Chapter 6

TIME VALUE OF MONEY

1. Value five years hence of a deposit of Rs.1,000 at various interest rates is as

follows:

r = 8% FV5 = 1000 x FVIF (8%, 5 years)

= 1000 x 1.469 = Rs.1469

r = 10% FV5 = 1000 x FVIF (10%, 5 years)

= 1000 x 1.611 = Rs.1611

r = 12% FV5 = 1000 x FVIF (12%, 5 years)

= 1000 x 1.762 = Rs.1762

r = 15% FV5 = 1000 x FVIF (15%, 5 years)

= 1000 x 2.011 = Rs.2011

2. Rs.160,000 / Rs. 5,000 = 32 = 25

According to the Rule of 72 at 12 percent interest rate doubling takes place

approximately in 72 / 12 = 6 years

So Rs.5000 will grow to Rs.160,000 in approximately 5 x 6 years = 30 years

3. In 12 years Rs.1000 grows to Rs.8000 or 8 times. This is 23 times the initial

deposit. Hence
doubling takes place in 12 / 3 = 4 years.

According to the Rule of 69, the doubling period is:

0.35 + 69 / Interest rate

Equating this to 4 and solving for interest rate, we get

Interest rate = 18.9%.

4. Saving Rs.2000 a year for 5 years and Rs.3000 a year for 10 years thereafter is
equivalent to saving Rs.2000 a year for 15 years and Rs.1000 a year for the years
6 through 15.
Hence the savings will cumulate to:
2000 x FVIFA (10%, 15 years) + 1000 x FVIFA (10%, 10 years)
= 2000 x 31.772 + 1000 x 15.937 = Rs.79481.

5. Let A be the annual savings.

 A x FVIFA (12%, 10 years) = 1,000,000
A x 17.549 = 1,000,000

So, A = 1,000,000 / 17.549 = Rs.56,983.

6. 1,000 x FVIFA (r, 6 years) = 10,000

FVIFA (r, 6 years) = 10,000 / 1000 = 10

From the tables we find that

FVIFA (20%, 6 years) = 9.930

FVIFA (24%, 6 years) = 10.980

Using linear interpolation in the interval, we get:

20% + (10.000 – 9.930)

r= x 4% = 20.3%
(10.980 – 9.930)

7. 1,000 x FVIF (r, 10 years) = 5,000

FVIF (r,10 years) = 5,000 / 1000 = 5

From the tables we find that

FVIF (16%, 10 years) = 4.411

FVIF (18%, 10 years) = 5.234

Using linear interpolation in the interval, we get:

(5.000 – 4.411) x 2%
r = 16% + = 17.4%
(5.234 – 4.411)

8. The present value of Rs.10,000 receivable after 8 years for various discount rates
(r ) are:
r = 10% PV = 10,000 x PVIF(r = 10%, 8 years)
= 10,000 x 0.467 = Rs.4,670

r = 12% PV = 10,000 x PVIF (r = 12%, 8 years)

= 10,000 x 0.404 = Rs.4,040

r = 15% PV = 10,000 x PVIF (r = 15%, 8 years)

= 10,000 x 0.327 = Rs.3,270

9. Assuming that it is an ordinary annuity, the present value is:

 2,000 x PVIFA (10%, 5years)
= 2,000 x 3.791 = Rs.7,582

10. The present value of an annual pension of Rs.10,000 for 15 years when r = 15%
is:
10,000 x PVIFA (15%, 15 years)
= 10,000 x 5.847 = Rs.58,470

The alternative is to receive a lumpsum of Rs.50,000.

Obviously, Mr. Jingo will be better off with the annual pension amount of
Rs.10,000.

11. The amount that can be withdrawn annually is:

100,000 100,000
A = ------------------ ------------ = ----------- = Rs.10,608
PVIFA (10%, 30 years) 9.427

12. The present value of the income stream is:

1,000 x PVIF (12%, 1 year) + 2,500 x PVIF (12%, 2 years)
+ 5,000 x PVIFA (12%, 8 years) x PVIF(12%, 2 years)

= 1,000 x 0.893 + 2,500 x 0.797 + 5,000 x 4.968 x 0.797 = Rs.22,683.

13. The present value of the income stream is:

2,000 x PVIFA (10%, 5 years) + 3000/0.10 x PVIF (10%, 5 years)
= 2,000 x 3.791 + 3000/0.10 x 0.621
= Rs.26,212

14. To earn an annual income of Rs.5,000 beginning from the end of 15 years from
now, if the deposit earns 10% per year a sum of
Rs.5,000 / 0.10 = Rs.50,000
is required at the end of 14 years. The amount that must be deposited to get this
sum is:
Rs.50,000 / FVIF (10%, 14 years) = Rs.50,000 / 3.797 = Rs.13,165

15. Rs.20,000 =- Rs.4,000 x PVIFA (r, 10 years)

PVIFA (r,10 years) = Rs.20,000 / Rs.4,000 = 5.00

From the tables we find that:

PVIFA (15%, 10 years) = 5.019
PVIFA (18%, 10 years) = 4.494
 Using linear interpolation we get:
5.019 – 5.00
r = 15% + ---------------- x 3%
5.019 – 4.494

= 15.1%

16. PV (Stream A) = Rs.100 x PVIF (12%, 1 year) + Rs.200 x

PVIF (12%, 2 years) + Rs.300 x PVIF(12%, 3 years) + Rs.400 x
PVIF (12%, 4 years) + Rs.500 x PVIF (12%, 5 years) +
Rs.600 x PVIF (12%, 6 years) + Rs.700 x PVIF (12%, 7 years) +
Rs.800 x PVIF (12%, 8 years) + Rs.900 x PVIF (12%, 9 years) +
Rs.1,000 x PVIF (12%, 10 years)

= Rs.100 x 0.893 + Rs.200 x 0.797 + Rs.300 x 0.712

+ Rs.400 x 0.636 + Rs.500 x 0.567 + Rs.600 x 0.507
+ Rs.700 x 0.452 + Rs.800 x 0.404 + Rs.900 x 0.361
+ Rs.1,000 x 0.322

= Rs.2590.9

Similarly,
PV (Stream B) = Rs.3,625.2
PV (Stream C) = Rs.2,851.1

17. FV5 = Rs.10,000 [1 + (0.16 / 4)]5x4

= Rs.10,000 (1.04)20
= Rs.10,000 x 2.191
= Rs.21,910

18. FV5 = Rs.5,000 [1+( 0.12/4)] 5x4

= Rs.5,000 (1.03)20
= Rs.5,000 x 1.806
= Rs.9,030

19 A B C
 Stated rate (%) 12 24 24

Frequency of compounding 6 times 4 times 12 times

Effective rate (%) (1 + 0.12/6)6- 1 (1+0.24/4)4 –1 (1 + 0.24/12)12-1

= 12.6 = 26.2 = 26.8

Difference between the

effective rate and stated
rate (%) 0.6 2.2 2.8

20. Investment required at the end of 8th year to yield an income of Rs.12,000 per
year from the end of 9th year (beginning of 10th year) for ever:

Rs.12,000 x PVIFA(12%, ∞ )
= Rs.12,000 / 0.12 = Rs.100,000

To have a sum of Rs.100,000 at the end of 8th year , the amount to be deposited
now is:
Rs.100,000 Rs.100,000
= = Rs.40,388
PVIF(12%, 8 years) 2.476

21. The interest rate implicit in the offer of Rs.20,000 after 10 years in lieu of
Rs.5,000 now is:
Rs.5,000 x FVIF (r,10 years) = Rs.20,000

Rs.20,000
FVIF (r,10 years) = = 4.000
Rs.5,000

From the tables we find that

FVIF (15%, 10 years) = 4.046

This means that the implied interest rate is nearly 15%.

I would choose Rs.20,000 after 10 years from now because I find a return of 15%
quite acceptable.
22. FV10 = Rs.10,000 [1 + (0.10 / 2)]10x2
= Rs.10,000 (1.05)20
= Rs.10,000 x 2.653
= Rs.26,530

If the inflation rate is 8% per year, the value of Rs.26,530 10 years from now, in
terms of
the current rupees is:
Rs.26,530 x PVIF (8%,10 years)
= Rs.26,530 x 0.463 = Rs.12,283

23. A constant deposit at the beginning of each year represents an annuity due.
PVIFA of an annuity due is equal to : PVIFA of an ordinary annuity x (1 + r)
To provide a sum of Rs.50,000 at the end of 10 years the annual deposit should
be

Rs.50,000
A = FVIFA(12%, 10 years) x (1.12)

Rs.50,000
= = Rs.2544
17.549 x 1.12

24. The discounted value of Rs.20,000 receivable at the beginning of each year from
2025 to 2029, evaluated as at the beginning of 2024 (or end of 2023) is:
Rs.20,000 x PVIFA (12%, 5 years)
= Rs.20,000 x 3.605 = Rs.72,100.

The discounted value of Rs.72,100 evaluated at the end of 2020 is

Rs.72,100 x PVIF (12%, 3 years)
= Rs.72,100 x 0.712 = Rs.51,335

If A is the amount deposited at the end of each year from 2015 to 2020 then
A x FVIFA (12%, 6 years) = Rs.51,335
A x 8.115 = Rs.51,335
A = Rs.51,335 / 8.115 = Rs.6326

25. The discounted value of the annuity of Rs.2000 receivable for 30 years, evaluated
as at the end of 9th year is:
Rs.2,000 x PVIFA (10%, 30 years) = Rs.2,000 x 9.427 = Rs.18,854

The present value of Rs.18,854 is:

Rs.18,854 x PVIF (10%, 9 years)
= Rs.18,854 x 0.424
= Rs.7,994
26. 30 per cent of the pension amount is
 0.30 x Rs.6000 = Rs.1800

Assuming that the monthly interest rate corresponding to an annual interest rate of
12% is 1%, the discounted value of an annuity of Rs.1800 receivable at the end of each
month for 180 months (15 years) is:
Rs.1800 x PVIFA (1%, 180)

(1.01)180 - 1
Rs.1800 x ---------------- = Rs.149,980
.01 (1.01)180

If Mr. Ramesh borrows Rs.P today on which the monthly interest rate is 1%

P x (1.01)60 = Rs.149,980
P x 1.817 = Rs.149,980

Rs.149,980
P = ------------ = Rs.82,540
1.817

27. Rs.3000 x PVIFA(r, 24 months) = Rs.60,000

PVIFA (r,24) = Rs.60000 / Rs.3000 = 20

From the tables we find that:

PVIFA(1%,24) = 21.244
PVIFA (2%, 24) = 18.914

Using a linear interpolation

21.244 – 20.000
r = 1% + ---------------------- x 1%
21.244 – 18,914

= 1.53%

Thus, the bank charges an interest rate of 1.53% per month.

The corresponding effective rate of interest per annum is
[ (1.0153)12 – 1 ] x 100 = 20%

28. The discounted value of the debentures to be redeemed between 8 to 10 years

evaluated at the end of the 5th year is:
Rs.10 million x PVIF (8%, 3 years)
+ Rs.10 million x PVIF (8%, 4 years)
+ Rs.10 million x PVIF (8%, 5 years)

= Rs.10 million (0.794 + 0.735 + 0.681)

= Rs.2.21 million
 If A is the annual deposit to be made in the sinking fund for the years 1 to 5,
then
A x FVIFA (8%, 5 years) = Rs.2.21 million
A x 5.867 = Rs.2.21 million
A = 5.867 = Rs.2.21 million
A = Rs.2.21 million / 5.867 = Rs.0.377 million

29. Let `n’ be the number of years for which a sum of Rs.20,000 can be withdrawn
annually.

Rs.20,000 x PVIFA (10%, n) = Rs.100,000

PVIFA (10 %, n) = Rs.100,000 / Rs.20,000 = 5.000

From the tables we find that

PVIFA (10%, 7 years) = 4.868
PVIFA (10%, 8 years) = 5.335

Thus n is between 7 and 8. Using a linear interpolation we get

5.000 – 4.868
n=7+ ----------------- x 1 = 7.3 years
5.335 – 4.868

30. Equated annual installment = 500000 / PVIFA(14%,4)

= 500000 / 2.914
= Rs.171,585

Loan Amortisation Schedule

Beginning Annual Principal Remaining

Year amount installment Interest repaid balance
------ ------------- --------------- ----------- ------------- -------------
1 500000 171585 70000 101585 398415
2 398415 171585 55778 115807 282608
3 282608 171585 39565 132020 150588
4 150588 171585 21082 150503 85*

(*) rounding off error

31. Define n as the maturity period of the loan. The value of n can be obtained from
the equation.

200,000 x PVIFA(13%, n) = 1,500,000

PVIFA (13%, n) = 7.500
 From the tables or otherwise it can be verified that PVIFA(13,30) = 7.500
Hence the maturity period of the loan is 30 years.

32. Expected value of iron ore mined during year 1 = Rs.300 million

Expected present value of the iron ore that can be mined over the next 15 years
assuming a price escalation of 6% per annum in the price per tone of iron

1 – (1 + g)n / (1 + i)n
= Rs.300 million x ------------------------
i-g

= Rs.300 million x 1 – (1.06)15 / (1.16)15

0.16 – 0.06

= Rs.300 million x (0.74135 / 0.10)

= Rs.2224 million
33 (a) PV = Rs.500,000
(b) PV = 1,000,000PVIF10%,6yrs = 1,000,000 x 0.564 = Rs.564,000
(c ) PV = 60,000/r = 60,000/0.10 = Rs.600,000
(d) PV = 100,000 PVIFA10%,10yrs = 100,000 x 6.145 = Rs.614,500
(e) PV = C/(r-g) = 35,000/(0.10-0.05) = Rs.700,000
Option e has the highest present value viz. Rs.700,000

34. (a) PV = c/(r – g) = 12/[0.12 – (-0.03)] = Rs.80 million

1+g n
1 - -------
(b) 1+r
PV = A(1+g) ----------------- = 12 x 0.9725 / 0.15 = Rs.77.8 million
r- g

35. It may be noted that if g1 is the growth rate in the no. of units and g2 the growth
rate in price per unit, then the growth rate of their product, g = (1+g1)(1+g2) - 1
In this problem the growth rate in the value of oil produced, g = (1- 0.05)(1
+0.03) - 1 = - 0.0215

Present value of the well’s production =

1+g n
1 - -------
1+r
 PV = A(1+g) -----------------
r- g

= (50,000 x 50) x ( 1-0.0215)x 1 – (0.9785 / 1.10)15

0.10 + 0.0215

= $ 16,654,633
36.
The growth rate in the value of the oil production g = (1- 0.06)(1 +0.04) - 1
= - 0.0224

Present value of the well’s production =

1+g n
1 - -------
1+r
PV = A(1+g) -----------------
r- g

= (80,000 x 60) x ( 1-0.0224)x 1 – (0.9776 / 1.12)20

0.12 + 0.0224

= $ 30,781,328.93

37. Future Value Interest Factor for Growing Annuity,

( 1+ i )n – ( 1 + g)n
FVIFGA =
i-g
(1. 09)20 – ( 1.08)20
So the value of the savings at the end of 20 years = 100,000 x
0.09 – 0.08

= Rs. 9,434,536

38
Assuming 52 weeks in an year, the effective interest rate is

52
0.08
1 + - 1 = 1.0832 - 1 = 8.32 percent
52
 MINICASE--1

Solution:

1. How much money would Ramesh need 15 years from now?

500,000 x PVIFA (10%, 15years)

+ 1,000,000 x PVIF (10%, 15years)
= 500,000 x 7.606 + 1,000,000 x 0.239
= 3,803,000 x 239,000
= Rs.4,042,000

2. How much money should Ramesh save each year for the next 15 years to be able
to meet his investment objective?

Ramesh’s current capital of Rs.600,000 will grow to :

600,000 (1.10)15 = 600,000 x 4.177 = Rs 2,506,200

This means that his savings in the next 15 years must grow to :

4,042,000 – 2,506,200 = Rs 1,535,800

So, the annual savings must be :

1,535,800 1,535,800
= = Rs.48,338
FVIFA (10%, 15 years) 31.772

3. How much money would Ramesh need when he reaches the age of 60 to meet his
donation objective?

200,000 x PVIFA (10% , 3yrs) x PVIF (10%, 11yrs)

= 200,000 x 2.487 x 0.317 = 157,676

4. What is the present value of Ramesh’s life time earnings?

400,000 400,000(1.12) 400,000(1.12)14

46
1 2 15

15
1.12
1–
1.08
 = 400,000
0.08 – 0.12

= Rs.7,254,962

MINICASE--2

Solution: 1)
Re.1 deposit each at the
end of month 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 9 12 40 44

becomes Rs.3.0402 Rs.3.0402 Rs.3.0402 Rs.3.0402 Rs.3.0402 Rs.3.0402

MBA expenses for year I at present = 20 lakhs. After 10 years it would be = 20(1+0.05)10 =
32.58 lakhs
MBA expenses for year II at present = 25 lakhs. After 11 years it would be = 25(1+0.05) 11 =
42.76 lakhs
At the end of 3 months, each 1 Rupee deposited in the RD account becomes = FVIFA(0.08/12,3)
= [{(1+0.08/12)3 -1} / (0.08/12)] x (1+0.08/12) = {(1.00667)3-1}/0.00667 x 1.00667 = Rs.3.0402
which when compounded quarterly becomes at the end of 10 years = 3.0402 x [(1+0.08/4)4x10 -
1]/ (0.08/4)
= 3.0402 x [(1.02)40 – 1] / 0.02 = Rs.
183.634
For a RD maturity value of Rs.183.634 if the deposit to be made is Rs.1, for a maturity value of
Rs.32.58 lakhs, the monthly deposit to be made will be = 32,58,000/183.634 = Rs.17,742
Similarly for a maturity value of Rs.42.76 lakhs the monthly deposit needed .will be
= 42,76,000 / [3.0402 x {(1.02)44 – 1} / 0.02] = Rs. 20,236
2)
Amount required for Jasleen’s marriage at the end of 20 years = Rs.300 lakhs
Cumulative fixed deposit to be made now to get the above amount = 300,00,000 / (1+0.08/4)4x20
= Rs.61,53,292

3)

Annuity Period
Year end 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
19 20
What deposit? Annuity Payments 12L 12L 12L 12L 12L 12L 12L 12L
12L 12L

Annuity needed per annum at the beginning of each year in real terms after 10 years =
Rs.12 lakhs
With inflation at 5 percent, in nominal terms, this may be considered as a growing
annuity for
10 years at a growth rate of 5 percent and discount rate of 10 percent.
Present value of the annuity , as at the beginning of the 10th year from now
= 12,00,000 x (1+0.05)[ 1 –(1+0.05)/(1+0.10)10 /(0.10-0.05)] = Rs.93,74,163
Amount to be deposited in cumulative fixed deposit now, to have a maturity value of
Rs.93,74,163 at the end of 9 years = 93,74,163/(1+0.08/4)4x9 = Rs.45,95,432