUA VAB VAS vD ve vr Vulg. WbAS WbMyth Whitaker WMANT wo WIM wus wz WZKM ZA ZAS ZAW ZDMG zZDPV ZE ZEE ZMR ZzNW ZRGG zs ZsT ZThK ZZ + Ugaritic Urkunden des igyptischen Altertums, ed. G. Steindorff C.H. Gordon, Ugaritic Textbook, Rome, 1965 Uppsala Universiters Arsskrift Vorderasiatische Bibliothek Vorderasiatische Schriftdenkmiler der koniglichen Museen zu Berlin Verbum Domini, Rome C.Brockelmann, Grundriss der vergleichenden Grammatik der semitischen Sprachen, 1908-1913 Vetus Testamentum, Leiden Vulgate A.Erman-H.Grapow, Worterbuch der dgyptischen Sprache, IV Worterbuch der Mythologie, ed. H. W. Haussig R.E. Whitaker, A Concordance of the Ugaritic Literature, 1972 Wissenschaftliche Monographien zum Alten und Neuen Testament, Neukirchen Die Welt des Orients, Gdttingen J. Levy, Worterbuch iiber die Talmudim und Midraschim, 71924=1963 J. Aistleitner, Worterbuch der ugaritischen Sprache, 91967 Wissenschaftliche Zeitschrift Wiener Zeitschrift fir die Kunde des Morgenlandes Zeiaschrift fiir Assyriologie (Leipzig), Berlin Zeitschrift fiir Agyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde (Leipzig), Berlin Zeitschrift fir die Aluestamentliche Wissenschaft (Giessen), Berlin Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgentliindischen Gesellschaft (Leipzig), Wiesbaden Zeitschrift des Deutschen Paliistina-Vereins (Leipzig, Stuttgart), Wiesbaden Zeitschrift fir Ethnologie Zeitschrift fitr Evangelische Ethik, Gitersloh Zeitschrift fiir Missionskiinde und Religionswissenschaft, Berlin Zeitschrift fir die Neutestamentliche Wissenschaft (Giessen), Berlin Zeitschrift fitr Religions- und Geistesgeschichte, Cologne Zeitschrift fitr Semitistik. und verwandte Gebiete, Leipzig Zeitschrift fdr die Systematische Theologie (Giitersloh), Berlin Zeitschrift fiir Theologie und Kirche, Tabingen Die Zeichen der Zeit indicates cross-reference within this DictionaryTRANSLITERATION OF HEBREW CONSONANTS Hebrew Technical Nontechnical Consonant Usage Usage x : i 2 b b 2 bh bh 3 g 8 3 gh gh . d d 1 dh dh 7 h bh ) vw v ' z z n ch, h ch . t t . y y > k k > kh kh > 1 1 > m m 3 a a ° s s 5 : : . Pp P . ph ph x ts, § ts ? q q . r r ° 6 s » sh, 3 sh a t t n th thTransliteration of Hebrew VOWELS Hebrew Technical Nontechnical Vowel Usage lo le | | |e Is ig |e jo le leContents: I. The Word. I. “Father” in the Ancient Near East Outside the OT: 1. Egypt; 2. Mesopotamia; 3. The West Semitic Region. Ill. The OT: 1. Linguistic Usage; 2. The Role of the Father (Including beth “abh); 3. Theological: a. “Sleeping with One’s Fathers”; b. The God of the Fathers; c. The Land Promise to the Fathers; d. God's Saving Deeds to the Fathers; ¢. Teaching and Example of the Fathers; f. The Sins of the Fathers; g. The Fathers in the Royal Dynasty; h. Community Identification with the Fathers; i. Acknowl- edgment of the Sins of the Fathers; 4. God As Father: a. Proper Names; b. Yahweh As Father of the People; c. Yahweh As Father of the King; d. Isa. 9:5(6). I. The Word. The word ’ab(u) is found with slight variations in all Semitic languages. All attempts to trace the word back to.a triliteral root must be re- garded as failures. Instead it is to be understood, with Kohler, * as an onomato- poetic word imitating the babbling sounds of an infant, i.e., as a child’s word. "abh, On “Father” in the OT: G. Ahistrim, Psalm 89 (Lund, 1959); B. Alfrink, “L’expres- sion sakab ‘im "ebotaw,” OTS, 2 (1943), 106-118; Alt, GF; B. Colles, “Dio la Patro,” Biblia Revuo, 4/4 (1968), 5-19; F.M. Cross, “Yahweh and the God of the Patriarchs,” HThR, 55 (1962), 225-259; L. Diirr, Das Erziehungswesen im AT und im antiken alten Orient. MVAG, 36/2 (1932); J.W. Gaspar, Social Ideas in the Wisdom Literature of the OT (Washington, 1947); J. Hempel, Gort und Mensch im AT. BWANT, 3/2 (21936); J. P. Hyatt, “Yahweh as ‘the God of my Father’,” VT, 5 (1955), 130-36; R. Knierim, Die Hauptbegriffe fiir Siinde im AT (1965); M. J. Lagrange, “La paternité de Dieu dans I'AT,” RB, 5 (1908), 481-499; H.G. May, “The God of my Father~a Study of Patriarchal Religion,” JBR, 9 (1941), 155-58; Noth, IPN; Pedersen, ILC, V-Il, I-IV; J. G. Plager, Literarkritische, formgeschichtliche und stil- kritische Untersuchungen zum Deuteronomium. BBB, 26 (1967); J.R. Porter, The Extended Family in the OT (London, 1967); J. Scharbert, Solidaritat in Segen und Fluch tm AT und in seiner Umwelt. BBB, 14 (1958); de Vaux, Anclsr; J. N. M. Wijngaards, The Dramatization of Salvific History in the Deuteronomic Schools. OTS, 16 (1969). On Il. “Father” in the Ancient Near East Outside the OT: A. Erman-H. Ranke, Agypren und agyptisches Leben im Altertum (1923); H. Grapow, Die bildlichen Ausdriicke des Agyp- tischen (1924); Grondahl, PNU; J. Klima, Gesellschaft und Kultur des alten Mesopotamiens (Prague, 1964); R. Labat, Le caractére religieux de la royauté assyro-babylonienne (Paris, 1939); Ranke, PN, I-ll; J. Sainte-Fare Gamot, L'hommage aux dieux... d’apres les textes des pyramides (Paris, 1954); A. van Selms, Marriage and Family Life in Ugaritic Literature (London, 1954); Stamm, AN; K. Tallqvist, Akkadische Gétterepitheta. StOr, 7 (1938); J. Zandee, De Hymnen aan Amon van Pap. Leiden I 350 (Leiden, 1947). 1 ZAW, SS (1937), 169ff.2 24 "abh IL. “Father” in the Ancient Near East Outside the OT. 1, Egypt. The Egyptian word for “father” is i.? In most cases this word is used of an earthly father.* It is also used in the broader sense of “ancestor, forefather,” often in the plural. This word is used figuratively in expressions like “I was a father to the child,” and he was “a father to orphans, a husband to widows.” An official was said to be “‘a good father to his people.” The king was referred to as “father of the two countries” or as “the good bearer of water, who keeps his army alive, father and mother to all men.” ¢ It is clear that these expressions contain above all compar- isons based on the idea of a father providing for the needs of his children. It is noteworthy that the Egyptian terms used for relatives are limited to the most intimate family relationships (father, mother, son, daughter, brother, sister). This indicates that only the small family unit was felt to play a crucial role in Egyptian social life. The same thing was true in the public administration, where originally the highest public offices were held by royal princes. ° An outstanding feature of Egyptian family life was the reverence the son show- ed to his father. He was responsible for his father’s funeral, and for offering the sacrifice at his tomb. E.g., the provincial prince Khnumhotep boasts: “I have exalted the name of my father, and have supplied the place of the cult of the dead and the provisions which are necessary for it.” ° But also more generally, Egyptian literature often contains admonitions that a person show love, gratitude, and respect to his parents. It was the father’s duty to educate the children, as is clear in that many of the Egyptian books of wisdom claim to be a father’s teaching for his son.? They emphasize that it is good when the son obeys his father. ® Since the families and genealogies of the gods have an important place in Egyptian mythology, “father” is often used as a divine epithet. Thus, Osiris above all is known as the father of Horus, e.g., in Pyr.650b he is called “the father of Horus, who begat him”;® and Horus is said to be “the one who acts in his father’s behalf” (nd it.f).}° Several gods are known as “father of the gods” (it ntr.w), among them Atum, Re, Nun, Geb, Ptah.” The primal- and creator-god boasts that he was “without father and mother,” or that he is “the bull of his mother” (Kamutef), i.c., he begat himself (above all, Amon and Min). ** “Father of fathers, mother of mothers,” i.e., primal-father and primal- 2 WbAS, 1, 141f. 3 It is used of animals as well as of people. WAS, I, 14/15. 4 Grapow, 132f. 5 Helck-Otto, Kleines Worterbuch der Aegyptologie (1956), 96f. © Erman-Ranke, 184, 7 Diirr, 15. 8 Ibid., 32f. ® Sainte-Fare Garnot, 120ff. 10 Ibid., 1356. 34 Zande, 93f. 32 RAR, 364.2 “bh 3 mother, also occur as divine epithets, Strange as it may seem, one and the same God can appear as father and mother: thus Ptah, Osiris, Amon. ** Amon is often called “father and mother (or merely father) of mankind,” which in particular emphasizes his function as creator (cf. Aton, who is described as “mother and father of everything which has been made,” and the sun-god, who is called “mother of the earth, father of mankind”). ™* From the first Intermediate Period on, there are also proper names which characterize a given individual as son of a god. Such a designation was limited to kings in the Old Kingdom. The reason for this change is that the social unrest in the first Intermediate Period brought about a democratization. In the New Kingdom names like “Amon is my father,” “Chons is my father,” etc., appear. According to Ranke, this indicates a deepened piety. Finally, the king is designated as “father of the child, nurse of the infant.” ** The priestly title it ntr, “divine father,” which refers to a priest of the highest rank, has not been explained satisfactorily. *” 2. Mesopotamia. a. As M. Lambert has demonstrated,’ the Sumerian lan- guage has at least three different expressions for “father”: (i) a, later a-a, “father” = “begetter”; (ii) ab-ba, “father” = “head of the family”; and (iii) ad-da, which is found only in texts from Nippur, and to which the Elamite word for “father” is related. The difference between the first two terms is evident, e.g., in two epi- thets of En-lil: he is called ab-ba dingir-dingir-e-ne, “father of all gods,” ie., the Pater familias of the world of the gods; and a-a-kalam-ma, “father of the land,” ie., begetter and creator of the world. b. Like the other Semitic languages, Akkadian has only one word for “father,” viz., abu(m), which is used to convey both of these nuances. When it means “father” in the physical sense, it often appears alongside or is used as a synonym for bana, “begetter.” Sometimes a distinction is made between Glidanu, “the physical father,” and “step-father” or “foster-father.” ** But abu is also used with reference to other men: kings speak of their predecessors on the throne as “my father” (there are also instances in which the plural means “ancestors”); a king or a protector of the people is addressed as “my father and lord” (abi beli, or some similar expression); cf. TCL, 14, 13:27: “Thou art my father and my lord, I have no other father but thee.” The sheiks of the semi-nomadic peoples 38 Zandee, 93; Kees, Der Gotterglaube im Alten Agypten (1956), 162. 4 Grapow, 133. 48 Ranke, PN, II, 233f., 238; cf. 226, 243. 16 Grapow, 133. The royal title ity is also related to the word tt; cf. Kees, Totenglauben 1956), 217. 11 Was the original meaning “father of daughters,” who lived in the harem of the god? RAR, 256. 18 GLECS, 9 (1960-1963), 52f. 19 Driver-Miles, Assyrian Laws (1935), 223.4 23 'abh were called abu, particularly in Mari but also later. In some cases abu means “official,” “administrator,” or “master”; of particular interest is the expression abu ummani kalama, “a master of all trades.” ® The Mesopotamian family was essentially patriarchal, but the authority of the father over the children was not entirely absolute. It is true that he could expose a child, but he did not have the power of life and death over his child. According to Sumerian laws, a son who acted contrary to his father was sold into slavery. The Code of Hammurabi requires punishment for the son who smites his father (CH § 195), and states that the father may disown his son or give his children into servitude for debts he has incurred, 7 As in Egypt, so in Mesopotamia the education of the child was considered to be the responsibility of the father. For example, we read in EnEl VII, 147: “Let the father tell about it (i.c., the creation) and teach it to his son.” * It was the duty of the sons to maintain the ancestral cult, though this was not regulated by law, but was founded on ancient custom. And yet, in documents having to do with the distribution of the paternal inheritance, often the heirs must accept the responsibility of maintaining the ancestral cult. 2 It is also the responsibility of the father to support and to protect his family. From comparisons and other types of expressions (for illustrations cf. CAD), we become acquainted with the characteristics that were considered essential for a man to be a good father in the view of Mesopotamian society. For example, we find such statements as these: “The king treated his servants as a father treats his sons”; “let me learn from this whether you love me as a father”; it is said to be abnormal for a “father and mother to abandon their son.” 2 Conversely, something was considered to be wrong if “sons despised their father” or if “a son and a father were angry with each other.” There are several indications of a feeling of an intimate relationship between the generations in Mesopotamian literature. We find this description of calamity in the Erra Epic: “The son will not be concerned about the health of the father, nor the father about the health of the son”’; in incantation texts there is also an allusion to “curse through father or mother,” but it seems best not to under- stand this in the sense of a child being responsible for his parents’ crimes; *° indirect examples are the deprecatory references to a king’s sons who raise up a revolt against their father or kill him. ** Frequently the gods are designated as abu. To some extent this is to be under- stood literally in connection with the idea of genealogies of the gods. But this title also appears without genealogical connections. Anu, Enlil, Sin, Assur, etc. are called abu ilani, “father of the gods.” Quite often Nanna-Sin is designated simply as “father,” but he is also referred to as abu kibrati, “father of the world 20 BWL, 158/11. 21 Klima, 190f. 22 Diirr, 67. 23 Klima, 191. % BWL, 70/11, Theodicy. 25 Scharbert, 53ff. 28 CAD, s.v., 1a, conclusion.