i HEWLETT PACKARD HP 48G Series User’s GuideRegulatory Information U.S.A. with The HP 48 generates and uses radio frequency energy and may interfere radio and television reception, The HP 48 complies with the limits for a Class B computing device as specified in Part 15 of FCC Rules, which provide reasonable protection against such interference in a residential installation. In the unlikely event that th determined by turning the unit off and on). ry the following: is interference to radio or (elevision reception (which can be a Reorienting or relocati he receiving antenna. # Relocating the HP 48 with respect to the receiver For more information. consult your dealer. an experienced radiv/television technician, or the following booklet. prepared by the Federal Commmications Commission: How io Identify and Resolee Radio- TV Interference Problems This booklet is available from the U.S. Government Printing Office. Washington, D.C, 20402, Stock Number 004-000-00345-4, At the first printing of this manual. the telephone number was (202) 783-3238. Europe Declaration of Conformity (according to ISO/IEC Guide 22 and EN 45014) kare Co, ) Led, Ra. Manufacturer's name: Hewlett-Packard Co. Hewlett-Pac Manufacturer's address: Corvallis Division Singapore (PT 1000 NE Circle Blvd. 72 Benceme Corvallis. OR 97330 01/01-07/07 Singapore 1233 declares that the following products: Product name: HIP 48G Series calculators conform to the following product specifications: EMC: CISPR 22:1985 / EN 55022 (1988); Class B TEC 801-2:1981 / prEN 55024-2 (1992): 3 kV CD. 8 kV AD. IEC SUL-3:1984 / prEN 590243 (1991): 3 V/m Safety: IEC 950 (1986)+A1.A2/EN 60950 (1988)+A1.A2 Quality Department Hewlett-Packard Company Corvallis DivisionHP 48G Series User’s Guide '@ HEWLETT PACKARD HP Part No. 00048-90126 Printed in SingaporeNotice ‘This manual and any examples contained herein are provided “as is” and are subject to change without notice. Hewlett-Packard Company makes no warranty of any kind with regard to this manual, including, but not limited to, the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose. Hewlett-Packard Co. shall not be liable for any errors or for incidental or consequential damages in connection with the furnishing, performance, or use of this manual or the examples herein. © Copyright Hewlett-Packard Company 1993. All rights reserved. Reproduction, adaptation, or translation of this manual is prohibited without prior written permission of Hewlett-Packard Company, except as allowed under the copyright laws. ‘The programs that control this product are copyrighted and all rights are reserved, Reproduction, adaptation, or translation of those programs without prior written permission of Hewlett-Packard Co. is also prohibited. © Trustees of Columbia University in the City of New York, 1989. Permission is granted to any individual or institution to use, copy, or redistribute Kermit software so long as it is not sold for profit, provided this copyright notice is retained. Hewlett-Packard Company Corvallis Division 1000 N.E. Circle Blvd. Corvallis, OR 97330, U.S.A. Acknowledgements Hewlett-Packard gratefully acknowledges the members of the Education Advisory Committee (Dr. Thomas Dick, Dr. Lynn Garner, Dr. John Kenelly, Dr. Don LaTorre, Dr. Jerold Mathews, and Dr. Gil Proctor) for their assistance in the development of this product. Special thanks are also due to Donald R. Asmus, Scott Burke, Bhushan Gupta and his students at the Oregon Institute of Technology, and Carla Randall and her AP Calculus students. Edition History Pein ed Eee Saat leet nists Fe etatee eaten .-May 1993 Edition 2 celeb tact stasis ilestelec abet cevseeses ss dune 1993 Edition 3 July 1993 Edition 4 ...... August 1993 Edition 5 cesT eee Bachata tte .. October 1993 Edition 6 ............. sees ee eee pe ee cHaeetcd .... January 1994 Edition 7 ... March 1994 Edition 8 December 1994Contents 1. The Keyboard and Display Organization of the Display 1-1 ‘The Status Area, Annunciators, and M 1-1 The Stack 7 1-3 The Command Line . 1-4 Menu Labels +e 1-4 Organization of the Keyboard Le Soe 1-4 Applications and Command Menus 1-6 ua Keys 17 The CANCEL Key 1-8 Menus: Extending the Keyboard 18 Working with Menus 1-9 2. Entering and Editing Objects Keying In Numbers Keying In Characters (the Alpha Keyboard) Keying in Special Characters . . . Keying In Objects with Delimiters Using the Command Line Accumulating Data in the C ‘ommand Line Selecting Command-Line Entry Modes Recovering Previous Command Lines Viewing and Editing Objects Using the EDIT Menu 3. Stack Using the Stack for Calculations Making Calculations Manipulating the Stack Recalling the Last Arguments : Restoring the Last Stack (UNDO). ae 3-6 ‘The Interactive Stack 3-6 Contents-1Stack Command Menu : 311 4. Modes Using the MODES Application Setting the Display Mode Setting the Angle Mode Setting the Coordinate Mode . Setting the Beep Setting the Clock Display Setting the Fraction Mark Using System Flags Using the Flag Browser Using the FLAG Command Submenu User Flags . MODES Submenus 5. Memory HOME: Variables and Directories. 53 Where to Store Variables 5-4 Using The Variable Browser Application 5-5 Creating New Variables 5-5 Selecting, Editing, and Recalling Variables 5-7 Copying, Moving, and Purging Variables . 5-9 Determining the Size of Variables 5-10 Using Variables: ‘The VAR. Menu 5ll Defining Variables 5-13 Evaluating Variables . 5-13 Quoted Variable Names and Formal Variables... 5-14 Special Memory Operations He He HH eb 16 System Halt .. an 5-16 Memory Reset ; Herre ere Responding to Low-Memory Conditions 5-18 6. Input Forms and Choose Lists Input Forms : Selecting Fields in Input Forms . Entering Data in Input Forms Selecting Options in Input Forms Other Input Form Operations When You Finish Entering Data into an Input Form Input Form Commands Contents-2The EquationWriter How the EquationWriter Application Is Organized Constructing Equations Entering Equations Controlling Implicit Parentheses | EquationWriter Exarnples Editing Equations Editing with Subexpressions Summary of EquationWriter Operations The MatrixWriter How the HP 48 Displays Arrays Entering Arrays Editing Arrays MatrixWriter Operations Graphic Objects The PICTURE Environment Using the Picture Editor . Turning Pixels On and Off Adding Elements Using the Graphies Environment Editing and Erasing a Picture Saving and Viewing Graphic Objects Graphie Object Coordinates Graphic Object Commands Unit Objects Overview of the Units Application Units and Unit Objects The UNITS Catalog Menu Creating a Unit Object Unit Prefixes Converting Units 7 Using the UNITS Catalog Menu Using CONVERT . . Using UBASE (for SI Base Units) . Converting Angular Units Calculating with Units . Factoring Unit Expressions Using Unit Objects in Algebraics Working with Temperature Units Converting Temperature Units 9-3 9-4 9-6 9-7 9-8 10-1 10-1 10-2 10-3 10-4 10-5 10-6 10-6 10-6 10-7 10-7 10-9 10-9 10-10. 10-10 Contents-311. 12. Calculating with Temperature Units . Creating User-Defined Units : Additional Commands for Unit Objects Using Mathematical Functions Built-In Functions and Commands Expressing Functions: Algebraic Syntax Expressing Functions: Stack Syntax Expressions and Equations Symbolic Constants . Controlling How Symbolic Constants are Evaluated Using Built-In Math Functions User-Defined Functions Creating a User-Defined Function 7 Executing a User-Defined Function Nesting User-Defined Functions Functions of Real and Complex Numbers Math Functions on the Main Keyboard Arithmetic and General Math Functions Exponential and Logarithmic Functions Trigonometric Functions . Hyperbolic Functions Probability and Test Statistics Calculating Test Statistics Real Number Functions Angle Conversion Functions Percent Functions . Other Real-Number Functions Complex Numbers ; Displaying Complex Numbers Entering Complex Numbers Real Calculations with Complex Resul Other Complex-Number Commands . Contents-4 10-11 10-14 10-14 11-1 11-2 11-3 11-4 11-4 11-5 i1-5 11-6 11-7 11-7 11-8 12-1 12-113. 14. 16. Vectors and Transforms Displaying 2D and 3D Vectors Entering 2D and 3D Vectors Vector Math Commands Examples: Calculating with 2D and 3D Vectors Fast Fourier Transforms Matrices and Linear Algebra Creating and Assembling Matrices Disassembling Matrices Inserting Rows and Columns Extracting Rows and Columns Swapping Rows and Columns . Extracting and Replacing Elements of Matrices Characterizing Matrices Transforming Matrices . c Calculating with Matrix EI ements Using Arrays and Array Elements in Algebraic Expressions ‘Transforming Complex Matrices Matrix Solutions to Systems of Linear Equations l-Conditioned and Singular Matrices 7 7 Determining the Accuracy of a Matrix Solution . Gaussian Elimination and Elementary Row Operations Additional Linear Algebra Topics . Binary Arithmetic and Number Bases Binary Integers and Bases Using Boolean Operators Manipulating Bits and Bytes Date, Time and Fraction Arithmetic Calculating with Dates Calculating with Time g with Fractions 14-1 14-12 14-13 14-14 -16 14-17 14-18 14-20 16-1 16-3 16-5 Contents-518. 19. Lists and Sequences Creating Lists List Processing ; Multiple- Argument Commands with Lists Applying a Function or Program to a List (DOLIST) Applying a Function Recursively to a List List Manipulations Sequences Solving Equations Solving an Equation for an Unknown Variable Interpreting Results . Solving Options SOLVR: An Alternative Solving Environment. Additional Solving Options in SOLVR . Finding All Roots of a Polynomial Solving a System of Linear Equations: Using the Finance Solver . Calculating Amortizations Differential Equations Solving Differential Equations Solving a Standard Initial-Value Problem Solving a Stiff Initial-Value Problem . Solving a Vector-Value Differential Equation Plotting Solutions to Differential Equations Plotting a Stiff Differential Equation Plotting a Phase Plane for a Vector-Valued Solution . Caleulus and Symbolic Manipulation Integration . Numeric Integration . The Accuracy Factor and the Uncertainty of Numerical Integration Symbolic Integration Differentiation : Creating User-Defined Derivatives Implicit Differentiation Taylor Polynomial Approximation Finding Symbolic Solutions to Equations . Isolating a Single Variable Solving Quadratic Equations Contents-6 18-1 18-3 18-5 18-6 18-8 18-10 18-11 18-13 18-19 19-1 19-2 19-3 19-5 19-7 19-9 19-12 20-1 20-1 20-6 20-7 20-9 20-11 20-12 20-12 20-14 20-15 20-1521. 23. Getting General and Principal Solutions . Showing Hidden Variables Rearranging Symbolic Expressions Manipulating Whole Expressions Manipulating Subexpressions . ; Making User-Defined Transformations . mbolic Integration Patterns Statis and Data Analysis Entering Statistical Data. 2 2... Qed Editing Statistical Data. fl . 2b4 Calculating Single-Variable Statistics. EEE ee CREPE e 1 Generating Frequencies BE eH Ee ReeeE See Hee 21-8 Fitting a Model to a Set of Data ERE eee EERE Ss Eeteest 21-9 Calculating Summary Statistics... 2. DLL Using the PAR Reserved Variable meee +... 21-12 Plotting Using the PLOT Application Cursor Coordinates: Standard and TRACE Modes Keyboard Operations in the PICTURE Environment Using Zoom Operations Setting Zoom Defaults . Selecting a Zoom Analyzing Functions Understanding the PLOT Reserved Variables EQ ; DAT. ZPAR . PPAR VPAR PAR Plot Types Function Plots Polar Plots . Parametric Plots : Differential Equation Plots . Conic Plots Truth Plots Statistical Plots . eee ett a Histogram Plots SEH eee eH eee eee eee Contents-7Bar Plots Scatter Plots . Plotting Functions of Two Variables Sampling Grid Output Grid Slopefield Plots Wireframe Plots Pseudo-Contour Plots . Y-Slice Plots Gridmap Plots ce Parametric Surface Plots . 24, Advanced Plot Options Labeling and Locating the Axes Plotting Programs and User-Defined Functions Plotting Range vs. Display Range Saving and Restoring Plots ye R The Equation Library Solving a Problem with the Equation Library Using the Solver Using the Menu Keys Browsing in the Equation Library Viewing Equations z ‘i Viewing Variables and Selecting Units . Viewing the Picture 4 Using the Multiple-Equation Solver Defining a Set of Equations Interpreting Results from the Multiple Equation Solver Using the Constants Library Minehunt Game User-Defined Units 26. ‘Time Management Using the Clock (Date and Time) Setting Alarms eee ce ree Responding to Alarms 26-4 Viewing and Editing Alarms . eee 26-5 Contents-827. 28. 29. Transmitting and Printing Data Transferring Data Between Two HP 48s Printing Setting Up the Printer Printing Tasks Transferring Data Between the HP 48 and a Computer Preparing the Computer and the HP 48 Using Kermit ‘Transferring Variables with Kermit Choosing and Using File Names Backing Up HP 48 Memory Sending Kermit Commands Using XMODEM Using Other Serial Protocols Libraries. Ports and Plug-In Cards Port Memory and Plug-In Card Slots Card Slot 2 : Using Backup Objects Backing Up All Memory Using Libraries Installing and Removing Plug-In Cards Expanding User Memory with Plug-In RAM Cards Programming the HP 48 Understanding Programming . The Contents of a Program Calculations in a Program Structured Programming . Entering and Executing Programs . Viewing, Debugging, and Editing Programs Using Programming Structures Conditional Structures Loop Structures Error Trapping Structures Using Local Variables Creating Local Variables . Evaluating Local Names : Using Local Variables within Subroutines Local Variables and User-Defined Functions 28-1 28-2 28-2 28-2 28-3 28-5 29-8 29-10 29-10 29-12 29-15 29-16 29-16 29-17 29-18 29-18 Contents-9Exploring the Programs in the EXAMPLES Directory . 29-19 Using HP 48S/SX programs with the HP 48G/GX . . 29-20 Where to Find More Information . . ise 29-21 30. Customizing the HP 48 Customizing Menus 30-1 Enhancing Custom Menus... . 2. 30-3 Customizing the Keyboard 4 User Modes : Assigning and Unassigning User Keys Disabling User Keys . Recalling and Editing User Key signments A. Support, Batteries, and Service Answers to Common Questions PSR ee ee eee Ce Herre ACS Environmental Limits... - 1. | PERSE A-4 When to Replace Batteries... .......... Add Changing Batteries . 2... 2... ce A Testing Calculator O- peration Beebe Eeacb a A-9 Self-Test. 2. 2. 2 ee EE Beet eet ete st Pet aoe LO: Keyboard Test. 2 2 6 - ee ee ee te ee A-11 Port RAM Test . Pee Ree HEst BEE - A-12 IR Loop-Back Test . 2... i Beate Hae Serial Loop-Back Test... 0... . A-14 Limited One-Year Warranty H tae A-15 If the Calculator Requires Service... . . - - - - - AI B. Error Messages C. Memus D. System Flags E, Table of Units F. Table of Built-In Equations G. Operation Index H. Stack Diagrams for Selected Commands Index Contents-10The Keyboard and Display Organization of the Display For most operations, the display is divided into three sections, as shown below. This configuration is called the stack display. ‘The following topics describe each of these sections. {HOME ¥ ~~ Status area Stack Command 1 1 line A+B! ¢ —— Menu labels The Status Area, Annunciators, and Messages The status area displays the following: a Annunciators. These indicate the status of the calculator = The current directory path. When you turn the calculator on for the first time, the current directory path is ¢ HOME 3. Directories divide memory into parts, much as files do in a file cabinet. (Directories are covered in chapter 5.) a Messages. These inform you when an error has occurred, or provide other information to help you use the calculator more effectively The table that follows describes the annunciators. The first six appear at the top of the display, and the rest (along with the directory path) share their “territory” with messages. Any message replaces the The Keyboard and Display 1-1annunciators and directory path; when you clear the message, the directory path and annunciators reappear. HewLerr PACKARD Annunciator area —] gy =e a ® xX & ALG _ Message Current directory {HOME + area path Annunciators Symbol Meaning a Left-shift is active (you pressed (4) fa Right-shift is active (you pressed (@)) a The alpha keyboard is active (you can type letters and | other characters) 2) (Alert.) An appointment has come due, or a low battery condition has been detected. See the message in the status area for information. (If no message appears, turn the calculator off and on. A message describing the cause of the alert will appear.) =z Busy—not ready to process new input. (However, the calculator can remember up to 15 keystrokes while busy and then process them when free.) >» ‘Transmitting data to an external device. 4-2. The Keyboard and Display