ra07 Trachtenberg system - Wikipedia Trachtenberg system From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The Trachtenberg system is a system of rapid mental calculation, The system consists of a number of readily ‘memorized operations that allow one to perform arithmetic computations very quickly. It was developed by the Russian Jewish engineer Jakow Trachtenberg in order to keep his mind occupied while being held in a Nazi concentration camp. The rest of this article presents some methods devised by Trachtenberg. The most important algorithms are the ones for general multiplication, division and addition. Also, the Trachtenberg system includes some specialized methods for multiplying small numbers between 5 and 13. The chapter on addition demonstrates an effective method of checking calculations that can also be applied to multiplication. Contents = 1 General multiplication = 2 General addition = 3 Other multiplication algorithms = 3.1 Multiplying by 11 = 3.2 Multiplying by 12 = 3.3 Multiplying by 6 = 3.4 Multiplying by 7 = 3.5 Multiplying by 9 Multiplying by 9 Hejea method Multiplying by 8 Multiplying by 4 Multiplying by 3 = 3.10 Multiplying by 5 = 3.11 Multiplying by 2 Publications In popular culture Other systems Software References External links General multiplication The method for general multiplication is a method to achieve multiplications a x b with low space complexity, i.e. as few temporary results as possible to be kept in memory. This is achieved by noting that the final digit is completely determined by multiplying the last digit of the multiplicands, This is held as a temporary result. To find the next to last digit, we need everything that influences this digit: The temporary result, the last digit of a times the next-to-last digit of b, as well as the next-to-last digit of a times the last digit of b. This calculation is performed, and we have a temporary result that is correct in the final two digits. In general, for each position n in the final result, we sum for all é a (digit at) x b (digit at (n — 4). hitps:ifen wkipedia.orgwikiTracntenberg_ system 19ra07 Trachtenberg system - Wikipedia People can learn this algorithm and thus multiply four digit numbers in their head — writing down only the final result. They would write it out starting with the rightmost digit and finishing with the leftmost. Trachtenberg defined this algorithm with a kind of pairwise multiplication where two digits are multiplied by one digit, essentially only keeping the middle digit of the result, By performing the above algorithm with this pairwise multiplication, even fewer temporary results need to be held. Example: 123456 x 789 To find the first digit of the answer, start at the first digit of the multiplicand: The units digit of 9 x 6 The first digit of the answer is 4 To find the second digit of the answer, start at the second digit of the multiplicand: The units digit of 9 x 5 plus the tens digit of 9 x 6 plus, The units digit of 8 x 6. 5+548=18 The second digit of the answer is 8 and carry 1 to the third digit. To find the third digit of the answer, start at the third digit of the multiplicand: The units digit of 9 x 4 plus the tens digit of 9 x 5 plus The units digit of 8 x 5 plus the tens digit of 8 x 6 plus The units digit of 7 x 6 6+4+0+4+2=16+1 carried from the second digit. The third digit of the answer is 7 and carry 1 to the next digit. bps:en wikipedia ori Traentenberg_system 219ra07 Trachtenberg system - Wikipedia To find the fourth digit of the answer, start at the fourth digit of the multiplicand: The units digit of 9 x 3 plus the tens digit of 9 x 4 plus, The units digit of 8 x 4 plus the tens digit of 8 x 5 plus, The units digit of 7 x 5 plus the tens digit of 7 x 6. TH34+24+44+5+4= 2541 carried from the third digit, The fourth digit of the answer is 6 and carry 2 to the next digit Trachtenberg called this the 2 Finger Method. The calculations for finding the fourth digit from the example above are illustrated at right. The arrow from the nine will always point to the digit of the AE 11 multiplicand directly above the digit of the answer you wish to find, 123456 x 789 with the other arrows each pointing one digit to the right, Each arrow se head points to a UT Pair, or Product Pair. The vertical arrow points to _784 the product where we will get the Units digit, and the sloping arrow points to the product where we will get the Tens digits of the Product, Pair. If an arrow points to a space with no digit there is no calculation for that arrow. As you solve for each digit you will move each of the arrows over the multiplicand one digit to the left until all of the arrows point to prefixed zeros. 2 Finger method Division in the Trachtenberg System is done much the same as in multiplication but with subtraction instead of addition. Splitting the idend into smaller Partial Dividends, then dividing this Partial Dividend by only the left-most digit of the divisor will provide the answer one digit at a time. As you solve each digit of the answer you then subtract Product Pairs (UT pairs) and also NT pairs (Number-Tens) from the Partial Dividend to find the next Partial Dividend. The Product Pairs are found between the digits of the answer so far and the divisor. Setting up for Division Ifa subtraction results in a negative number you have to back up one digit and reduce that digit of the answer by one. With enough practice this method can be done in your head. General addition ‘A method of adding columns of numbers and accurately checking the result without repeating the first operation. An intermediate sum, in the form of two rows of digits, is produced. The answer is obtained by taking the sum of the intermediate results with an L-shaped algorithm, As a final step, the checking method that is advocated removes both the risk of repeating any original errors and allows the precise column in which an error occurs to be identified at once. It is based on a check (or digit) sums, such as the nines-remainder method. For the procedure to be effective, the different operations used in each stage must be kept distinct, otherwise there is a risk of interference. hitps:ifen wkipedia.orgwikiTracntenberg_ system a9