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Introduction:
The flow of a fluid has to conform with a number of scientific principles in particular the
conservation of mass and the conservation of energy. The first of these when applied to a liquid
flowing through a conduit requires that for steady flow the velocity will be inversely proportional
to the flow area. The second requires that if the velocity increases then the pressure must decrease.
Bernoulli's apparatus demonstrates both of these principles and can also be used to examine the
onset of turbulence in an accelerating fluid stream.
Both Bernoulli's equation and the continuity equation are essential analytical tools required for the
analysis of most problems in the subject of mechanics of fluids.
Purpose:
To verify Bernoulli's equation by demonstrating the relationship between pressure head and
kinetic head.
Apparatus:
1. Bernoulli's apparatus (Figure 1).
2. Hydraulic bench.
The convergent divergent duct is symmetrical about the center line with a flat horizontal upper
surface into which the eleven static pressure tappings are drilled. The lower surface is at an angle of
4° 29'. The width of the channel is 6·35 mm. The height of the channel at entry and exit is 19·525
mm and the height at the throat is 6·35 mm. The static tappings are at a pitch of 25 mm distributed
about the centre and therefore about the throat. The flow area at each tapping is tabulated below
the dimensions which are shown in figure 3.
Tapping
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
number
Flow
area 102.56 90.11 77.66 65.22 52.77 40.32 52.77 65.22 77.66 90.11 102.56
(mm2)
Theory:
1. Bernoulli's theorem
Bernoulli's equation is applicable to the steady flow of an incompressible and inviscid fluid.
Bernoulli's equation shows that the sum of the three quantities :
are constant. Therefore the three terms must be interchangeable so that, for example, if in a
horizontal system the velocity head is increased then the pressure head must decrease
Where Bernoulli's equation has been written in the integrated form and has been applied between
the upstream section 1 and the downstream section 2.
Since the passage is horizontal . At two positions of equal area the two velocities will be
equal thus the equation reduces to
Most of the pressure loss in the converging part of the duct is recovered in the diverging part of the
duct. The degree of pressure recovery is given by :
For an incompressible fluid the density is constant and the continuity equation can be written as :
For an incompressible fluid flowing in a converging duct it follows that as the area reduces then the
velocity must increase, whilst in a diverging duct as the area increases then the velocity must
decrease. Applying Bernoulli's equation if the velocity increases then the pressure must decrease
whilst as the velocity decreases the pressure must increase.
Procedures:
1. Start the pump and initiate a flow of water through the test section. Regulate the flow to the
inlet head tank so that there is a small but steady overflow from inlet tank. Adjust the swivel
tube of the outlet tank to obtain a differential head of 50mm.
2. Measure the height of the water level in each manometer tube by marking the paper positioned
behind the tubes and record on the test sheet. Measure the time taken to fill the bench
measuring tank from zero to 10 liters and record.
3. Increase the differential head between the inlet and outlet head tanks by 5O mm increments,
until the water level in the centre manometer tubes drops off the scale. For each condition,
record the heights of liquid in the manometer tubes by once again marking the paper
positioned behind the tubes and measure the flow rate.
Results:
1. Record the results on a copy of the result sheet provided.
2. Calculate the flow rate for each set of results.
3. For each set of results calculate at the cross-section adjacent to each manometer tube and the
flow velocity.
Tapping
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
number
Flow
area 102.56 90.11 77.66 65.22 52.77 40.32 52.77 65.22 77.66 90.11 102.56
(mm2)
Static
head
Velocity
(m/s)
Total
head