2.2 Factors contributing to the current state.

2.2.1 Overcrowding
Overcrowding measured as more than one person per room has long been regarded by housing
experts as a principal indicator of inadequate housing (Dowell and Seong woo lee 1996).persons
per room has been used as the primary indicator for measuring overcrowding. In this calculation
all persons are counted equally as are all the rooms. The room counts doesn’t include bathrooms
hallways closet and porches. A principle alternative is to measure the floor area per person as
often specified in health codes. In addition to the constraints of data collection a behavioral
justification for emphasizing no of room is that rooms are separated by doors and walls
consequently a few small rooms provide greater opportunity for privacy than one large room.

Baer 1976 emphasizes persons per room provides the indicator for measuring levels of
household crowding. Crowding is a subjective experience that is perceived when the behavior of
an individual is restricted or disturbed by certain factors such as the number of people or objects
within a given space (Erogulu Harrell 1986).Overcrowding according to oxford dictionary refers
to fill accommodation beyond what is usual or comfortable.

The main cause is the significance growth of the environment yet there are shortages of facilities
due to high demand for university and the system of education has opened rapidly. Today the
financing of public universities continues to decline and the average per capita expenditure per
student continues to decrease tremendously. Therefore universities are expected to raise revenues
through commercializing their activities. The combination of high enrollments and low funding
has hit even established universities hard. They don’t have enough service providers to keep up
with the growing population.

2.2.2 Lack of maintenance

According to Stephen (2002) building services rarely perform as well as desired. The causes
emanate from deficiencies, design, construction, commissioning, tenancy work and maintenance.
Designers of buildings rarely have a long span interest in the buildings they produced hence they
become divorced from the maintenance problems that follow from their bad design.
Maintenances problems though do not manifest during the use of the building their causes might
be during the design stage. Lack of maintenance of buildings can therefore be associated with the
bad design of buildings that can be manifested in the student’s house of residence. Cheetham
(1972) also described how the occurrence of defects in the building fabric could result from
many unrelated designs such as unsuitable materials, incorrect assessment of loads and
inadequate assessment of exposures. Therefore the architect needs to sincerely ask himself
whether the design has been totally resolved to suit the owners or users taste for this case the
student’s needs. Also the durability appropriateness replace-ability and cost of the specified
materials and components can determine the maintainability of the building. Unforeseen
accidents like fire accidents need to be planned for. Incompetence of those people that maintain
the building also contribute to poor maintenance or unavailability of such personnel. Different
buildings also have to be designed differently based on their locational and environmental
differences. Other causes can be mismanagement of funds by the management and lack of
frequent repairs as required from time to time.

2.2.3 Student’s attitude

Attitude are psychological orientations developed as a result of ones experiences which
influences a person’s view of situations objects people and how to respond to them either
positively negatively or favorably or unfavorably (Mensah at al, 2013) it refers to a settle way
of thinking or feeling about something. Attitude is usually revealed through behavior. Attitude is
influenced by:

 Past experience
 Perceptions
 Peer influence
 Beliefs
 Learners ability and competence
Negative attitude limits performance of various management activities in the halls of residence
and weakens the management systems in the halls of residence. Student’s way of thinking on
various aspects of the halls environment and personal involvement greatly affect the
management of various activities.

Occupant behavior refers to the interaction with building systems in order to control the indoor
environment for health, and to obtain thermal, visual and acoustic comfort inside buildings.
Mankind's “desire for control” over environmental factors is not limited to the outside
environment, but also, within their living spaces. According to Bluyssen (2008), improvement in
air quality (by bringing fresh air and eliminating air pollution and odour), acoustical conditions
(by avoiding unwanted noise and vibrations), visual or lighting quality (by controlling luminance
ratios, reflections and glare) and aesthetic status, in addition to, improving thermal comfort
inside the living environment, are the building inhabitants’ prerequisites for being able to adjust
building systems and components. Therefore, occupants can influence the indoor environment
through their presence and activities in the building.

Students interaction with building systems in order to control the indoor environment for health
are their role for being able to adjust building systems and components in order to achieve a
good environment. Therefore student’s negative attitude really affects their interaction with
building systems and therefore affects their internal environment.