Volume 8, Number 2, Ap 1985 Loads for Design of Stacking Tubes for Granular Materials SS. Sefarien and EC. Harris, USA Avstract used, each par bolo staggered st 20° tom the pal above 2s yet, there Is Inadequate published Information for the 87 the pale below. Tho stacking tube is used to allow Wal eign of acting tioes arse proves meth siocklng of granular mates wiheut cassia Sa, This papa fie Rs Of 8 tec-penee Soe cae exceasia dust. Mata ontos th top of te te fone ea eed conllens and toed cmbinntaes etwas Ovetnoad conveyer and opis cut of fre tte bythe Wevcet lord In srucual design, Where the mathod of com. Svalable opening that i not already surcunded by tho con- siinavo loads not Danae De paper aheiarcy alloc of mata ouice, Wont evel eater ich tay be ted tr that ceepaon es covers an opening ofthe tube, cacharpe tem thd eens Prato tha Towuta of qualatve tcl Perornen by tee, ceases and trhar dlcharge om the stocupe eoetmacs ‘ors on two email model sacking tubes ‘fom the next higher opening (or pal of openings). Aecond paper wil address the design procedures for stack- Diameter and height of stacking tubes vary depending on the Seca Seal ort easter aoe eee Sa doavad volume & ne aocieaa: Por edaeod oe ole wil also be hen Stacking tubes, heighs aro as much aa 150% (6) and . Giameter Uaualy range trom 61216 (8 to A ‘Stacking tubes are sometimes built directly on top of a’ reclaiming tunel (Fg. 2) containing a conveyor ty whlch Introduction tacking tube (also known as 2 “lowering tubo" of “ower tower” i a vertical tube of other reinforced concrete or having ‘openings in ts walls at various elovatione 1). Pairs of diametrically opposite openings aro ususlly (sp00 sf 24 aR ‘payoaqoud aq Aews eueyew SIM} ‘BORON Fg. Sucng tower on ap of reckiming teStacking, blending and reclaiming mes me ts BA stored material Is withdrawn from the stockplle around the ‘ube. In such cases, the tube will hava not only side openings {or discharge onto ihe stockpla, but also & bottom, hopper shaped opening for direct dlscharge from the tube onto the tunnel conveyor. the matorial to be handled is prone to ‘deterioration due to longtorm storage and a bottom recta ‘tunnel is net provided, the tube bottom is eloped 60 thatthe ‘ube ls sotf-cleaning, the material flowing easily out of the side openings nearest the bottom. For materials that are not {pt 10 deteriorate under longterm storage (limestone or ‘sand, for example) thia precaution is not necessary and the tube bottom may be fat 2. Design Two types of design are required: 41. Funetionel design, which involves choosing he diameter, helght, method of operation, opening size and opening postion, 90 thatthe tube wil create tho desired volume {td shape of stockpile and so that material fow wil be satisfactory 2, Structural design, 20 that safely (and reasonable economy) re assured under all loading condos. “his paper adirossee only the latter concem — structural Sesion. To dato, no United States code or standard gives structural design crterla special fr stacking tubes. The most badly ‘needed criteria are those concerning design loads. This paper suggests design loadings end shows quale txperimontal evidence to Support some of them. ‘Suggested Loadings for Structural Design Loadings which the authors beliove should be considered in ‘structural design of stacking tubes are the folowing: A. Dead load B. Live loads 1. Conveyor loads 2 Wind loads 3, Stored and stacked material loads 4, Selamic loads 3.4 Dead Loads Dead loads to be considered for stacking-tube design Include the weight ofthe tube itself and the dead-oad portion Of the reaction of the overhoad conveyor system, If thet system {s attached to the top of the tube. For purposes of ccompuling horizontal seismic forces on the tube, the weight of stored material contained within the tube should algo be considered as dead load. 3.2 Live Loads Stacking tube tive loads are of four kinds: conveyor loads, wind loads, stored and stacked (outside) material loads, and ‘selsmie loads. 9.21 Conveyor Live Loads ‘Conveyor live toads that should be considered are: 1. Vertical raaction (at tha top of the tower) tothe weight of ‘material carried by the conveyor. 380 2. Friction load, parallel to the conveyor and acting in ete Jongitudinal direction. This would be the trictlon fre ue to expansich or contraction of the conveyor suppent sive ture, The authors feol that If he magnitude of fis fre le nol specified by the ownor, the structural eine ‘should assume a force of at ioast 1096 ofthe total (dst ‘lus five) vertical reaction of the conveyor ayster ontop ff the tube, ‘8. Belttensio, i the conveyor is so constructed thalthebet ‘onsion must be transferred tothe tube, rather than bog resisted by the conveyor support structure Het 3.2.2 Wind Loads Tis permited by the applicable code or standard beg observed, the allowable stress for load cases thal inc. Wind may be Increased abovo that allowed for dead at chor lve loads alono. (Or, the design is by sige methods, the combined factored loading may be reduce) Wind loads acting on the tube vary according othe doe to which the tubo Is surounced by the stockiled matt Spectfe cases that the slrctural designer should conte 4. Stale wind pressure onthe projected area ofthe ei height of the tube, with the tube empty and no seit ‘matoralagelnst ine outside of the tube. Various cx {and standards [1], 2 ve design wind pressures xc colar structures. if wind pressures for design em specified by the appleable code or standard the autos Suggest using the American National Standard ANS ‘AS8.1 [2]. This standard gives design wind presse various heights onthe siructure and considers sua shape, purpose, and locality. In special fcatons, kal records may Indicate tat the specified loads are wal in these cases, the designer should seriously cone Using wind pressures higher than the minimum spect Wind fece transterrod othe tp ofthe tube by he oe veyor structure shouldbe considered in combinations the force from wind on the tube its. 2. ‘Static wind pressure on the portion of the tube ta exposed above the level of stackod material, 7 pressure should be considered along with the lad Dressure appled by the stacked materi. Parpe worst, but ently possible condton would be wi the exposed portion ofthe tube, with the stockpile a foeward side being parally or completely absent. M4 ‘eccentric condition wil result winen mater Is rr ‘only from onesie of tho stockpile, This load may be ctl for vertical compression onthe ec {ube wall. Again, wind force from the conveyer steht ‘above should be combined with forces of wind tube. 8. Variation of wind pressure around the cca ‘This wil cause horizontal bending moments In Be bt ‘wal. Tho varying radil pressures have a resltet ection of the wind, and this resultant i rk Shaaring forces in the wall, 2s shown in Fi. 3. Gem ‘moments duo to these vaning pressures ar me 1 be signicant In stel stacking tubes than cone Janssen of Ri ‘54 (6), 7. 8.2.3 Stored Material Loads 7 ‘These should include loads both by material within and by mete stacked eutsde, Except as noted #284 Conditions under dead loads, above, all prassure® 3% fg tional forces due fo stored materials should be eats‘Stacking, blending and reclaiming and acting no ne friction cae vepceipor inca ‘tructural deaget Wott ar eyo oytom one structod thatthe bq erator then beat cture tse, © oF standard being 2808 that inca towed for dood ang sign Is by stengs 9 may be rods ‘Ording tothe deg stockplled mater, mer should constn. od area of the enty ty and no stockpiee tube. Various odes ind pressures lor cr. for design are ra tandard, the athen > Standard ANS, ind prossures x > wonelsers struction ‘cial locations, la led loads aro tooo, 3 seriously conse 9 minimum species the tube by the con din combination wa ot. 1 of the tube that « [eked material. Ths ong with the tates aleriel. Perhaps fon would be wind o Inthe stockpile on be /nplotely absent. Te material is remove This toad combinaton ion on the siackeg he conveyor struct ‘orces of wind on JAR] pd : 2 a ts. The following stored-materal load conditions are sug- (pd, ond these are based partly on the qualitative esiartal studios reported later in this paper: 1 Saeldng tube ful, but the outside stockpile absont. This | andlion ls, perhaps, only remotely possible, but it might ‘earl tho supposedtysell-opening gates'on the sides tine tubo wore frozen of rusted shut, or the tube were ‘Wed with molst material that had become frozen or caonted together so that N would not flow as expected. Faris toed case, the radial outward pressures would bo ‘ampuied 28 for @ sil, using, for example, elther tho danssen or Fleimbert equations for lateral pressure i617. Fer computing the vartcal force In the tube wall, etion ‘oo ho stored materia in the tube should also be con- seared. Ih te exact opposite of Load 1 above, with the stockpil ompetly In place all the way to the uppermost opening tnd unlormly distributed all around the outside of the ‘be, but with the tub itself empty. This would be poss ‘only If the tubo had a bottom discharge opening ino {to conveyor tunnel below. This load condition would ‘use a hoop compression in the tube wall 1 Te sams as Load 2 above, but withthe tube ful also, ‘is condtion would cause lossor horizontal hoop com: ‘scion or tension in the tube walls, but would result in ‘ largest value of vertical load in the wall due to ‘emard fiction of both the Inside and outside material. JS eeinaton cf the design lero lode (one ath of stocks rome 1d the ckcumfrerct ‘moments Inthe Wt ‘ave aresutnt inte fultant fe resisted >. sun in Fg. 3. Benes ‘Seuces are more it ‘tubes than conc avail within te 12 plas noted for si fh presoures ard #8 ould be treated Fig. Unio sete scepter sopng aang ot ope @ {tthe outer lateral prossure for this condition i larger than ‘the slo pressure computed for the matoral stored within the tube, then the inside pressure resisting inward move- ‘ment ofthe tube wall may be taken as high asthe passive [pressure forthe Inside material. Tho authors suggest @ limit for this passive pressure equal to twice the active ‘pressure value computed by the Janssen or Reimbert ‘equations (Fig. 4). 4. Tube ether full or empty (whichavar is more serious) and: ‘one sixth ofthe outside stockplo removed In a 60° sec- lor, as shown In Fig.6, This lateral load condition, ilustrated clearly by the qualtatve experiments, causes ‘an overturning moment. This moment, in tum, causes large vertical bending strasses which must be combined ‘with the stresses due to the simultaneous vertical loads. (A method of analyzing for this condhion Is Mlustrated Tater) 91.24 Salami Loads Seismic forces ecting on a stacking tube ate Mustratéd in Fig. 6. Thay consist of: 1. A lateral force E, due to seismic action on the weight of ‘the conveyor and the materia caries 2. Allatoral force £; due to eoismic action on the weight of {the tower salt and on the weight of material stored in the ‘ower. Tho authors recommend using the entire welght of the inside stored material to compute the seismic force, rather than the 80% used for slo design in ACI313—A77 6. 1049 =90-4 pp FY °¥ 5, xlane OED sa