ADIGRAT UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINNERING

COURSE TITLE: CHEMICAL ENGINEERING APPARATUS DESIGN

COURSE CODE: ChEg 4191

GROUP PROJECT: NETWORK 6

PROJECT ON MECHANICAL DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSEL

SECTION-TWO
NAME OF STUDENTS: ID.NORET
1. Adanesh G/hiwet …………………..0075/06
2. Aregawi G/hear………………………0155/06
3. Berhe Gidey…………………………0252/06
4. Desta Tadesse………………………4203/06
5. Fisha Hailay…………………………0521/06
6. Fsaha Desta…………………………4194/06
7. Fsseha G/haweria……………………4265/06
8. G/mariam Tesfay……………………..0574/06
9. Kidu Welay…………………………0927/06
10. Teberh Mekonon……………………1409/06

SUBMITTED TO: ZINABU HAILU (MSc)

SUBMISSION DATE: DECEMBER 12, 2016

PROJECT ON MECHANICAL DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSEL

 Declaration
This project is obliged to be designed before a month. And it exists all the design
procedures for the effective designation of pressure vessel. And this pressure
vessel design is helped with the AutoCAD design and mathematical expressions
for sac of societies problem .
Acknowledgment
First and for most we would like to say thanks for our teacher he gives the chance
to prepare this project by helping in giving information and prepared format. And
also for all members of network that gathered data for designing , for the source in
formation digital website, and for the person who helps by give the laptop
computer to prepared this project.
Executive summary

This final project presents design, analysis and manufacturing of pressure

vessel. In the design of pressure vessel safety is the primary consideration, due
the potential impact of possible accident. There have a few main factors to design
the safe pressure vessel. This writing is focusing on analyzing the safety
parameter for allowable working pressure. Allowable working pressures
arecalculated by using PV Elite which comply with the ASME VIII, Rules of
construction pressure vessel div 1. The failuretiy of the vessel are probability
occur at maximum pressure which is the element that only can sustain that
pressure. At the end of this project, a pressure vessel which is water reserver are
fabricated and theprocedure of manufacture are explained clearly..

List of figures
Figure 4-0-1 (a) Torispherical heads ............................................................................................ 26
Figure 4-0-2 (b) standard ellipsoidal............................................................................................. 26
Figure 4-0-3:column section with increasing thickness................................................................ 28
Figure 4-0-4: Selected Standard Flange ........................................................................................ 38
Figure 4-0-5: Standard ellipsoidal head measurements ................................................................ 38
Figure 4-6:Schematic diagram of pressure vessel .........................Error! Bookmark not defined.
Table 2.Column Specification ...................................................................................................... 22
Table 3Nozzles specification ........................................................................................................ 23
Table 4.Sieve plate column specification ..................................................................................... 23
Table 5Specification for Column Wall Thickness ........................................................................ 24
Table 6Specification for selection and sizing of vessel heads ...................................................... 25
Table 7 Total weight ......................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
Table 8: Typical Standard Flanges Nominal Size (mm) ............................................................... 37
Table 9.Summarization of all final parameter results: .................................................................. 47
Acronyms
ASME-American Society Mechanical Engineering
ASTM-American Society for Testing and Materials
BPVC-Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code
NDT-Non Destructive Testing
Contents
1 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
1.1Back ground of pressure vessels ............................................................................................ 1
1.2 Statement of the problem ...................................................................................................... 3
Objectives .................................................................................................................................... 3
1.3.1Specific objectives ........................................................................................................... 3
1.4 Significance of study ........................................................................................................... 3
2. LITERATURE REVIEW ..........................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.1 NATURE OF DESIGN ......................................................................................................... 4
2.2 Pressure vessel....................................................................................................................... 4
2.3 GENERAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS: PRESSUREVESSELS ................................. 5
2.3.1 Design pressure.............................................................................................................. 5
2.3.2. Design temperature ........................................................................................................ 5
2.3.3 Materials ........................................................................................................................ 5
2.3.4. Design stress (nominal design strength) ........................................................................ 5
2.3.5 Welded joint efficiency, and construction categories ..................................................... 5
2.3.6. Corrosion allowance ...................................................................................................... 7
2.3.7. Design loads .................................................................................................................. 7
2.3.8. Minimum practical wall thickness ................................................................................. 8
2.4 COMPONENT OF PRESSURE VESSEL ........................................................................... 8
2.4.1 Shell ................................................................................................................................ 8
2.4.2 Head ................................................................................................................................ 8
2.4.3Nozzle .............................................................................................................................. 8
2.5. Factors Considered in Designing Pressure Vessels ............................................................. 9
3 Materials and Methods ................................................................................................................. 9
3.1Materials Used........................................................................................................................ 9
3.2 Methodesused(procedures)and Qualitatively ........................................................................ 9
4 Result and Discussions .............................................................................................................. 22
4.1 .1Column Specification ....................................................................................................... 22
4.1.2 Nozzles specification ................................................................................................... 22
4.1.3 Sieve plate column specification .................................................................................. 23
4.2 Column Wall Thickness ...................................................................................................... 24
4.2.1 Required Specifications ................................................................................................ 24
4.3 Minimum Column Wall Thickness .................................................................................... 24
4.3.1 Mean Thickness of Column Wall ................................................................................. 25
4.4 Selection and Sizing of Vessel Heads ................................................................................. 25
4.4.1 Required Specifications ................................................................................................ 25
4.5 Comparison of Heads ...........................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.5.1Type Of Heads and their Properties .............................................................................. 25
4.5.2Calculation Thickness of Heads .................................................................................... 26
4.6 Preliminary Design .............................................................................................................. 27
4.7.0 Reinforcement 0f Openings ............................................................................................. 32
4.7.1 Required Area of Reinforcement .................................................................................. 32
4.8 Preliminary Calculations for thickness ............................................................................... 33
1 INTRODUCTION

Tanks, vessel and pipelines that carry, store or receive fluids are called pressure
vessel. A pressure vessel is defined as a container with a pressure differential
between inside and outside. The inside pressure is usually higher than the outside.
The fluid inside the vessel may undergo a change in state as in the case of steam
boiler or may combine with other reagent as in the case of chemical reactor.
Pressure vessel often has a combination of high pressure together with high
temperature and in some cases flammable fluids or highly radioactive material.
Because of such hazards it is imperative that the design besuch that no leakage
can occur. In addition vessel has to be design carefully to cope with the operating
temperature and pressure. Pressure vessel are used in a number of industries; for
example, the power generation industry for fossil and nuclear power, the
petrochemical industry for storing and processing crude petroleum oil in tank
farms as well as storing gasoline in servicestation, and the chemical industry.
Their use has expanded throughout the world. Pressure vessel and tank are in fact
essential to the chemical, petroleum, petrochemical and nuclear industry. It is in
the class of equipment that the reaction, separation and storage of raw material
occur. In the same word, pressurized equipment is required for a wide range of
industrial plant for storage and manufacturing purpose. pressure vessels are
usually spherical or cylindrical with dome end. The cylindrical vessels are
generally preferred because of they present simple manufacturing problem and
make better use of the available space. Boiler, heat exchanger, chemical reactor
and so on, are generally cylindrical. Spherical vessels have the advantages of
requiring thinner walls fora given pressure and diameter than the equivalent
cylinder.

1
1.1Back ground of pressure vessels

The earliest documented design of pressure vessels is described in the book

Codex Madrid I, by Leonardo da Vinci, in 1495, where containers of pressurized
air were theorized to lift heavy weights underwater, however vessels resembling
what are used today did not come about until he 1800s where steam was
generated in boilers helping to spur the industrial revolution. However, with poor
material quality and manufacturing techniques along with improper knowledge of
design, operation and maintenance there. was a large number of damaging and
often fatal explosions associated with these boilers and pressure vessels, with a
death occurring on a nearly daily basis in the United States. Local providences
and states in the US beganenacting rules for constructing these vessels after some
particularly devastating vessel failures occurred killing dozens of people at a time,
which made it difficult for manufacturers to keep up with the varied rules from
one location to another and the first pressure vessel code was developed starting
in 1911 and released in 1914, starting the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code
(BPVC). In an early effort to design a tank capable of withstanding pressures up
to 10,000 psi (69 MPa), a 6-inch (150 mm) diameter tank was developed in 1919
that was spirallywound with two layers of high tensile strength steel wire to
prevent sidewall rupture, and the end caps longitudinally reinforced with
lengthwise high-tensile rods.
The need for high pressure and temperature vessels for petroleum refineries and
chemical plants gave rise to vessels joined with welding instead of rivets (which
were unsuitable for the pressures and temperatures required)and in 1920s and
1930s the BPVC included welding as an acceptable means of construction, and
welding is the main means of joining metal vessels today.
There have been many advancements in the field of pressure vessel engineering
such as advanced non-destructive examination, phased array ultrasonic testing and
radiography, new material grades with increased corrosion resistance and stronger
materials, and new ways to join materials such as explosion welding (to attach
one metal sheet to another, usually a thin corrosion resistant metal like stainless
steel to a stronger metal like carbon steel), friction stir welding (which attaches
the metals together without melting the metal), advanced theories and means of
more accurately assessing the stresses encountered in vessels such as with the use
of Finite Element Analysis, allowing the vessels to be built safer and more
efficiently. Today vessels in the USA require BPVC stamping but the BPVC is
not just a domestic code, many other countries have adopted the BPVC as their
official code. There are, however, other official codes in some countries (some of
which rely on portions of and reference the BPVC), Japan, Australia, Canada,
Britain, and Europe have their own codes. Regardless of the country nearly all
recognize the inherent potential hazards of pressure vessels and the need for
standards and codes regulating their design and construction.

2
1.2 Statement of the problem
During the the force or the load acting on the pressure vessel the device is
directly fractured .The failurity of pressure vessels are differ from one to another
depending on the strength of the material. And the failurtiy of the materials
happened when there is
Material- Improper selection of material; defects in material.
 Design- Incorrect design data; inaccurate or incorrect design methods;
Inadequate
 Fabrication- Poor quality control; improper or insufficient fabrication
procedures including welding; heat treatment or forming methods.
 Mechanical properties-Not studying the mechanical properties of the
material.
 Factors affecting-Not studying the factors affecting the materials.
 Generally, by studying those problems and limitaions we are stand to
design standard pressure vessels i.e tanker.

Objectives
The purpose of this project is to study the implementation and practices of
pressure vessel designs, to identify the pressure vessel and to fabricate the
pressure vessel as per the reference standards. Designing pressure vessel was
carried out to ensure the safety of pressure vessels operating in the plant. And also
in order to facilitate and accelerate the process of designing pressure vessel.

1.3.1Specific objectives
The specific objectives of this project is to solve scarcity of drinking water in
adigrat town. Especially in adigrat university by placing the designed tankers in
central place of the university it can solve the problems faced by shortage of
water in all students. And the tankers are used as reserviour for long period of
time.

1.4 Significance of study

The significance study of pressure vessel is to solve the problem of the society by
designing the standardized pressure vessel quantitively and qualitatively.And also
study by identified specific problem of the customer demand.

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2. LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 NATURE OF DESIGN

Design is a creative activity, and as such can be one of the most rewarding and
satisfying activities undertaken by an engineer. It is the synthesis, the putting
together, of ideas to achieve a desired purpose. The design does not exist at the
commencement of the project. The designer starts with a specific objective in
mind, a need, and by developing and evaluating possible designs, arrives at what
he considers the best way of achieving that objective; be it a better chair, a new
bridge, or for the chemical engineer, a new chemical product or a stage in the
design of a production process.

2.2 Pressure vessel

A pressure vessel is a container designed to hold gases or liquids at a pressure
substantially different from the ambient pressure. The pressure differential is
dangerous, and fatal accidents have occurred in the history of pressure vessel
development and operation. Consequently, pressure vessel design, manufacture,
and operation are regulated by engineering authorities backed by legislation. For
these reasons, the definition of a pressure vessel varies from country to country,
but involves parameters such as maximum safe operating pressure and
temperature, and are engineered with a safety factor, corrosion allowance,
minimum design temperature (for brittle fracture), and involve nondestructive
testing, such as ultrasonic testing, radiography, and pressure tests, usually
involving water, also known as a hydrotest, but could be pneumatically tested
involving air or another gas.
The preferred test is hydrostatic testing because it's a much safer method of
testing as it releases much less energy if fracture were to occur (water does not
rapidly increase its volume while rapid depressurization occurs, unlike gases like
air, i.e. gasses fail explosively). In the United States, as with many other
countries, it is the law that vessels over a certain size and pressure (15 PSI) be
built to Code, in the United States that Code is the ASME Boiler and Pressure
Vessel Code (BPVC), these vessels also require an Authorized Inspector to sign
off on every new vessel constructed and each vessel has a nameplate with
pertinent information about the vessel such as maximum allowable working
pressure, maximum temperature, minimum design metal temperature, what
company manufactured it, the date, its registration number (through the National
Board), and ASME's official stamp for pressure vessels (U-stamp), making the
vessel traceable and officially an ASME Code vessel.

4
2.3 GENERAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS: PRESSUREVESSELS

2.3.1 Design pressure

A vessel must be designed to withstand the maximum pressure to which it is
likely to be subjected in operation. For vessels under internal pressure, the design
pressure is normally taken as the pressure at which the relief device is set. This
will normally be 5 to 10 per cent above the normal working pressure, to avoid
spurious operation during minor process upsets. When deciding the design
pressure, the hydrostatic pressure in the base of the column should be added to the
operating pressure, if significant. Vessels subject to external pressure should be
designed to resist the maximum differential pressure that is likely to occur in
service. Vessels likely to be subjected to vacuum should be designed for a full
negative pressure of 1 bar, unless fitted with an effective and reliable, vacuum
breaker.
2.3.2. Design temperature strength of metals decreases with increasing
temperature. So the The maximum allowable design stress will depend on the
material temperature. The design temperature at which the design stress is
evaluated should be taken as the maximum working temperature of the material,
with due allowance for any uncertainty involved in vessel wall temperatures.

2.3.3 Materials
Pressure vessels are constructed from plain carbon steels, low and high alloy
steels, other alloys, clad plate, and reinforced plastics. Selection of a suitable
material must take into account the suitability of the material for fabrication
(particularly welding) as well as the compatibility of the material with the process
environment. The pressure vessel design codes and standards includelists of
acceptable materials; in accordance with the appropriate material standards.

2.3.4. Design stress (nominal design strength)

For design purposes it is necessary to decide a value for the maximum allowable
stress (nominal design strength) that can be accepted in the material of
construction. This is determined by applying a suitable “design stress factor”
(factor of safety) to the maximum stress that the material could be expected to
withstand without failure under standard test conditions. The design stress factor
allows for any uncertainty in the design methods, the loading, the quality of the
materials, and the workmanship. For materials not subject to high temperatures
the design stress is based on the yield stress (or proof stress), or the tensile
strength (ultimate tensile stress) of the material at the design temperature. For
materials subject to conditions at which the creep is likely to be a consideration,
the design stress is based on the creep characteristics of the material: the average
stress to produce rupture after 105 hours, or the average stress to produce a 1 per
cent strain after 105 hours, at the design temperature.

2.3.5 Welded joint efficiency, and construction categories

5
The strength of a welded joint will depend on the type of joint and the quality of
the welding. The soundness of welds is checked by visual inspection and by non-
destructive testing (radiography). The possible lower strength of a welded joint
compared with the virgin plate is usually allowed for in design by multiplying the
allowable design stress for the material by a “welded joint factor” J. The value of
the joint factor used in design will depend on the type of joint and amount of
radiography required by the design code. Typical values are shown in Table 13.3.
Taking the factor as 1.0 implies that the joint is equally as strong as the virgin
plate; this is achieved by radiographing the complete weld length, and cutting out
and remaking any defects. The use of lower joint factors in design, though saving
costs on radiography, will result in a thicker, heavier, vessel, and the designer
must balance any cost savings on inspection and fabrication against the increased
cost of materials.
The national codes and standards divide vessel construction into different
categories, depending on the amount of non-destructive testing required. The
higher categories require 100 per cent radiography of the welds, and allow the use
of highest values for the weldjoint factors. The lower-quality categories require
less radiography, but allow only lower joint-efficiency factors, and place
restrictions on the plate thickness and type of materials that can be used. The
highest category will invariably be specified for process-plant pressure vessels.
The standards should be consulted to determine the limitations and requirements
of the construction categories specified. Welded joint efficiency factors are not
used, as such, in the design equations given in BS PD 5500; instead limitations
are placed on the values of the nominal design strength (allowable design stress)
for materials in the lower construction category. The standard specifies three
construction categories:
Category 1: the highest class, requires 100 per cent non-destructive testing (NDT)
of the welds; and allows the use of all materials covered by the standard, with no
restriction on the plate thickness.
4
Category 2: requires less non-destructive testing but places some limitations on
the materials which can be used and the maximum plate thickness. Category 3:
the lowest class, requires only visual inspection of the welds, but is restricted to
carbon and carbon-manganese steels, and austenitic stainless steel; and limits are
placed on the plate thickness and the nominal design stress. For carbon and
carbonmanganese steels the plate thickness is restricted to less than 13 mm and
the design stress is about half that allowed for categories 1 and 2. For stainless
steel the thickness is restricted to less than 25 mm and the allowable design stress
is around 80 per cent of that for the other categories.

6
2.3.6. Corrosion allowance
The “corrosion allowance” is the additional thickness of metal added to allow for
material lost by corrosion and erosion, or scaling (see Chapter 7). The allowance
to be used should be agreed between the customer and manufacturer. Corrosion is
a complex phenomenon, and it is not possible to give specific rules for the
estimation of the corrosion allowance required for all circumstances. The
allowance should be based on experience with the material of construction under
similar service conditions to those for the proposed design. For carbon and low-
alloy steels, where severe corrosion is not expected, a minimum allowance of 2.0
mm should be used; where more severe conditions are anticipated this should be
increased to 4.0 mm. Most design codes and standards specify a minimum
allowance of 1.0 mm.

2.3.7. Design loads

A structure must be designed to resist gross plastic deformation and collapse
under all the conditions of loading. The loads to which a process vessel will be
subject in service are listed below. They can be classified as major loads, that
must always be considered in vessel design, and subsidiary loads. Formal stress
analysis to determine the effect of the subsidiary loads is only required in the
codes and standards where it is not possible to demonstrate the adequacy of the
proposed design by other means; such as by comparisonwith the known behaviour
of existing vessels.

2.3.7.1Major loads
1. Design pressure: including any significant static head of liquid.
2. Maximum weight of the vessel and contents, under operating conditions.
3. Maximum weight of the vessel and contents under the hydraulic test conditions.
4. Wind loads.
5. Earthquake (seismic) loads.
6. Loads supported by, or reacting on, the vessel.

2.3.7.2Subsidiary loads
1. Local stresses caused by supports, internal structures and connecting pipes.
2. Shock loads caused by water hammer, or by surging of the vessel contents.
3. Bending moments caused by eccentricity of the centre of the working pressure
relative to the neutral axis of the vessel.
4. Stresses due to temperature differences and differences in the coefficient
expansion of materials.
5. Loads caused by fluctuations in temperature and pressure. A vessel will not be
subject to all these loads simultaneously. The designer must determine what
combination of possible loads gives the worst situation, and design for that
loading condition.

7
2.3.8. Minimum practical wall thickness
There will be a minimum wall thickness required to ensure that any vessel is
sufficiently rigid to withstand its own weight, and any incidental loads. As a
general guide the wall thickness of any vessel should not be less than the values
given below; the values include a corrosion allowance of 2 mm:

2.4 COMPONENT OF PRESSURE VESSEL

There are three main Type are given below
1. Shell
2. Head
3. Nozzle

2.4.1 Shell
The shell is the primary component that contains the pressure. Pressure vessel
shells are welded together to form a structure that has a common rotational axis.

2.4.2 Head
All pressure vessel shells must be closed at the ends by heads (or another shell
section). Heads are typically curved rather than flat. Curved configurations are
stronger and allow the heads to be thinner, lighter, and less expensive than flat
heads. Heads can also be used in side a vessel. These “intermediate heads”
separate sections of the pressure vessel to permit different design conditions in
each section. Heads are usually categorized by their shapes.

2.4.3Nozzle
A nozzle is a cylindrical component that penetrates the shell or heads of a
pressure vessel. The nozzle ends are usually flanged to allow for the necessary
connections and to permit easy disassembly for maintenance or access. Nozzles
are used for the following application
 Attach piping for flow into or out of the vessel.
 Attach instrument connections, (e.g., level gauges, thermo wells,
or pressure gauges).
 Provide access to the vessel interior at midways.
 Provide for direct attachment of other equipment items, (e.g., a
heat exchanger or mixer).
 Nozzles are also sometimes extended into the vessel interior for
some applications, such as for inlet flow distribution or to permit
the entry of thermo wells

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2.5. Factors Considered in Designing Pressure Vessels
 Dimensions-Diameter, length and their limitations.
 Operating conditions – Pressure and temperature.
 Available materials and their physical properties and cost.
 Corrosive nature of reactants and products.
 Theories of failure.
 Types of construction i.e. forged, welded or casted.
 Method of Fabrication.
 Fatigue, Brittle failure and Creep.
 Economic consideration
3 Materials and Methods
3.1Materials Used
 Insulation material; mineral wool; 50mm thick
 Material of construction; vessel stain less steel;
 Nozzle as vessel , skirt carbon steel, silicon killed;
 Water
 50 sieve plates-Acess ladder with plat forms

3.2 Methods used (procedures)and Qualitatively

The minimum column wall thickness

Step 1: Determine the minimum column wall thickness of cylinder that withstand to the internal
pressure. From the specifications and requirement provided previously data, the column wall
thickness is then calculated using the Equation
𝑃𝑖𝐷𝑖
𝑒 = 2𝑓𝐽−𝑃𝑖 + 𝑐

Where,
e = minimum plate thickness (mm)
Pi = design pressure (N/mm2)
Di = internal diameter (mm)
J = joint efficient factor
f = maximum allowable working or design stress (N/mm2)
C = corrosion allowance (mm)
Selection and Sizing of Vessel Heads
Step 1: Select and size the vessel ends, using Torispherical and ellipsoidal heads.
The wall thicknesses of each heads are calculated as follows using Equation.

9
Torispherical head:
𝑃𝑖𝑅𝑐𝐶𝑠
𝑒= 2𝑓𝐽+𝑃𝑖(𝐶𝑠−0.2)

Where,

CS = Stress concentration factor for TorisphericalHeads

1 𝑅𝑐
𝐶𝑠 = (3 + √𝑅𝑘 )
4

Where

Rc=crown radius

Rk= knuckle radius

Ellipsoidal head:
𝑃𝑖𝐷𝑖
𝑒= 2𝑓𝐽−0.2𝑃𝑖

Dimension of Ellipsoidal Heads

Figure 4.5.1 shows the standard ellipsoidal head dimension .It had been
mentioned before that standard ellipsoidal heads are manufactured with a
horizontal against vertical axis ratio of 2:1.

Figure 4.5.1(b) Standard Ellipsoidal Head

 Diameter of the vessel, D = Di = 1500 mm

𝐷 1500
 Height of the vessel head, ℎ = = = 375𝑚𝑚
4 4

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Design Loads

Step 1: Determine dead weight of the vessel

For preliminary calculations the approximate weight of a cylindrical steel vessel

with domed ends, and uniform wall thickness, can be estimated from the
following equation:

𝑊𝑣 = 240𝐶𝑣𝐷𝑚(𝐻𝑣 + 0.8𝐷𝑚)𝑡𝑎𝑣𝑒

Where,

Wv = Total weight of the shell.

Cv = A factor to account for the weight of nozzles, manways, internal supports

Dm = Mean Diameter,

Hv = Length of cylindrical section,

tave = Mean wall thickness,

Step 2: Determine dead weight of the plate.

Since vessel is filled with 50 sieve plates with the same diameter as the column,
which will cause additional weight to the vessel. The weight of the plate is given
by:
Weight of a plate including liquid on it
= 1.7kN/m2
𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎

𝜋
𝐴𝑝 = 4 (𝐷𝑖)2

Step 3: Calculate the dead weight of insulation

The weight of the insulation given by the following equation,

𝑊𝐼 = (𝜌𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)(𝑉𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)𝘨

𝑉𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝜋𝑥𝐷𝑖𝑥𝐻𝑣𝑥(𝑡𝑖𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)𝑥 10-3

Where,

𝑊𝐼 = Weight of the insulation material, KN

𝜌𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 =Density of insulation materials, kg/m3=130 kg/m3

𝑉𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 =Volume of the insulation materials m3

11
𝘨=Gravitational Force, m/s

𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = Minimum insulation thickness

At the last the weight of insulation is double in order to allowance of attachment

fittings, sealing and moisture absorption.

Step 4. Calculate the total dead weight

Total weight = Wv+Wp+WI

Where, Wv=weight of the vessel

Wp=weight of the plate

WI=weight of the insulation

Wind Loading

Step 1: Determine wind loading per length.

The wind loading per length can be expressed by,

𝐹𝑤 = 𝑃𝑤𝑥𝐷𝑒𝑓𝑓

 An allowance of 0.4 m should be addedto the formula below to find the

effective column diameter for a caged ladder(Coulson and Richardson’s
chemical engineering Vol. 6)

𝐷𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 𝐷𝑖 + 2(𝑡𝑎𝑣𝑒 + 𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑢)𝑥10-3

Where,

𝐹𝑤 = Wind loading per length (N/m)

𝑃𝑤 =Wind Pressure(N/m2)

𝐷𝑒𝑓𝑓 = Effective column diameter (m)

𝐷𝑖 = Diameter of the vessel (m)

𝑡𝑎𝑣𝑒 = Mean thickness of column (mm)

𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑢 = Minimum insulation thickness (mm)

Step 2: Determine the bending moment, Mx.

The bending moment, Mx can be calculated using the formula given below.

12
 𝐹𝑤𝑥 2
𝑀𝑥 = 2

Where,

𝑀𝑥 = Bending moment (Nm)

𝑥 = Length of cylindrical section (m

Stress Analysis

Step 1: Determine the longitudinal and circumferential stress at the bottom

tangent line due topressure.
𝑃𝑖𝐷𝑖
𝜎𝐿 = 4𝑡𝑏

𝑃𝑖𝐷𝑖
𝜎ℎ = 2𝑡𝑏

Where,

𝜎𝐿 =Longitudinal stress, N/ mm2

𝜎ℎ = Circumferential stress, N/ mm2

𝐷𝑖 =Internal diameter, mm

𝑡𝑏 =Wall thickness at the bottom tangent line, mm

Step 2: Determine the dead weight direct stress.

The dead weight stress can be calculated by,

𝑊𝑡
𝜎𝑤 = 𝜋(𝐷𝑖+𝑡𝑏)𝑡𝑏

Where,

𝜎𝑤 = Total Dead weight of empty vessel, KN

𝑊𝑡 = Direct stress, N/ mm2

Step 3: Determine the bending stress.

The bending stress due to bending moment is given by,

𝑀𝑥 𝐷𝑖
𝜎𝑏 = ± ( 2 + 𝑡𝑏)
𝐼𝑣

𝐷𝑜 = 𝐷𝑖 + 2𝑡𝑏

13
 𝜋
𝐼𝑣 = (𝐷𝑜4 − 𝐷𝑖 4 )
64

Where,

𝜎𝑏 = Bending stress (N/mm2)

𝐼𝑣 =Second moment of area (mm4)

𝐷𝑜 =Outer Diameter, mm

Step 4: Determine the resultant longitudinal stress.

The resultant longitudinal stress can be calculated as follow.

𝜎𝑧 = 𝜎𝐿 + 𝜎𝑤 ± 𝜎𝑏

𝜎𝑤is compressive therefore it is negative.

Step 5: Check its satisfactory design and elastic stability (buckling).

If the greater difference in downwind stress or upwind stress is much more less
than the maximum allowable stress, f = 130 N/𝑚𝑚2 this design with metal
thickness is okay and satisfactory. Critical buckling stress can be calculated as:
𝑡𝑏
𝜎𝑐 = 2 × 104 ( )
𝐷𝑜

Reinforcement of Openings and Required Area of Reinforcement

Required Area of Reinforcement:

All process vessels will have openings for connections, man ways, and instrument
fittings. The presence of opening has its own drawback whereby it weakens the
shell and gives rise to stress concentrations. The stress at the edge of a hole will
be higher than the average stress in surrounding plate. Thus, in order to reduce
this stress it is important that the opening is compensated with increase of wall
thickness in the region adjacent to the opening. In other words, a reinforcement of
opening will be done towards the hole in order to cope with a sufficient stress that
countered the weakening effect of the opening without.

Notation:

A = total cross-sectional area of reinforcement required in the plane under

consideration

A1 = area in excess thickness in the vessel wall available for reinforcement

14
A2= area in excess thickness in the nozzle wall available for reinforcement

A3= area available for reinforcement when the nozzle extends inside the vessel
wall

S = design stress at design temperature

d = finished diameter of circular opening under consideration

E = joint efficiency factor F = correction factor that compensates for the variation
of in internal pressure stresses on different planes with respect to the axis of the
vessel

t = specified vessel wall thickness

ti= nominal thickness of internal projection of the nozzle wall

tn = nozzle wall thickness

tr= required thickness of seamless shell based on circumferential stress

tr.n.= required thickness of seamless nozzle wall

fr1= strength reduction factor ( S

n/Sv for nozzle wall inserted through the vessel wall)

fr2= Sn/ Sv

Sn= allowable stress in nozzle

Sv = allowable stress in vessel

P = design pressure

D = diameter of manhole/access port

Di,n= internal diameter of nozzle

K1= spherical radius factor

c = corrosion allowance

h = height of ellipsoidal head

UTP = pipe under tolerance

Ri,n= Radius of the internal section of the nozzle

15
Access Port (or Manhole):

For design of internal pressure, the total cross-sectional area of reinforcement A

required in any given plane through the opening for a shell or formed head under
internal pressure shall not be less than

A=dtrF +2tntrF(1-fr1)

Now , start with preliminary calculations for thickness (tr,, tr.n. , t, ti, tn) and
distance (h)

i)The minimum required thickness under circumferential stress tr for seamless

𝑃𝑅 𝑃𝐾1𝐷
shell or head is determined by , tr=𝑆𝐸−0.6𝑃 = 𝑆𝐸−0.6𝑃

Note: tr is the thickness required for a seamless sphere with radius o K1D
𝑃𝑖𝐷𝑖
A, tr.n=2𝑓𝑗−𝑃𝑖

B, The vessel wall thickness, t, it is determined as:

𝑃𝑅
t=𝑆𝐸−0.6𝑃+ C

C, For the nominal thickness of internal projection of nozzle wall, ti, it is

determined as follows:

ti = tn-2C

D, Distance nozzle projects beyond the inner surface of the vessel wall is as
determined:

h=min(2.5t,2.5ti)

E, The diameter of the finished opening, d, is as determined

d=D+C

Note: The opening is in a corroded condition. Thus, a corrosion allowance is

added to the diameter of the opening.

Calculations of Area Required for Reinforcement

A=dtrF +2tntrF(1-fr1)

To determine whether additional reinforcement is necessary for the manhole, the

actual area available for reinforcement must be calculated and compare with the

16
area required for reinforcement. The following condition must be satisfied if no
additional reinforcement isrequired:

Check that, 𝐴 < ∑ 𝐴𝑖 Where, A1+A2+A3+A41+A43

A1(Largest)
𝑓 130
A1’=d(E1t-Ftr)-2tn(E1t-Ftr)(1-fr1) where, fr1=𝑓=130=1 ,(since both the nozzle and
the vessel are made up of the same material ) Then the term , 2tn(E1t-Ftr)(1-fr1)
will be cancel out.

A1’’=2(t+ t n)( E1t-Ftr)

A2(smallest):

A2’: First of all, assuming fr2= fr1= 1 since they both have the same formula (Sn /
Sv);

A2’=5(tn-tr.n) fr2.t

A2’’: A2’’=5(tn-tr.n) fr2tn

A3 (smallest):

A3’=5t (ti fr2)

Lastly by considering the condition ∑ 𝐴𝑖>A , if it is satisfy this condition there is

no additional reinforcement will be required

Standard Flanges

Nozzles and flanges can be categorized into several categories depending on their
sizes, types and other attachments to vessels. A nozzle is a relatively simple
device, a cylindrical component that penetrates the shell or heads of a pressure
vessel (Sinott 2008). The main function of nozzles on the plates is to transport
fluids and allow the liquids and gas to disperse throughout the towers as the fluids
flow through the nozzles. On the other hand, flanges improve the strength of a
structure and also apply as a guide for keeping a particular object in place (Sinott
2008). Different column design requires different standards and designs of the
nozzles and flanges. Flanges are used for connecting pipe and instruments to
vessels, for removable vessel heads and manhole covers.

17
Mechanical Design for Skirt Support

Dead weight stress for the test and operating conditions

𝜋𝐷𝑖
Approximate weight = ∗ 𝐻𝑣 ∗ 𝜌𝑤 ∗ 𝑔
4

Total weight = wv + Approximate weight

For test condition,𝝈𝒘𝒔:

𝑊𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
Formula given by, 𝜎𝑤𝑠(𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡) =
𝜋(𝐷𝑠+𝑡𝑠)𝑡𝑠

Where,

𝜎𝑤𝑠(𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡) =Dead weight stress in the skirt for test condition

𝑊𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = Total weight of the vessel with contents (water).

For operating condition, 𝜎𝑤𝑠(𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔):

The formula given by,

𝑊𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑙
𝜎𝑤𝑠(𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔) = 𝜋(𝐷𝑠+𝑡𝑠)𝑡𝑠

Where,

𝜎𝑤𝑠(𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔) =Dead weight stress in the skirt for operating condition

𝑊𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑙 =Total dead weight of vessel with heads

Resultant bending stress in the skirt.

For maximum: 𝜎𝑠(𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑒) = 𝜎𝑏𝑠 + 𝜎(𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡)

18
For minimum: 𝜎𝑤𝑠(𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑙) = 𝜎𝑏𝑠 + 𝜎𝑤(𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔)

Design criteria

If given the worst combination of both wind and dead-weight loading, the skirt
thickness should not exceed that of its design criteria, as shown below from the
specification table, 𝜃 = 90°

𝑓𝑠 = 155 N/mm2

E = Young’s modulus =200,000 N/mm2

For the maximum:

𝑡𝑠
Given the formula, 𝜎𝑠(𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑒) ≯ 0.125𝐸(𝐷𝑠)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑠

For minimum:

Given the formula, 𝜎𝑠(𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑙) ≯ 𝑓𝑠𝐽𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑠

New skirt thickness, ts:ts= (Old thickness of the skirt) + (Corrosion allowance)

Base ring/flange and anchor bolt design

For DS = 1.5 m

Determine the number of bolts required, N bolts

Since the measurements for the pitch diameter were not given, it was assumed
that the measurement of column diameter would be used to make an assumption
for the pitch diameter. An estimation of 10% allowance was then added to the
pitch circle diameter column.Number of bolts required N bolts given by the
formula:
𝐷𝑝𝜋
𝑁𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠 = 600

Where;

Ds = Internal column diameter = 1.5 m

Dp = Pitch circle diameter = Ds + (10% Ds)

Bolt area, Ab

The required bolt area, A given by the formula:

19
 1 4𝑀𝑠
𝐴𝑏 = 𝑁𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑡×𝑓𝑏 ( 𝐷𝑝 − 𝑊𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑙)

Where,

𝑁𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑡 =Number of bolts required = 12 Bolts

𝑓𝑏 = Bolt design stress = 125 N/mm2

𝑀𝑠 =Bending moment in skirt

𝑊𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑙 =Total dead weight of vessel with heads

𝐷𝑝 = Pitch circle diameter = 1.6 5m = 1,650 mm

Bolt root diameter, Dbolt

The bolt root diameter given by the formula

4𝐴𝑏
𝐷𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑡 = √ 𝜋

Total compressive load on each base ring per unit length, Fbolt.
4𝑀𝑠 𝑊𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑙
𝐹𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑡 = (𝜋𝐷𝑠2 − )
𝜋𝐷𝑠

Where,𝑊𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑙 =Total dead weight of vessel with heads ,𝑀𝑠 =Bending

moment in skirt 𝐷𝑠 =Internal column diameter

Minimum width of base ring, Lb.

𝐹𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑡
𝐿𝑏 = 𝑓𝑐

𝐹𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑡 =Total compressive load on the base ring per unit length = 1,196.40N/mm

𝑓𝑐 =Maximum allowable bearing pressure on the concrete foundation padbearing

pressure 5 N/mm2

skirt base angle, 𝜃𝑠.

Skirt base angle, 𝜃𝑠 (With Ds’ =2.5 m) given by,

𝐷′ 𝑠
𝜃𝑠 = tan−1(0.5(𝐷′ 𝑠−𝐷𝑠))

Bolt spacing

Bolt spacing given the formula:

20
 𝜋𝐷𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑡′
𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑡 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 𝑁𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑡′

Where,

𝐷𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑡 ′ =Bolt circle diameter

𝑁𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑡′ =Number of bolts

New required bolt area, Ab

1 4𝑀𝑠
𝐴𝑏 = 𝑁𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑡 ′ (𝑓𝑏) (𝐷𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑡 ′ − 𝑊𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑙)

𝑊𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑙 =Total dead weight of vessel with heads

𝑀𝑠 =Bending moment in skirt

𝑁𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑡′ =Number of bolts required

𝐷𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑡′ =Bolt circle diameter

𝑓𝑏 =Bolt design stress

total compressive load on each base ring per unit length, Fbolt.
4𝑀𝑠 𝑊𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑙
𝐹𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑡 = (𝜋𝐷′ 𝑠2 + )
𝜋𝐷 ′ 𝑠

Where,

𝑊𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑙 = Total dead weight of vessel with heads

𝑀𝑠 = Bending moment in skirt

𝐷′𝑠 =Flared skirt bottom diameter

minimum width of base ring, Lb

Given the formula:

𝐹𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑡
𝐿𝑏 = 𝑓𝑐

𝑓𝑐 =Maximum allowable bearing pressure on the concrete foundation

padBearing pressure = 5 N/mm2

actual bearing pressure on the concrete foundation,

𝐹𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑡′
Given the formula: 𝑓′𝑐 = 𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ

21
Actual width =Lr + ts + ti

Where,

ts = Skirt thickness = 19mm

ti = Insulation thickness = 50mm

Fbolt= Total compressive load on the base ring per unit length

Lr =Distance from the edge of the skirt to the outer edge of the ring = 178 mm
(Sinnott., Coulson & Richardson's Chemical Engineering 1999) :Using Bolt size
70 (BS 4190:1967)

base ring thickness, th

The base ring thickness given by the formula:

3𝑓′𝑐
𝑡𝑏 = 𝐿𝑟√ 𝑓𝑟

4 Result and Discussions

4.1 .1Column Specification

Table 1.Column Specification

Properties Specification
Length of cylinder section,L 37m
Internal diameter, Di 1.5m
Heads Standard el-
lipsoidal
Number of sieve plates, n 50 plate
Design Temperature, T 150c0
Corrosion allowance, Co 2mm
Design pressure, pi 1200KN/m2

22
 4.1.2 Nozzles specification
Table 2Nozzles specification

Properties Specifications
Feed At mid-point 200mm
Vapour out At 0.7m below top of 250mm
cylindrical section
Bottom product At center of vessel head 200mm
At 1.0m below top of 200mm
cylindrical section

4.1.3 Sieve plate column specification

Table 3.Sieve plate column specification

Properties Specifications
Diameter of access ports or 0.6m - At 1.0m Above the
(manholes) bottom
- At 1.5m below the top
of the column
Height of support skirt 2.5m Carbon steel, silicon
killed
Thickness of insulation 50mm Mineral wool
Vessels Stainless steel, unstabilised (304)
Nozzles Stainless steel, unstabilised (304)
Skirts Silicon killed

In order to develop a preliminary design, some assumptions are made and listed
below.
Assumptions
 No significant loading from piping and external equipment
 Plates and plate supports design is negligible
 Material is double welded butt or equivalent and fully
radiographed
 Assume flanges are standard flanges

23
4.2 Column Wall Thickness
A column should be designed with a specific wall thickness to ensure it has
sufficient rigidity to be able to cope with the maximum amount of pressure which
it is expected to be susceptible to in operation .The minimum column wall
thickness needed to withstand the vessel weight itself as well as other incidental
loads such as internal pressure is calculated and shown in the following
calculation section.

4.2.1 Required Specifications

The specification to calculate the column wall thickness are tabulated in Table
below :
Table 4 Specification for Column Wall Thickness

Properties Specifications Unit conversions

Design Pressure, Pi 1200kN/m2 1.2N/mm2
Operating Temperature, T 1500C -
Internal Diameter, Di 1.5m 1500mm
Material Stainless steel, unstabilised -
(304)
Corrosion allowance, Co 2mm 2mm
Joints welds Fully radiographed. 1.0
Joint factor, J = 1.0
(Appendix A: Figure A.1)
Typical Design stress, f 130N/mm2 -
(Appendix B: Figure B.1)

4.3 Minimum Column Wall Thickness

With the specifications and requirement provided previously, the column wall
thickness is then calculated using Equation.
PiDi
e=2fj−Pi
Where,
t- minimum plate thickness (mm)
Pi- design pressure (N/mm2)
Di- internal diameter (mm)
J- joint efficient factor
f- maximum allowable working or design stress (N/mm2)
Co- corrosion allowance (mm)
e- minimum plate thickness (mm)

24
 (1.2)(1500)
𝑒 = 2(130)(1)−1.2
e=6.955mm
With addition of corrosion allowance ,Co=2mm
e = (6.955+2)mm=8.955mm≈9m

4.3.1 Mean Thickness of Column WallSince a vessel needs to withstand design

loads such as wind and the dead weight loads, the column wall has to be gradually
thicker from the top to the bottom.Therefore, the column wall is divided into 5
sections with an increase of 2mm for each section going downwards. The column
wall thickness from top to bottom is (9,11,13,15and17) mm. The mean thickness
of Column wall can then be calculated.
9+11+13+15+17
𝑡𝑎𝑣𝑒, 𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 = =13mm
5

4.4 Selection and Sizing of Vessel Heads

4.4.1 Required Specifications

The specifications or requirements given for selection and sizing of vessel heads
are summarized in table.

Table 5Specification for selection and sizing of vessel heads

Properties Specifications
Design pressure, Pi 1.2 N/mm2
Internal diameter, Di 1500mm
Material of vessel Stainless steel, Unstablized (304)
Corrosion allowance, Co 2mm
Joint welds, J Double-welded butt or equivalent Fully
radiographed. Joint factor, J = 1.0
(Appendix A: Figure A.1)
Allowable design stress, f 130 N/mm2

4.5.1Type Of Heads and their Properties

a Standard torispherical head

This is the most commonly used closure for vessels with operating pressures of up
to 15 bar. Its shape is formed from part of a torus and part of a sphere. It has a
similar shape to thatof an ellipse but is easier to fabricate. However, above 10 bar
the cost is much more than that of an equivalent ellipsoidal head.

25
Figure 4-0-1 (a) Torispherical heads
b, Standard ellipsoidal head

This type of head is usually manufactured with a major and minor axis ratio of
2:1. For operating pressure of above 15 bar, an ellipsoidal head would be the most
economical end closure to use. Therefore, it should be considered for the design
of a sieve plate column. Figure 4.5.1(b) shows the standard ellipsoidal head
dimension .It had been mentioned before that standard ellipsoidal heads are
manufactured with a horizontal against vertical axis ratio of 2:1. Therefore the
correlations based on Figure 4.5.1(b), Diameter of vessel,D=Di=1500mm
D
Height of vessel head,h= 4

1500
h= =375mm
4

Figure 4-0-2 (b) standard ellipsoidal

4.5.2Calculation Thickness of Heads
Minimum thickness of torispherical heads
PiRcCs
.𝑒 = 2fj+Pi(Cs−0.2)
Where,

26
 1 Rc
Cs=stress concentration factor for torispherical heads=4(3+√Rk)
Rc-Crown radius
Rk-Kunkle radius
The ratio of the knuckle to crown radii should not be less than 0.06, to avoid
buckling; and the crown radius should not be greater than the diameter of the
cylindrical section
1 Rc
Cs=4(3+√Rk)

(1.2)(1500)(1.77062)
𝑒 = 2(130)(1)+1.2(1.77062−0.2)

e=12.169918mm

Minimum thicknes of ellipsoidal

PiDi
e=2fj−0.2PiWhere,

Pi- design pressure (N/mm2)

Di- internal diameter (mm)
J- joint efficient factor
f- maximum allowable working or design stress (N/mm2)
Co- corrosion allowance (mm)
e- minimum thickness of ellipsoidal (mm)
(1.2)(1500)
𝑒 = 2(130)(1)−(0.2)1.2 = 6.9295mm
Since,e-of ellipsoidal is less than e-of torispherical.Anellipsoidal head would be
the most economical end closure to use. Therefore, it should be considered for the
design of a sieve plate column.

4.6 Preliminary Design

 To make preliminary design we should start from calculating the thickness
of the vessel,analysis of weight,analysis of stress and finally checking
weather our design procedure is correct or not.Thus since the vessel is
cylindrical the minimum thickness;
PiDi
e=2fj−Pi

Where,
t- minimum plate thickness (mm)
Pi- design pressure (N/mm2)
Di- internal diameter (mm)
J- joint efficient factor
f- maximum allowable working or design stress (N/mm2)
Co- corrosion allowance (mm)
27
e- minimum plate thickness (mm)
(1.2)(1500)
𝑒 = 2(130)(1)−1.2
e=6.955mm
With addition of corrosion allowance, Co=2mm (6.955+2)mm=8.955mm≈9mm
 At the base of vessel should be much thick to with stand dead weight and
wind load.Thus,first trial divide the column into 5 section and increase
thickness by 2mm per section.
9+11+13+15+17
𝑡𝑎𝑣𝑒, 𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 = =13mm
5
9mm

11mm

13mm

15mm

17mm

2.5m=2500mm

Figure 4-0-3: column section with increasing thickness

Dead weight of vessel

-To estimate dead weight taken mean thickness(13)mm

Wv=240*Cv*Dm(Hv+0.8*Dm)*tm

Dm=Di+tm=(1.5+0.013)m

Dm=1.513m

Where Wv-Dead weight of vessel

Dm-mean diameter

Di-internal diameter

Cv-afactor to account for the weight of nozzles

Wv=240*1.15*1.513(37+0.8.513)*13

28
Wv=207430.6587N

Wv=207.4306587KN

Weight of plate
𝐷2 1.52
Plate area 𝐴 = 𝜋 =𝜋 =1.767145868m2
4 4

Weight plate=1.7KN/m2*1.767145868m2

=3.004147976KN

For 50 plate=50*3.004147976KN=150.2073988KN

Weight of insulation

Mineral wool,density=130Kg/m3

Volume,V= 𝜋*D*Hv*tin= 𝜋 ∗ 1.5 ∗ 37 ∗ 0.05

V=8.71792m3

Weight w= Ƿ*g*v=130Kg/mm2*9.81m/s2*8.71792m3

W=11117.96338N=11.11796338KN

Double this dueto allow for fitting (2*11.11796338)KN

W=22.23592675KN

TOTAL WEIGHT

Vessel; 207.4306587KN

Plate; 150.2073988KN

Insulation 22.23592675KN
;
TOTAL =379.8739842K
N

Table 6 Total weight

Wind loading

29
Fw=Pw*Deff

where;

Fw-load per meter

Deff-effective diameter

the dynamic wind pressure will be given by;

Pw=0.05*Uw2

Where;

UW-Wind speed

Uw=160Km/hr

Pw=0.05*(160)2Pw=1280w/m

Deff=Di+2(tm+tin)*0.00

Deff=1.5+2(13+50)*0.001=1.626m

Fw=1280w/m2*1.626m=2081.28N/m

Bending moment at bottom tangent line =

W 2081.28
Mx= ∗ HV2Mx= ∗ 37 ∗ 37 = 1424636.16Nm
2 2

Longitudinal and circumferential stress: At bottom tangent line, the pressure

stresses are given by:

Longitudinal stress,
PiDi 1.2∗1500
δL= (N/mm2) = = 26.470588N/mm2
4t 4∗17

PiDi 1.2∗1500
Circumferential stress, δh= = =52.94117647N/mm2
2t 2∗17

Stress due to dead weight, ,

Wv 207430.6587
δw= π(Di+t)t = π(1500+17)17 = 2.560286532N/mm2(compressive)

Do = Di + 2 x t = 1500 mm + 2 (17 mm) = 1534 mm = outer diameter of the

column

30
 Mx Di π
Bending Stresses, ,δb= ± ( +t) But Iv= 64(D04 -Di4)
Iv 2

π
Iv= 64(15344 -15004 ) = 2.330880913*1010mm4

1424636.16 1500
δb= ± ( +17) = ±46.87909745N/mm
23308809130 2

Resultant longitudinal stress is given by,

σz = σL + σw±σb
σw is compressive therefore it is negative.
σz(upwind) = 26.470588 + (- 2.560286532) + 46.87909745 = + 70.78939892
N/mm2

σz(downwind) = 26.470588 + (-2.560286532) – 46.87909745

= -22.96879598 N/mm2

70.78939892 22.9

52.9411 52.9411

Up wind down wind

The greatest difference between the principal stress will be on the down wind side
i.e 52.94117647-(-22.96879598)=75.90997245N/mm2

Snice,75.90997245˂130N/mm2

It is well below from the allowable maximum design stress.

Check elastic stability(Buckling),

17
δc=2*104(1534)=221.642764N/mm2

The maximum compressive stress occurs when the vessel is not under pressure

δb+δw=46.87909745+2.560286532

=49.43938398˂221.642764 – since it is less than the critical

stress. Therefore,the design pressure was correct.

31
4.7.0 Reinforcement 0f Openings

4.7.1 Required Area of Reinforcement

When an opening and its reinforcement are in an ellipsoidal head, and located
entirely within a circle, the centre of which coincides with head. The diameter of
the circle is equal to 80% of the shell diameter. tr is the thickness required for a
seamless sphere of radius K1D, where D is the shell internal diameter and K1 is
0.9 (Steward and Lewis 2013). Assume no weld is used in the nozzle.

Notation:

A= total cross-sectional area of reinforcement required in the plane under

consideration

A1 = area in excess thickness in the vessel wall available for reinforcement

A2 = area in excess thickness in the nozzle wall available for reinforcement

A3 = area available for reinforcement when the nozzle extends inside the vessel
wall

S = design stress at design temperature

d = finished diameter of circular opening under consideration

E = joint efficiency factor

F = correction factor that compensates for the variation of in internal pressure

stresses on different planes with respect to the axis of the vessel

t = specified vessel wall thickness

ti = nominal thickness of internal projection of the nozzle wall

tn = nozzle wall thickness

tr = required thickness of seamless shell based on circumferential stress

tr.n. = required thickness of seamless nozzle wall

fr1 = strength reduction factor

( Sn/Sv for nozzle wall inserted through the vessel wall)

fr2 = Sn / SvSn = allowable stress in nozzle

Sv = allowable stress in vessel

32
P = design pressure

D = diameter of manhole/access port

Di,n = internal diameter of nozzle

K1 = spherical radius factor

c = corrosion allowance

h = height of ellipsoidal head

UTP = pipe under tolerance

Ri,n = Radius of the internal section of the nozzle

4.8 Preliminary Calculations for thickness (tr ,tr.n., t, ti, tn) & distance (h)

1) The minimum required thickness under circumferential stress, tr, for seamless
shell or head is determined by:
PR PK1D
𝑡𝑟 = SE−0.6P= , 𝑡𝑟 = SE−0.6P=

Note:tr is the thickness required for a seamless sphere with radiusof K1D

Given

S = 130Nmm-2

E=1

P = 1.2 Nmm-2

D = 600 mm = 0.6 m

K1 = 0.90 as determined from Table UG-37

when D/2h = 2.0,

where;

D = 1500 mm I.D. (shell internal diamet

PK1D 1.2∗0.9∗600
𝑡𝑟 = SE−0.6P = 1∗130−0.6∗1.2 =5.012376mm ≈ 5mm

2) Actual thickness of nozzles ,tn=50mm

3) Theoretical thickness of nozzle ,tr,n,

33
 PiDn 1.2∗1500
,tr,n, = 2SE−Pi , = 2∗130∗1−1.2 =6.955mm ≈ 7mm

4) For the vessel wall thickness, t, it is determined as:

PR
t = SE−0.6Pi +c

Given

S = 130 Nmm-2

P = 1.2 Nmm-2

R = D/2; D = 1500 mm I.D.

E=1

1.2∗750
t = 120∗1−0.6∗1.2 +2 =8.9616mm ≈ 9mm

5) For the nominal thickness of internal projection of nozzle wall, ti, it is

determined as follows:

ti=tn-tc= 50-2*2=46mm

Nominal thickness ;46mm

6) Distance nozzle projects beyond the inner surface of the vessel wall is as
determined:

h=min(2.5t,2.5ti)

Given

t = 8.0 mm

ti = 10.0 mm

h=min(2.5*7),(2.5*46)=min(17.5),(115)

h=17.5mm

7) The diameter of the finished opening, d, is as determined

d=D+C=600+2=602mm

34
 Note: The opening is in a corroded condition. Thus, a corrosion allowance is
added to the diameter of the opening.

The opening is in a corroded condition. Thus, a corrosion allowance is added to

the diameter of the opening.

Calculations of Area Required for Reinforcement

Given

d = D’ = 600 mm

t = 12.0 mm

ti = 10.0 mm

tr = 5.0 mm

tn = 18.26 mm

tr.n.= 8.26 mm

h = 20.0 mm

Assuming correction factor, F = 1 and d=D,

A=(600*5*1)+2(50*5*1)(1-1)=3000mm2

To determine whether additional reinforcement is necessary for the manhole, the

actual area available for reinforcement must be calculated and compare with the
area required for reinforcement. The following condition must be satisfied if no
additional reinforcement is required:

A <ΣAi

Where

ΣAi=A1+A2+A3+A41+A43

Thus, the following area (A1, A2, A3, A41, A43) is calculated as follows

. A1 (largest):

A1’=d(E1t-Ftr)-2tn(E1t-Ftr)(1-Fr1)

35
 130N/mm2
Since Fr1=130N/mm2=1

(Since both the nozzle and the vessel are made of the same material)

Then, the term 2tn(E1t-Ftr)(1-fr1) will cancel out,

A1’=d(E1t-Ftr)

Assuming E1 = E = 1 and F = 1,

A1’=602((1*9)-(1*5))=2408mm2

A1”=2(t+tn)(E1t-Ftr)=2(9+50)(1*9)-(1*5)

A1”=470.584mm2 Since A1’>A1”,

Then A=A1’=2408mm2

A2 (smallest): A2’

First of all, assuming fr2 = fr1 = 1 since they both have the same formula (Sn /
Sv); Substituting the values,

A2’=5(tn-tr,n)(fr1t)=5(50-7)(1*9)=1935mm2

Substituting the values,

A2”=5(tn-tr,n)fr2tn=5(50-7)(1*50)=10750mm2

SinceA2’ <A2” , then A2=A2’=1935mm2

A3 (smallest):

A3’=5t(tifr2)=5*9(46*1)=2070mm2

A3”=5ti(tifr2)=5*46(46*1)=10580mm2

A3”’=2tn(tifr2)=2*17.5(46*1)

A3”’=1610mm2

Since A3”’˂A3”˂A3’ Then

A3=A3”’=1610mm2

36
 For areas A41 and A43, they are not considered since the welds vary from fillet to
butt weld type thus,

A41 = A43 = 0 mm2

Summing up from A1 to A3,Given

A1 = 2408 mm2

A2 = 1935mm2

A3 = 1610 mm2

A41 = A43 = 0 mm2

ΣAi=(2408+1935+1610+0)mm2=5953 mm2

Comparing both the required area for reinforcement, A and the area available for
reinforcement,

A=3000mm2

ΣAi=5953mm2

Sinice, the condition ΣAi>A is satisfied.Therefore,no additional reinforcement

will be required.

4.9 Nozzles and Flange

Nozzles and flanges can be categorized into several categories depending on their
sizes, types and other attachments to vessels. Figure 4.9. shows the type of
standard flange selected for this design in respect to the specification.

Table 7: Typical Standard Flanges Nominal Size (mm)

Nominal Pipe outer Flange Raised face bolting Drilling Boss
Size (mm) diameter,
D B H d4 f No. d2 K d3
d1 (mm)

200 219.1 320 20 44 258 3 M16 8 18 280 240

250 273 375 22 44 312 3 M16 12 18 335 295

37
 Figure 4-0-4: Selected Standard Flange

4.10 Skirt and Base

4.10.1. Skirt supports

4.10.1.1 Column supporting skirt and base ring

Height of the vessel, Hv

Given:

 Length of cylindrical section = 37 m

 Internal column diameter = 1.5 m

Height of each ellipsoidal head

Figure 4-0-5: Standard ellipsoidal head measurements

38
Since the ellipsoidal heads used for this design are of a standard measurement as
shown above in Figure 4.10.1.1, it is safe to assume that the heads are
manufactured with a major and minor axis ratio of 2:1 . Thus,
1.4
The height of each ellipsoidal head = ( 4 ) = 0.375 m

Height of vessel,Hv

The height of vessel,

Hv: Hv = (Length of cylindrical section) + (Height of the two ellipsoidal heads)

= 37 m + [(2) (0.375 m)]

= 37 m + 0.75 m = 37.75m

Bending Moment, Ms

For this design, a constant thickness was required. Thus the effect of bending
moment, Ms, was study and calculated by using the formula below.

Given the formula:

Fw(Hv+Hs)2
Ms = 2

Ms = Bending moment at the base of the skirt

Fw = Load per unit length = 2081.28 N/m =2.08128kN/m

Fw=Pw*Deff But Pw= 0.05(160)2s

Pw = 1280W/m2

Deff= Di+2(tm+tin)=1.5+2(0.013+0.05)=1.626m

Hs= Height of skirt = 2.5 m

Since: Hv+s = (Height of the vessel, Hv) + (Height of skirt, Hs) = 37.75 m + 2.5
m = 40.25 m = 40250 mm

2081.28N/m(40.25m)2
Thus,Ms = = 1685901.84Nm
2

Bending stress in the skirt,δbs

39
Assume:

Bending stress Thickness of the skirt = Thickness of each ellipsoidal head

Given the formula:

4MS
δbs= 𝜋(𝐷𝑠+𝑡𝑠)(𝐷𝑠∗𝑡𝑠)

Where;

δbs = Bending stress in the skirt

Ms = Bending moment at the base of the skirt 1685901.84 Nm

Ds = Internal column diameter = 1.5 m

ts = Thickness of the skirt = Thickness of each ellipsoidal head =8.9295mm

=0.0089295 m

4∗1685901.84
Thus,δbs=𝜋∗(1.5+0.0089295)∗1.5∗0.0089295=106207467.5N/𝑚2

Step 4: Determine the dead weight stress for the test and operating conditions.

 For test condition,σws(test):

Wwater
Formula given by, 𝛿𝑤𝑠(𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡) = π(Ds+ts)ts

Where,

σws(test)=Dead weight stress in the skirt for test condition

Wwater= dead weight of the vessel with contents (water) is approximate weight
𝜋∗𝐷 2 ∗𝐻𝑣∗𝜌𝑤∗𝑔 𝜋∗1.52 ∗37∗1000∗9.81
Wwater= = =641420.9356N=641.4209356KN
4 4

𝑊𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
Thus, 𝜎𝑤𝑠(𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡) = 𝜋(𝐷𝑠+𝑡𝑠)𝑡𝑠

641420.9356N
δws(test)=𝜋∗(150+8.9295)∗8.9295 = 15.15294921N/mm2

 For operating condition, σws(operating):

Wvessel
The formula given by,𝛿𝑤𝑠(𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔) = π(Ds+ts)ts

40
Where,σws(operating)=Dead weight stress in the skirt for operating condition

Wvessel= dead weight of vessel with heads.

207.4306587KN
Thus, δws(operating)=𝜋(1500+8.9295)∗8.9295 = 0.004900348663𝐾N/mm2

=4.90034663N/mm2

Determine the resultant bending stress in the skirt.

For maximum:σs(compresive)= δbs + δw(test)

δs(compresive)=106.2074675N/𝑚𝑚2 +15.15294921N/mm2

=121.3604167 N/mm2

For minimum:δws(tensil)=δbs+δw(opersting)

σws(tensil)=106.2074675N/𝑚𝑚2 +4.90034663N/mm2= 111.1078141N/mm2

Design criteria:

If given the worst combination of both wind and dead-weight loading, the skirt
thickness should not exceed that of its design criteria, as shown belowFrom the
specification table,

θ=90°

fs= 115 N/mm2=200,000 N/mm

E = Young’s modulus

For the maximum:

Given the formula, δws(compresive) ≯0.125E(ts/Ds)sinθs

8.9295
121.36014167 N/mm2≯0.125×200,000( 1500 )sin 90°

121.36014167 N/mm2s≯148.825(Fulfilled)

For minimum:

Given the formula, σs(tensil)≯fsJsinθs

111.1078141≯115×1×sin90°

41
111.1078141N/𝑚𝑚2 ≯115 (Fulfilled)

Since all the calculations and comparison above shows that the all design criteria
were fulfilled,add 2 mm for corrosion, gives a design thickness of new skirt
thickness, ts:New skirt thickness, ts:

ts= (Old thickness of the skirt) + (Corrosion allowance)

=8.9295mm + 2mm= 10.9295mm≈11mm

4.11 Base ring/flange and anchor bolt design

For DS = 1.5 m

Step 1 .Determine the number of bolts required, N bolts

 Since the measurements for the pitch diameter were not given, it was
assumed that the measurement of column diameter would be used to make
an assumption for the pitch diameter. An estimation of 10% allowance
was then added to the pitch circle diameter column.Number of bolts
required N bolts given by the formula:
𝐷𝑝𝜋
N bolts= 600

Where;

Ds = Internal column diameter = 1.5 m

Dp = Pitch circle diameter

= Ds + (10% Ds)

= 1.5 + 0.1 x 1.5

= 1.65 m

= 1,650 mm
1650∗𝜋
Thus, Nbolts= =8.639379797
600

By taking the nearest multiple of 4, 12 iks the nearest value to the number of bolts
required, Nbolts.

Step 2: Determine the required bolt area, Ab

The required bolt area, A given by the formula:

42
 1 4𝑀𝑠
Ab=𝑁𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑡∗𝑓𝑏( 𝐷𝑝 -Wv)

Where, N bolt=Number of bolts required = 12 Bolts.

fb = Bolt design stress = 125 N/mm2

Ms =Bending moment in skirt

Wvessel= dead weight of vessel with heads

Dp = Pitch circle diameter = 1.6 5m = 1,650 mm

1 4𝑀𝑠
Ab=𝑁𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑡∗𝑓𝑏( 𝐷𝑝 - Wvessel)

1 4∗1685901.84
= 12∗125( -207430.6587) =
1.650

=2586.402737𝑚𝑚2

Step 3: Determine the bolt root diameter, D bolt.

The bolt root diameter given by the formula:

4𝐴𝑏 4∗2586.402737
D bolt =√ =√ =57.38562749mm
𝜋 𝜋

With the addition of base rings, the bolt should be sufficient enough to distribute
the total compressive load to the foundation.

Step 4: Determine the total compressive load on each base ring per unit length,
4𝑀𝑠 𝑊𝑣
Fbolt.Given the formula: Fbolt= 𝜋∗𝐷𝑠2 + 𝜋𝐷𝑆 Where,

Wvessel=dead weight of vessel with heads

Ms=Bending moment in skirt = 1685901.84Nm

Ds=Internal column diameter = 1.5m

4∗1685901.840 207430.66
Fbolt= + =998.0434382N/mm
𝜋∗1.52 𝜋∗1.5

Step 5: Determine minimum width of base ring, Lb.

Given by the formula:

=𝐹𝑏
Lb 𝑓𝑐

43
F bolt=Total compressive load on the base ring per unit length = 1,196.40N/m

fc=Maximum allowable bearing pressure on the concrete foundation pad bearing

pressure 5 N/𝑚𝑚2 .
998.0434382
Lb= =199.608687mm
5

Due to the large base ring width, a flared skirt shall be used as an alternative to
the design. Therefore, the requirements and assumptions for the new skirt are:

Flared skirt bottom diameter, Ds’ = 2.5 m = 2500 mm

Bolt circle diameter, Dolt’= Ds’+ (10% of Ds)

= 2.5 m + (1.5∗ 0.1)= 2.5 m + 0.15 m

= 2.65 m (Assumed)

= 2,650 mm

̇ =𝜋∗𝐷𝑝̇ = but , D'p=D's+(10%𝐷̇s)

Number of bolt, 𝑁𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑡 600

D'p=2.5+(10%2.5) = 2.75 m

= 2,750mm
𝜋∗2750
̇
𝑁𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑡 = =14.39896633mm≈15mm
600

For Ds’ = 2.5m

Step 1: Determine the skirt base angle, θs.

Skirt base angle, θs (With Ds’ =2.5 m) given by,

𝐷𝑠̇
θs=tan−1( ̇ )
0.5(𝐷̇ 𝑠−𝐷𝑠)

2.5
θs=tan−1 ( 0.5(2.5−1.5))= 78.7°

Step 2: Determine bolt spacing.

Bolt spacing given the formula:

̇
𝐷𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑡∗𝜋
Bolt specing = ̇
𝑁𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑡

Where, Dbolt'=Bolt circle diameter = 2650 mm

44
Nbolt'=Number of bolts =14.39896633l≈15mm
𝜋∗2650
Bolt specing= =555.0147mm (satisfactory)
15

Step 3: Determine new required bolt area, Ab

Given by the formula:

1 4𝑀𝑠
Ab=𝑁𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑡∗𝑓𝑏
̇
(𝐷𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑡
̇
− 𝑊𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑙)

Wvessel=dead weight of vessel with heads = 207430.66 N

Ms=Bending moment in skirt

Nbolt'=Number of bolts required = 15mm

Dbolt'=Bolt circle diameter = 2.650m = 2,650 mm

fb=Bolt design stress = 125 N/mm2

1 4∗1685901.84Nm
Ab=15∗125 ( − (207430.66 N))= 1246.574312mm2
2650

Step 4: Determine the total compressive load on each base ring per unit length,
Fbolt.

Given the formula:

4𝑀𝑠 𝑊𝑣
Fbolt= +𝜋∗𝐷𝑠
𝜋∗𝐷𝑠̇̇ 2 ̇

Where,

W vessel= dead weight of vessel with heads =207430.66 N

Ms= Bending moment in skirt = 1685901.84Nm

D's=Flared skirt bottom diameter=2.5m =2500mm

̇ =4∗168590.1840+
𝐹𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑡
207430.660
=369.8599945 N/mm
𝜋∗2.52 𝜋∗2.500

Step 5: Determine minimum width of base ring, Lb

Given the formula:

̇
𝐹𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑡
Lb=𝑓𝑐∗103

45
fc=Maximum allowable bearing pressure on the concrete foundation pad Bearing
pressure = 5 N/mm2
369.8599945
Lb= = 73.9719989mm
5

Step 6: Determine the actual bearing pressure on the concrete foundation,

Given the formula:

f'c=Fbolt'/(Actual width)

Actual width =Lr + ts + ti Where,

ts = Skirt thickness = 11mm

ti = Insulation thickness = 50mm

̇ = Total compressive load on the base ring per unit length

𝐹𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑡

Lr =Distance from the edge of the skirt to the outer edge of the ring = 178 mm

Actual width = 178 + 11+50 = 239mm

̇
𝐹𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑡 369.8599945
𝑓𝑐̇=𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑊𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ = = 1.547531358 N/mm2
239

Step 7: Determine the base ring thickness, tb

The base ring thickness given by the formula:

3∗𝑓𝑐̇
tb = Lr√ 𝐹𝑟

3∗1.547531358
tb=178√ = 32.41427713mm
140

tb=32.41427713mm

46
 Table 8.Summarization of all final parameter results:

Parameters Quantity
Minimum column wall 9mm
thickness
Average thickness of the 13Mm
wall
Thickness of tori spherical 12.169918mm
head
Thickness of ellipsoidal 6.9295mm
head
height of vessel head 375mm
Dead weight of vessel 207.430687kN
Mean diameter of vessel 1.513m
Weight of plate 150.2073KN
Dead weight of insulation 22.23592675KN
Weight of water 641.4209356KN

Total weight of cylindrical 379.8739842KN

section
Effective diameter of 1.626m
vessel
Loading per meter 2081.28N/m
Bending moment 1424636.16Nm
Longitudinal stress 26.470588N/mm2
Circumferental stress 52.94117647N/mm2
Stress due to dead weight 2.560286532N/mm2
Bending stress ±46.87909745N/mm2
Up wind stress 70.78939892N/mm2

Downwind stress -22.968795N/mm2

Maximum compressive 49.43938398N/mm2
stress
Critical stress 221.642764N/mm2

Thickness required for 5mm

seamless spare
Area required for 3000mm2
reinforcement
Area one 2408mm2

47
Area two 1935 mm2
Area three 1610 mm2
summation area 5953 mm2
skirt bending moment 1685901.84Nm
bending stress in the skirt 106207467.5N/m2
support
Dead weight stress skirt 15.15294921N/mm2
test
Dead weight stress skirt 4.90034N/mm2
operating
Compressive skirt stress 121.3604167 N/mm2
Tensile skirt stress 111.1078141N/mmm2
Number of bolts 12
Required bolt area 2586.402737 mm2
Bolt root diameter 57.38562749mm
Total compressive load 998.0434382N/mm
Minimum width of base 199.608687mm
ring
Skirt base ring angle 78.70
Bolt spacing 555.0147mm
New required bolt area 1246.574312 m2
Total compressive load 369.8599945 N/mm2
Minimum width of base 73.9719989mm
ring
Actual bearing pressure 1.54753 N/mm2
Base ring thickness 32.4087mm

48
49
Discussation

The overall pressure vessel schematic design is depend on the following given
dimensions:

 Height of cylindrical section with 37m

 Internal diameter with 1500mm
 Heads with standard ellipsoidal
 Feed at mid point with 200mm in side diameter
 Vapour out at 0.7m below top of cylindrical section with 250mm
in side diameter
 Bottom product at the center of the vessel head with 200mm inside
diameter reflux return
 Bottom product at 1m below t op of cylindrical section with
200mm inside diameter
 Diameter of access ports (manholes) with 0.6m at 1m above the
bottom and at 1.5m below the top of column
 Height of support skirt with 2.5m of carbon steel, silicon killed

5 Conclusions and recommendations

Conclusions

The design of a pressure vessel is more of a selection procedure, selection of its

components to be more precise rather designing each and every component.
Regarding storage of fluid for a pressure vessel system should be preferred due to
its simplicity, better sensitivity, higher reliability, low maintenance, compactness
for the same capacity. The storage of fluid at high pressure in the pressure vessel
is at the heart of its performance and is the first step towards the Design.

Recommendation
The designing of this pressure vessel it takes very long procedure to calculate the
values and consumes more time with day and night. And the pressure vessel is
very long in height and it is placed vertically .

50
References:

 Conrexsteel. DISHED HEAD CALCULATOR. 2012.

http://www.conrexsteel.com/calculator.php (accessed 30
October, 2015).
 Density of Stainless Steel.2015. The Engineering ToolBox. 2
November http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/metal-alloys-
densities-d_50.html Sinnott, R.K. 2008. Coulson & Richardson’s
Chemical Engineering Volume 6: Chemical Engineering Design,
3rd ed. Burlington, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann Publications.
 Ellipsoidal Head Dimensional Characteristics. 2013. Inspection 4
Industry LCC: Pressure Vessel Heads.(Accessed November 1)
http://www.inspection-for-industry.com/pressure-vessel-heads.html
 MyChemE. Types of Vessel Head. 4 March, 2013.
http://www.mycheme.com/types-of-vessel-head/ (accessed 29
October, 2015). veristar. Dished heads subject to pressure on the
concave (internal) side. 2004.
http://www1.veristar.com/veristar/bvrules/C_1_s3_3_4.htm
(accessed 29 October, 2015).

V.V.Wad kar.s.s.malgave.D.D.patil.H.S.Bhore.p.p.Gavade design
and analysis of pressure vessel

51
Vessel data sheet Eq No. PV-1

Func. Pressure vessel

Customer
Sheet No. 1
ADIGRAT UNIVERSITY

Shell Heads Supports Flanges

Torisphrical Ellipsoidal
Thicknes 9mm 12.314mm 7mm 15mm 26mm
s
DP 1200N/mm2 1200kN/m2 1200kN/m2 1200kN/m2 10bar

DT 1500C 1500 1500 1500 1500

DS 130N/mm2 130N/mm2 130N/mm2 -

125N/mm2
DC - - - - -

Joint 1.0 (Fully 1.0 (Fully 1.0 (Fully 1.0 (Fully

Factor radiographed) radiographed) radiographed) radiographed) -

MC Stainless steel, Stainless Carbon

Stainless
unstabilised(304) steel,unstabilised(304) steel,silicon
- steel
killed

PM Water - - - Water

Diameter 1500mm 1500mm 1500mm 1500mm 395mm

Length 37000mm 750mm 2500mm 75mm

-
Nozzle - - - - -

CA 2mm - Design by: Network - 7

ID No. (0075, 0155, 0252, 4203,4194, 0521, 0574,
0927, 1409)/06
Section Two
Date: December 12, 2016
Checked by:

52
Appendices

Appendix A: Maximum Allowable Joint Efficiency

Figure A. 1: Maximum Allowable Joint Efficiency (Sinnott 2008

Appendix B: Typical Design Stresses for Plates

Figure B. 1: Typical Design Stresses for Plate (Sinnott 2008)

53
 Appendix C: Typical Standard Flange Design
Table C: Typical Standard Flanges

Nominal Pipe outer Flange Raised boltin Drilling Neck

Size (mm) diameter, face g
d1 (mm) D B h1 d4 F No d2 k d3 h2 R

200 219.1 340 24 62 268 3 M20 8 22 295 240 16 10

250 273 395 26 68 300 3 M20 12 22 350 295 16 12
300 329.9 445 26 68 370 4 M20 12 22 400 344 16 12
350 355.6 505 26 68 430 4 M20 16 22 460 385 16 12
400 406.4 565 26 72 482 4 M24 16 25 515 440 16 12
450 457.2 615 28 72 532 4 M24 20 26 565 492 16 12
500 508 670 28 75 585 4 M24 20 26 620 542 16 12
600 600.6 780 28 80 685 5 M27 20 30 725 642 18 12
700 711.2 895 30 80 800 5 M27 24 30 840 745 18 12
800 812.8 1015 32 90 905 5 M30 24 33 950 850 18 12
900 914.4 1115 34 95 1005 5 M30 28 33 1050 950 20 12
1000 1016 1230 34 95 1110 5 M33 28 36 1160 1052 20 16
1200 1020 1455 38 115 1330 5 M36 32 39 1380 1255 25 16
1400 1420 1675 42 120 1535 5 M39 36 42 1500 1460 25 16
1600 1620 1915 46 130 1760 5 M45 40 48 1852 1665 25 16
1800 1820 2115 50 140 1960 5 M45 44 48 2020 1865 30 16
2000 2020 2325 54 150 2170 5 M45 48 48 2230 2072 30 16

Appendix D: Typical values for the density of insulating materials

Insulating material Density (kg/m3)

Foam glass 150

Mineral wool 130
Fiberglass 100

54
Calcium silicate 200
Table D.1: Typical values for the density of insulating materials (R.K. Sinnott 2005)

Appendix E: Dimension with Different Bolt Size

Figure E.1 Anchor bolt chair design. (Coulson & Richardson’s chemical engineering volume 6

55