LECTURE 4: PIPELINES and PIPE NETWORKS-III

(HARDY-CROSS METHOD)

Hardy – Cross Mehtod

This method is applicable to closed loop systems

Q1 = inflow
 Q 4 = outflow

1 2

(node)


Q 5 = outflow (nodes)
Q 2 = inflow
Q 3 = inflow

The outflows from the system occurs at the nodes (NODE: End of each pipe section)

Hardy – Cross Method is based on principles that

1. At each junction the total inflow must be equal to the total outflow.

inflow 1 Q1
 Q 7 Junction 2

4 2


Q 5 junction 1 3
Q6

Q4 = Q5 + Q3 for junction point 1

Total inflow Total outflow

 Junction 2

Total inflow = Q1 +Q7

Total outflow = Q2

Q 7 + Q1 = Q 2

2. Head Loss Balance Criteria:

Algebric sum of the head losses around any closed loop is zero:

D
inflow
D
A
A C

Clockwise outflow
inflow
direction
B C
outflow
B
Counter Clockwise
clockwise

HLADC = HLABC

(Clockwise direction) (Counter clockwise direction)

For a given pipe system, with known junction outflows, Hardy – Cross Method is an iterative
procedure based on initially estimated in pipes.

Estimated pipe flows are connected with iteration until head losses in clockwise direction is
equal to the counterclockwise direction in each loop.

f.L
hL = R. Q2 R=
2g.D.A2

L 7.88
hL = R. Q1.85 R=[ . ]
C1.85 .D4.87 B1.85

B = 1.318 in BS B = 0.85 in SI

10.29 L.n2
hL = R. Q2
R=[ . ]
B2 D5.33
Apply Darcy Weisbach Equation

hf (c) = hf (cc)

c = clockwise

cc = counterclockwise

hf (c) = R c . Qc 2

hf (cc) = R cc . Qcc 2

With initially estimated flowrates, it’s not expected that These head losses will be equal to each
other.

R c . Qc 2 − R cc . Qcc 2 = Closure error of the first trial

Flow correction, ∆Q

Assume

hf (c) > hf (cc)

To equalize head losses => substract ∆Q from Qc

=> add ∆Q to Qcc

R c . (Qc − ∆Q )2 = R cc . (Qcc + ∆Q )2

R c . (Qc 2 − 2Qc . ∆Q − ∆Q 2 ) = R cc . (Qcc 2 + 2Qcc . ∆Q + ∆Q 2 )

∑ Rc .Qc 2 −∑ Rcc .Qcc 2

∆Q =
2(∑ Rc .Qc +∑ Rcc .Qcc)

∑ hf (c)−∑ hf (cc)
∆Q = ∑ h c ∑ h cc
2( Q f + Q f )
c cc

∑ HL
∆Q =
2 ∑(HL /Q)
 for Darcy Weisbach

∑ HL
∆Q = for Hazen Williams
1.85 ∑(HL /Q)

∑ HL
∆Q = for Manning’s Equation
2 ∑(HL /Q)