Experiment 1

To investigate the relationship between type of paper made of different natural resources
and the strength of paper using slotted weight

Theme Investigating materials

Topic Strength of paper made from different natural resources

Science Process Skills Observing, measuring and using numbers, communicating, experimenting
Science Manipulative Use and handle science apparatus and substances, clean apparatus, store
Skills apparatus and substances
To investigate the relationship between type of paper made of different
Aim
natural resources and strength of paper using slotted weight.
The number of slotted weight can hold by paper made from moringa pod
Hypothesis is more than others

Apparatus Beaker, stop watch, retort stand , slotted weight

3 type of leaf ( banana leaf , lemon grass, pandan leaf)
3 types of bagasse ( corn leaf, moringa pod, sugar cane )
Materials 3 types of fruits ( orange skin, pineapple skin, durian skin)
Paper stripes
ruler
Fixed Variables:
Variables  weight of dried plant material (25g)
 time taken to soak the dried leaf (12 hours)
 time taken to boil (2 hour)
 time taken to blend (3 minutes)
 Filter water (soak 500ml), (boiling 1000ml), (blend 250 ml)
 size and type of frame and deckle 16cm × 12 cm
 weight of slotted weight (50g )

Manipulated Variables:
 Type of natural resources
- Paper A (banana leaf)
- Paper B (lemongrass)
- Paper C (pandan leaf)
- Paper D (corn leaf)
- Paper E ( moringa pod )
- Paper F –(sugar cane )
- Paper G-(orange Skin)
- Paper H- (pineapple skin)
- Paper I – (durisn skin)

Responding Variables:
 number of slotted weight that the paper can hold
Controller 16cm × 22cm (normal paper)
 some of the plant material pulp get caught in the blender’s blades
External Factors
 some of the plant material pulp sticking on the windows frame
Making a Mould and Deckle
Procedures 1. Make 16cm × 22cm size of wooden frame.
2. Place the window screen material over the face of the frame so
that it is taut and staple it in place.

3. Place the coffee filter cloth over the window screen material
and staple it.

4. The mould is the frame with the screen attached.

5. Make a deckle with the same size as the mould and is an open
flame.

Making Pulp from Plant

1. Cut the moringa pod into small pieces.

2. Dry the moringa pod under the sunlight for 5 hours.
3. Cut the leaves into 1 inch pieces.
4. Weigh out 25g of moringa pod.
5. Soak moringa pod in 500ml of water for 5 hours and then rinse.
6. Put moringa pod in a pressure cooker filled with 1000ml of filter
water.
7. Heat the moringa pod up to 2 hours.
8. Set aside boiled mixture to cool for 1 hour and rinse the moringa
pod .
9. Place the moringa pod in the blender and add 250ml of filter water.
10. Blend the moringa pod for 3 minutes.
11. Repeat the step 1 until 10 using sugarcane bagasse, corn leaf,
pineapple skin, banana leaf, durian skin, pandan leaf , lemangrass and
orange skin.

Making Paper from Pulp

1. Place the frame with deckle on the sink and pour the pulp
in to it.
2. Leave the pulp for 2 minutes to let the water settle down.
3. Transfer the pulp on a clean white cloth.
4. Use a sponge to absorb the water.
5. Let the pulp to dry for 2 days.
6. Repeat the step 1 until 5 using sugarcane bagasse, corn leaf,
pineapple skin, banana leaf, durian skin, pandan leaf , lemangrass and
 orange skin

Measure the strength of the papers

1. First cut strips of each paper ( 16cm x 2cm ).

2. Use the hole puncher make a hole in the middle of the paper at the
end(from bottom 1 cm)
3. Hang the paper in the retort stand.
4. Put a hook through the hole.
5. Add the weight one by one until the paper tear.
6. Count the weight in gram.
7. Record the weight.
8. In order to obtain more accurate result , a few things should
constant.
a) All the paper strips cut into 16cm long
b) All the paper strips cut into 2cm width.
c) Weight of the paper is 0.35g.
d) Area of the paper is 32cm².
9. Repeat the experiment using the other strips. (sugarcane bagasse,
corn leaf, pineapple skin, banana leaf, durian skin, pandan
leaf , lemangrass and orange skin)
10. After 7 trials take the average number of weight.
11. Lastly, compare the result.

After the experiment we observerd that , paper strips made of the

Observation moringa pod can hold 276g of slotted weight compare to other paper
strips such as sugarcane bagasse, corn leaf, pineapple skin, banana
leaf, durian skin, pandan leaf , lemangrass and orange skin.
Result As shown in the table
Based on the result and observation done, the paper made of moringa
pod has more strength compared to paper made by sugarcane
Conclusion
bagasse, corn leaf, pineapple skin, banana leaf, durian skin, pandan
leaf , lemongrass and orange skin
Discussion After having seven trials and observation done, we manage to
conclude which paper has more strength. We have recorded our 7
trials and drawn conclusion based the result.

Accordance with the slotted weight that hang in the hook , we noticed
that the paper made of moringa pod was capable to hold the most
weight which was average 274g.

Where else, the paper made of sugarcane bagasse, corn leaf,

pineapple skin, banana leaf, durian skin, pandan leaf , lemangrass and
orange skin has least strenght.
 With these result,
g we able to prove that, the moringa pod has more
strength compared to other natural resourses.

Average Reading Using Slotted Weight

CATEGORY TYPE OF NATURAL SLOTTED WEIGHT (G) AVERAGE
RESOURSES T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 (g)
BANANA LEAF 130 135 135 130 130 135 130 132.14
LEAF SERAI 180 190 190 180 180 190 190 185.71
PANDAN LEAF 170 170 175 170 170 175 170 171.42
CORN LEAF 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250
BAGASSE MORINGA POD 270 280 270 280 270 270 280 274.28
SUGAR CANE 140 150 150 140 140 150 150 145.71
ORANGE SKIN 80 70 70 80 70 70 80 74.28
FRUITS PINEAPPLE SKIN 130 115 120 130 115 120 120 121.42
DURIAN SKIN 200 190 190 200 190 190 200 194.28

Type of natural
resources

PROCEDURES: PAPER MADE OF DIFFERENT NATURAL RESOURCES AND THE

STRENGTH OF PAPER USING SLOTTED WEIGHT

Experiment 2
To investigate the relationship between type of paper made of different natural resources
and the strength of paper using tensile tester

Theme Investigating materials

Topic Strength of paper made from different natural resources

Science Process Skills Observing, measuring and using numbers, communicating, experimenting
Science Manipulative Use and handle science apparatus and substances, clean apparatus, store
Skills apparatus and substances
To investigate the relationship between type of paper made of different
Aim
natural resources and the strength of paper using tensile tester.
Paper made of Moringa Pod has the highest strength among other natural
Hypothesis resources.

Apparatus Tensile Tester Machine

3 type of leaf ( banana leaf , lemon grass, pandan leaf)
3 types of bagasse ( corn leaf, moringa pod, sugar cane )
Materials 3 types of fruits ( orange skin, pineapple skin, durian skin)
Paper stripes
ruler
Fixed Variables:
Variables  weight of dried plant material (25g)
 time taken to soak the dried leaf (12 hours)
 time taken to boil (2 hour)
 time taken to blend (3 minutes)
 Filter water (soak 500ml), (boiling 1000ml), (blend 250 ml)
 size and type of frame and deckle 16cm × 12 cm
 weight of slotted weight (50g )

Manipulated Variables:
 Type of natural resources
- Paper A (banana leaf)
- Paper B (lemongrass)
- Paper C (pandan leaf)
- Paper D (corn leaf)
- Paper E ( moringa pod )
- Paper F –(sugar cane )
- Paper G-(orange Skin)
- Paper H- (pineapple skin)
- Paper I – (durisn skin)

Responding Variables:
strength of paper using tensile tester.
Amount of pulp 25g
Controller
Size of paper strips 16cmX2cm
 some of the plant material pulp get caught in the blender’s blades
External Factors
 some of the plant material pulp sticking on the windows frame
Making a Mould and Deckle
Procedures 6. Make 16cm × 22cm size of wooden frame.
 7. Place the window screen material over the face of the frame so
that it is taut and staple it in place.

8. Place the coffee filter cloth over the window screen material
and staple it.

9. The mould is the frame with the screen attached.

10. Make a deckle with the same size as the mould and is an open
flame.

Making Pulp from Plant

1. Cut the moringa pod into small pieces.

2. Dry the moringa pod under the sunlight for 5 hours.
3. Cut the leaves into 1 inch pieces.
4. Weigh out 25g of moringa pod.
5. Soak moringa pod in 500ml of water for 5 hours and then rinse.
6. Put moringa pod in a pressure cooker filled with 1000ml of filter
water.
7. Heat the moringa pod up to 2 hours.
8. Set aside boiled mixture to cool for 1 hour and rinse the moringa
pod .
9. Place the moringa pod in the blender and add 250ml of filter water.
10. Blend the moringa pod for 3 minutes.
11. Repeat the step 1 until 10 using sugarcane bagasse, corn leaf,
pineapple skin, banana leaf, durian skin, pandan leaf , lemangrass and
orange skin.

Making Paper from Pulp

1. Place the frame with deckle on the sink and pour the pulp
in to it.
2. Leave the pulp for 2 minutes to let the water settle down.
3. Transfer the pulp on a clean white cloth.
4. Use a sponge to absorb the water.
5. Let the pulp to dry for 2 days.
6. Repeat the step 1 until 5 using sugarcane bagasse, corn leaf,
pineapple skin, banana leaf, durian skin, pandan leaf , lemangrass and
orange skin

Measure the strength of the papers

1. First cut strips of each paper ( 16cm x 2cm ).

2. The mechine will calculate the strength of paper automatically.
3. In order to obtain more accurate result , a few things should constant.
  All the paper strips cut into 16cm long
 All the paper strips cut into 2cm width.
TYP E OF ROW MATERIAL  Weight ofOF
STRENGTH thePAPER
paper isKN/m
0.35g.
MORINGA POD  Area of the paper
2.176 is 32cm².
4. Repeat the experiment using the other strip.
CORN LEAF 1.549
After the experiment we observerd that , paper strips made of the
DURIAN SKIN 1.447
Observation
LEMON GRASS moringa pod most strength
1.341compare to other paper strips such as
PANDAN LEAF sugarcane bagasse, corn 1.303 leaf, pineapple skin, banana leaf, durian
SUGARCANE BAGASSE skin, pandan leaf , lemongrass
1.175and orange skin.
Result
PINEAPPLE SKIN As shown in the table 1.118
BANANA LEAF 1.077
Conclusion
ORANGE SKIN Based on the result and observation
0.943 done, the paper made of moringa
pod has more strength compared to paper made by sugarcane
bagasse, corn leaf, pineapple skin, banana leaf, durian skin, pandan
leaf , lemon grass and orange skin
After the observation done, we manage to conclude which paper has
more strength based the result.

Accordance we noticed that the paper made of moringa pod has

2.176Kn/m strenght based on tensil tester machine. Tensil tester
machine shows an accurate result.
Discussion
Where else, the paper made of sugarcane bagasse, corn leaf,
pineapple skin, banana leaf, durian skin, pandan leaf , lemongrass and
orange skin has least strenght.

With these result, we able to prove that, the moringa pod has more
strength compared to other natural resourses.

TESTING PAPER STRENGTH USING TENSIL TESTER

kN/m

TYPE OF NATURAL
RESOURCES
TYP E OF ROW MATERIAL STRENGTH OF PAPER KN/m
MORINGA POD 2.176
CORN LEAF 1.549
DURIAN SKIN 1.447
LEMON GRASS 1.341
PANDAN LEAF 1.303
SUGARCANE BAGASSE 1.175
PINEAPPLE SKIN 1.118
BANANA LEAF 1.077
ORANGE SKIN 0.943
 PAPER MADE OF DIFFERENT NATURAL RESOURCES AND THE STRENGTH OF
PAPER USING TENSILE TESTER

Experiment 3
To investigate the relationship between mixture of natural resources paper and the strength
of the paper using slotted weight.

Theme Investigating materials

Topic Strength of paper made from different natural resources

Science Process Skills Observing, measuring and using numbers, communicating, experimenting
Science Manipulative Use and handle science apparatus and substances, clean apparatus, store
Skills apparatus and substances
To investigate the relationship between mixture of natural resources
Aim paper and the strength of the paper using slotted weight.
Hypothesis Paper made of mixture with moringa pod and corn leaf has more strength

Apparatus Beaker, stop watch, retort stand , slotted weight

3 type of leaf ( banana leaf , lemon grass, pandan leaf)
3 types of bagasse ( corn leaf, moringa pod, sugar cane )
Materials 3 types of fruits ( orange skin, pineapple skin, durian skin)
Paper stripes
ruler
Fixed Variables:
Variables  weight of dried plant material (25g)
 time taken to soak the dried leaf (12 hours)
 time taken to boil (2 hour)
 time taken to blend (3 minutes)
 Filter water (soak 500ml), (boiling 1000ml), (blend 250 ml)
 size and type of frame and deckle 16cm × 12 cm
 weight of slotted weight (50g )

Manipulated Variables:
 Type of natural resources
- Paper A moringa pod + banana leaf
- Paper B moringa pod + lemongrass
- Paper C moringa + pandan leaf
- Paper D moringa pod + corn leaf
- Paper E moringa pod + sugar cane
- Paper F moringa pod + orange skin
- Paper G moringa pod + pineapple skin
- Paper H moringa pod + durian skin

Responding Variables:
 number of slotted weight that the paper can hold
Controller 16cm × 22cm (normal paper)
 some of the plant material pulp get caught in the blender’s blades
External Factors
 some of the plant material pulp sticking on the windows frame
Making a Mould and Deckle
Procedures 11. Make 16cm × 22cm size of wooden frame.
12. Place the window screen material over the face of the frame so
that it is taut and staple it in place.

13. Place the coffee filter cloth over the window screen material
and staple it.

14. The mould is the frame with the screen attached.

15. Make a deckle with the same size as the mould and is an open
 flame.

Making Pulp from Plant

1. Cut the moringa pod into small pieces.

2. Dry the moringa pod under the sunlight for 5 hours.
3. Cut the leaves into 1 inch pieces.
4. Weigh out 15g of moringa pod and 15g of corn leaf.
5. Soak moringa pod in 500ml of water for 5 hours and then rinse.
6. Put moringa pod in a pressure cooker filled with 1000ml of filter
water.
7. Heat the moringa pod up to 2 hours.
8. Set aside boiled mixture to cool for 1 hour and rinse the moringa
pod .
9. Place the moringa pod in the blender and add 300ml of filter water.
10. Blend the moringa pod for 3 minutes.
11. Repeat the step 1 until 10 using sugarcane bagasse, pineapple
skin, banana leaf, durian skin, pandan leaf , lemangrass and orange
skin.

Making Paper from Pulp

1. Place the frame with deckle on the sink and pour the pulp
in to it.
2. Leave the pulp for 2 minutes to let the water settle down.
3. Transfer the pulp on a clean white cloth.
4. Use a sponge to absorb the water.
5. Let the pulp to dry for 2 days.
6. Repeat the step 1 until 5 using sugarcane bagasse, pineapple
skin, banana leaf, durian skin, pandan leaf , lemangrass and orange
skin

Measure the strength of the papers

1. First cut strips of each paper ( 16cm x 2cm ).

2.Use the hole puncher make a hole in the middle of the paper at the
end(from bottom 1 cm)
3.Hang the paper in the retort stand.
4.Put a hook through the hole.
5.Add the weight one by one until the paper tear.
6.Count the weight in gram.
7.Record the weight.
8.In order to obtain more accurate result , a few things should
constant.
e) All the paper strips cut into 16cm long
f) All the paper strips cut into 2cm width.
 g) Weight of the paper is 0.35g.
h) Area of the paper is 32cm².
9.Repeat the experiment using the other strips. (sugarcane bagasse,
corn leaf, pineapple skin, banana leaf, durian skin, pandan leaf ,
lemangrass and orange skin)
10. After 7 trials take the average number of weight.
11. Lastly, compare the result.

After the experiment we observerd that , paper strips made of the

Observation moringa pod can hold of slotted weight compare to other paper
strips such as sugarcane bagasse, corn leaf, pineapple skin, banana
leaf, durian skin, pandan leaf , lemangrass and orange skin.
Result As shown in the table
Based on the result and observation done, Paper made of mixture with
moringa pod and corn leaf has more strength compared to paper made
Conclusion
by sugarcane bagasse, pineapple skin, banana leaf, durian skin,
pandan leaf , lemongrass and orange skin.
After having seven trials and observation done, we manage to
conclude which paper has more strength. We have recorded our 7
trials and drawn conclusion based the result.

Accordance with the slotted weight that hang in the hook , we noticed
that the paper made of mixture with moringa pod and corn leaf was
capable to hold the most weight which was average g.
Discussion
Where else, the paper made of sugarcane bagasse, corn leaf,
pineapple skin, banana leaf, durian skin, pandan leaf , lemangrass and
orange skin has least strenght.

With these result, we able to prove that, paper made of mixture with
moringa pod and corn leaf has more strength compared to other natural
resourses.

MIXED NATURAL RESOURCES PAPER

SLOTTED WEIGHT (G) AVERAGE
PAPER PAPER MADE OF MIXTURE
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 (g)
A moringa pod + banana leaf 140 140 145 135 145 135 140 140
B moringa pod + lemongrass 190 180 190 180 200 190 190 188.57
C moringa + pandan leaf 180 170 200 200 180 180 170 182.85
D moringa pod + corn leaf 350 350 320 350 350 320 350 341.42
E moringa pod + sugar cane 170 170 175 170 170 175 170 171.42
F moringa pod + orange skin 100 110 100 120 110 100 110 107.14
G moringa pod + pineapple skin 135 135 135 130 130 135 130 132.85
H moringa pod + durian skin 300 280 270 300 280 270 300 285.71

Mixed natural
resources

MIXTURE OF NATURAL RESOURCES PAPER AND THE STRENGTH OF THE

PAPER USING SLOTTED WEIGHT

Experiment 4
To investigate the relationship between natural resources paper with newsprint paper and
the strength of the paper using slotted weight.

Theme Investigating materials

Topic Strength of paper made from different natural resources

Science Process Skills Observing, measuring and using numbers, communicating, experimenting
Science Manipulative Use and handle science apparatus and substances, clean apparatus, store
Skills apparatus and substances
To investigate the relationship between natural resources paper with
Aim
newsprint paper and the strength of the paper using slotted weight.
Hypothesis Paper made of natural resources has more strength than newsprint paper.

Apparatus Beaker, stop watch, retort stand , slotted weight

3 type of leaf ( banana leaf , lemon grass, pandan leaf)
3 types of bagasse ( corn leaf, moringa pod, sugar cane )
3 types of fruits ( orange skin, pineapple skin, durian skin)
Materials
Newsprint paper
Paper stripes
ruler
Fixed Variables:
Variables  weight of dried plant material (25g)
 time taken to soak the dried leaf (12 hours)
 time taken to boil (2 hour)
 time taken to blend (3 minutes)
  Filter water (soak 500ml), (boiling 1000ml), (blend 250 ml)
 size and type of frame and deckle 16cm × 12 cm
 weight of slotted weight (50g )

Manipulated Variables:
 Type of natural resources
- Paper A moringa pod + banana leaf
- Paper B moringa pod + lemongrass
- Paper C moringa + pandan leaf
- Paper D moringa pod + corn leaf
- Paper E moringa pod + sugar cane
- Paper F moringa pod + orange skin
- Paper G moringa pod + pineapple skin
- Paper H moringa pod + durian skin

Responding Variables:
 number of slotted weight that the paper can hold
Controller 16cm × 22cm (normal paper)
 some of the plant material pulp get caught in the blender’s blades
External Factors
 some of the plant material pulp sticking on the windows frame
Making a Mould and Deckle
Procedures 16. Make 16cm × 22cm size of wooden frame.
17. Place the window screen material over the face of the frame so
that it is taut and staple it in place.

18. Place the coffee filter cloth over the window screen material
and staple it.

19. The mould is the frame with the screen attached.

20. Make a deckle with the same size as the mould and is an open
flame.

Making Pulp from Plant

1. Cut the moringa pod into small pieces.

2. Dry the moringa pod under the sunlight for 5 hours.
3. Cut the leaves into 1 inch pieces.
4. Weigh out 15g of moringa pod and 15g of corn leaf.
5. Soak moringa pod in 500ml of water for 5 hours and then rinse.
6. Put moringa pod in a pressure cooker filled with 1000ml of filter
water.
7. Heat the moringa pod up to 2 hours.
8. Set aside boiled mixture to cool for 1 hour and rinse the moringa
 pod .
9. Place the moringa pod in the blender and add 300ml of filter water.
10. Blend the moringa pod for 3 minutes.
11. Repeat the step 1 until 10 using sugarcane bagasse, pineapple
skin, banana leaf, durian skin, pandan leaf , lemangrass and orange
skin.

Making Paper from Pulp

1. Place the frame with deckle on the sink and pour the pulp
in to it.
2. Leave the pulp for 2 minutes to let the water settle down.
3. Transfer the pulp on a clean white cloth.
4. Use a sponge to absorb the water.
5. Let the pulp to dry for 2 days.
6. Repeat the step 1 until 5 using sugarcane bagasse, pineapple
skin, banana leaf, durian skin, pandan leaf , lemangrass and orange
skin

Measure the strength of the papers

1. First cut strips of each paper ( 16cm x 2cm ).

2.Use the hole puncher make a hole in the middle of the paper at the
end(from bottom 1 cm)
3.Hang the paper in the retort stand.
4.Put a hook through the hole.
5.Add the weight one by one until the paper tear.
6.Count the weight in gram.
7.Record the weight.
8.In order to obtain more accurate result , a few things should
constant.
i) All the paper strips cut into 16cm long
j) All the paper strips cut into 2cm width.
k) Weight of the paper is 0.35g.
l) Area of the paper is 32cm².
9.Repeat the experiment using the other strips. (sugarcane bagasse,
corn leaf, pineapple skin, banana leaf, durian skin, pandan leaf ,
lemangrass and orange skin)
10. After 7 trials take the average number of weight.
11. Lastly, compare the result.

After the experiment we observerd that , paper strips made of the

Observation moringa pod can hold of slotted weight compare to other paper
strips such as sugarcane bagasse, corn leaf, pineapple skin, banana
leaf, durian skin, pandan leaf , lemangrass and orange skin.
Result As shown in the table
Based on the result and observation done, Paper made of mixture with
moringa pod and corn leaf has more strength compared to paper made
Conclusion
by sugarcane bagasse, pineapple skin, banana leaf, durian skin,
pandan leaf , lemongrass and orange skin.
After having seven trials and observation done, we manage to
conclude which paper has more strength. We have recorded our 7
trials and drawn conclusion based the result.

Accordance with the slotted weight that hang in the hook , we noticed
that the paper made of mixture with moringa pod and corn leaf was
capable to hold the most weight which was average g.
Discussion
Where else, the paper made of sugarcane bagasse, corn leaf,
pineapple skin, banana leaf, durian skin, pandan leaf , lemangrass and
orange skin has least strenght.

With these result, we able to prove that, paper made of mixture with
moringa pod and corn leaf has more strength compared to other natural
resourses.

COMPARISON BETWEEN NATURAL RESOURSES AND RECYCLE PAPER

SLOTTED WEIGHT (G) AVERAGE

CATEGORY TYPE OF PAPER
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 (g)
MORINGA POD 270 280 280 270 270 280 270 274.28
NATURAL
SERAI 180 190 190 180 190 180 180 184.28
PAPER
DURIAN SKIN 200 190 190 190 200 190 200 194.28
MAGAZINE
150 155 160 150 155 160 150 154.28
(SISWA)
RECYCLE NEWSPAPER
120 130 125 130 125 120 130 125.71
PAPER (NANBAN)
NOTE BOOK
130 110 110 110 120 110 120 115.71
(STANDARD)

TYPE OF PAPER
NATURAL RESOURCES PAPER WITH NEWSPRINT PAPER AND THE
STRENGTH OF THE PAPER USING SLOTTED WEIGHT.