Cross Species Genetics

Cross Species Genetics and
GMO’s
Table Of Content
1. Introduction To Cross Species Genetics
2. Arctic Apples
3. Growth-Enhanced Transgenic Coho Salmon
(Oncorhynchus kisutch) Strains Have Varied
Success in Simulated Streams
4. Polled Cows Using Gene Editing
5. Cross-Species Viruses
6. Sensitivity of Zebrafish to Environmental
Toxins Implicated in Parkinson’s Disease.
Introduction to Cross Species
Genetics?
Cross species genetics is
the process where genes
from the DNA of one
species are extracted and
artificially forced into
the genes of an unrelated
plant or animal.
By Everyone
Arctic Apples
By: William Maida
My Scientific Journal
Murata.M,Nishimura.M,Murai.N,Haruta.M,Homma.S,andItoh.Y(2001)
Titled 'A transgenic apple callus showing reduced

polyphenol oxidase activity and lower browning
potential’
This journal produced and tested a procedure, to

suppress the browning of food, by slightly altering the
genes of the plant.
By William Maida
Why Does anApple Brown?
There are phenolic enxymes in apples
that oxidize.
The main enzyme that oxidizes in

large amounts when exposed to oxygen
is called PPO (polyphenol oxidase).
https://www.arcticapples.com/arctic-apples-r/
When we cut or bite into an apple, we introducing-nonbrowning/
break the tissue of the apple, and According to Murata.M,

expose the PPO in the apple to oxygen, Nishimura.M, Murai.N,
the PPO oxidizes, which causes the Haruta.M, Homma.S, and
Itoh .Y (2001)
browning of the apple.
IMPORTANT TERMS
Transgene: a gene that
has been transferred
from one organism to
another.
Phenolic Compounds:
Compounds that when
exposed to oxygen,
oxidize.
Callus: a growth
https://en.wikipedia.org/
wiki/Callus_(cell_biology) made up of cells.
By William Maida
IMPORTANT TERMS
You also need to know that different types of

apples have different PPO enzymes
By William Maida
The Experiment Procedure
According to Murata.M, Nishimura.M, Murai.N, Haruta.M, Homma.S, and Itoh .Y (2001)
They created a medium composed of transgenic
PPO genes (from different apples), prepared with a
bacterium to start growth of calli, and put a leaf in
each the medium.
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/267395256_fig1_FIGURE-1-In-vitro-regeneration-in-pigeonpea-using-leaf-explant-A-leaf-explants
By William Maida
This allowed for the growth of 4 different transgenic calli (121-b, As-a,
As-c, As-d)
As-a also had antisense PPO gene added to its medium
They grew 3 calli in a medium that also contained the cauliflower mosaic
virus.
They grew the 4th transgenic callus in a medium without the cauliflower
mosaic virus.
They also included a non-transgenic callus from a leaf (not altered),

which they called the ‘control’.
They grew 356 leaf explants.
By William Maida
After more than a year they estimated the

PPO activity and potential browning of
each callus
By William Maida
Results From The Experiment
They found one callus type that had

50% lower PPO activity compared to
the non-transgenic callus.
By William Maida
Murata.M, Nishimura.M, Murai.N, Haruta.M, Homma.S, and Itoh .Y (2001)

By William Maida
A low PPO activity, equates to a low browning potential
Murata, Nishimura, Murai, Haruta, Homma, and Itoh (2001)

By William Maida
They also determined that all calli had the same amount
phenolic compounds.
Murata, Nishimura, Murai, Haruta, Homma, and Itoh (2001)

By William Maida
Why is This Important?
Non-browning foods can be created
According to Gonsalves, A.K
(2015):
The Arctic Apple is an apple with the non browning trait. By
creating an apple with low PPO genes from different apples,
that are slightly influenced by the cauliflower mosaic virus.
A Canadian company ‘Okanagan Specialty Fruits Inc.’, is

responsible for creating this apple.
They use the same scientific basis published in this journal, to

create the Arctic Apple.
Link Of Timelapse
Between An Arctic Apple and A Regular
Apple
By William Maida
Ecological Niches
(2015):
It has been concluded by the USDA, that
it is not likely that the Arctic Apples could
pose a threat to agriculture in the US.
https://www.teagasc.ie/crops/
By William Maida
Job RelatedTo My Journal
Bioresource Engineer
Botanist
Assistant Journal Editor

https://www.environmentalscience.org/career/botanist
By William Maida
How Will OSF Label the Arctic
Apples
(2015):
The Arctic Apples will not
have a ’GMO’ sticker,
instead it will have a sticker
that labels these apples as
Arctic Apples. This is
substantial enough for the
GMO labelling policies. https://www.okspecialtyfruits.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/arctic-
apple-labelling.jpg
By William Maida
IsThis Labeling Unethical?
As consumers we should be clearly informed as to whether

or not a fruit is a GMO, rather than the roundabout way OSF
labels their apples, it would be unethical if the label did not
tell us.
According to Gonsalves, A.K (2015) OSF says that with all

the publicity they have gotten, most people know what Arctic
Apples are.
This also could act as a precedent, for other GMO foods and
their labeling.
By William Maida
References
Main Academic Journal
Gonsalves, A. K. (2015, May). Commercialization of the genetically modified Arctic Apple. The Licensing Journal, 35(5), 18+. Retrieved from
http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?
p=GPS&sw=w&u=ko_k12hs_d62&v=2.1&it=r&id=GALE%7CA416303162&asid=2256feb86ee8c94a7a40870f61597558
Secondary Academic Journal

Waltz, E. (2015). Nonbrowning gm apple cleared for market. Nature Biotechnology, 33(4), 326+. Retrieved from http://go.galegroup.com/
ps/i.do?p=GPS&sw=w&u=ko_k12hs_d62&v=2.1&it=r&id=GALE%7CA410642693&asid=e441180979021b4680c4b2c5f1cce8d9
Other Websites
RNA interference. (2017, October 10). Retrieved October 26, 2017, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA_interference
Why do apple slices turn brown after being cut? (n.d.). Retrieved October 26, 2017, from https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/
experts-why-cut-apples-turn-brown/
Watters, H. (2017, January 23). Canada will have to wait to take bite of non-browning Arctic apple. Retrieved October 26, 2017, from
http://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/gmo-apple-canada-1.3943058
Transgene. (2017, October 25). Retrieved October 26, 2017, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transgene
What is Bioresource Engineering? (n.d.). Retrieved October 26, 2017, from https://www.mcgill.ca/bioeng/what-bioresource-engineering
Photos
Why Apple Brown? (n.d.). Retrieved October 26, 2017, from https://www.arcticapples.com/arctic-apples-r/introducing-nonbrowning/
Arctic Apples - OK Specialty Fruits. (n.d.). Retrieved October 26, 2017, from https://www.okspecialtyfruits.com/arctic-apples/
The Food Lab's Apple Pie, Part 1: What Are the Best Apples for Pie? (n.d.). Retrieved from http://sweets.seriouseats.com/2011/10/the-
food-lab-what-are-the-best-apples-for-apple-pies-how-to-make-pie.html
Watson, E. (2017, May 18). Retrieved October 26, 2017, from https://www.foodnavigator-usa.com/Article/2015/02/17/Arctic-Apples-
creator-Neal-Carter-on-GMOs-and-consumers
Time Lapse
(2015, February 10). Retrieved October 26, 2017, from http://www.wsj.com/video/time-lapse-conventional-apple-vs-gmo-apple/
F08DF9D3-9FE2-4BF6-8BF3-2D0F665AF320.html
By William Maida
Growth-Enhanced Transgenic Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus
kisutch) Strains Have Varied Success in Simulated Streams
By Patrick Green
Why genetically engineer animals with
genes of other animals?
Domestic animals and agriculture
Other animals with beneficial

genes
Beneficial genes could improve

growth, disease resistance,
reproductive success and other
traits deemed valuable by humans.
By Patrick Green
You May Have Already Eaten Transgenic
Salmon
August 4, 2017 AquaBounty Technologies
sold 4.5 tons of genetically modified salmon
in Canada
Strain of Atlantic salmon with growth-

hormone gene from Chinook salmon and
promotor from the ocean pout
Grow to market size in half the time of

wild Atlantic salmon and require 25 % less
feed
By Patrick Green
Introduction to Case Study
Potential environmental
impact of genetically modified
salmon escaping hatcheries
To predict impact it must be

observed how genetically
Fisheries and Oceans Canada
modified salmon would
(DFO) Centre for Aquaculture
survive and behave in and Environmental Research
natural conditions Reference: Leggatt, R. A., Sundström, L. F.,
Woodward, K., & Devlin, R. H. (2017)
By Patrick Green
Reference: Leggatt, R. A., Sundström, L. F., Woodward, K., & Devlin, R. H. (2017)
Experiment Performed (Experiment 3 in Case

Study)
Two strains of coho salmon genetically modified with the growth

hormone from the sockeye salmon, one with a metallothionein promotor
which allows it to grow faster than the other with a histone promotor
Transgenic salmon strains will be compared to wild coho salmon in semi

natural (artificial) environments
Salmon were given either low or medium levels of food and predators
were introduced to half of the salmon populations
Traits compared are size (mass and length) and survival rate
By Patrick Green
Experiment Results
The transgenic strain with the better growth hormone
gene was the greatest in size no matter the conditions
The other transgenic strain was greater in size than wild

salmon in presence of predators the opposite was the case
without predators
The strain with the lesser promoter always had the

lowest survival rate
Without predators, the better strain and the wild salmon

had similar survival rates, but with predators the better
strain had a better survival rate regardless of food level
By Patrick Green
Conclusion - What does this mean?
Due to the nature of the experiment the conclusions or hypotheses made are by
no means universal or 100% accurate
Gene hormone transgenic coho salmon may have a size advantage over wild
salmon in the natural environment
The strain with the metallothionein promotor had a higher survival rate
than wild salmon. This could threaten the wild salmon if that strain entered
the natural environment
We should be wary of transgenic strains such as the one sold by AquaBounty
and the ones in this experiment entering the natural environment because of
the differences displayed in the case study
By Patrick Green
References
Leggatt, R. A., Sundström, L. F., Woodward, K., & Devlin, R. H. (2017). Growth-
Enhanced Transgenic Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) Strains Have
Varied Success in Simulated Streams: Implications for Risk Assessment. Plos
One, 12(1). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0169991
Waltz, E. (2017, August 07). First Genetically Engineered Salmon Sold in

Canada. Retrieved October 26, 2017, from https://www.scientificamerican.com/
article/first-genetically-engineered-salmon-sold-in-canada/
Yarr, K. (2017, August 08). Canadians already eating genetically-modified

salmon. Retrieved October 26, 2017, from http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/
prince-edward-island/pei-aquabounty-salmon-sold-1.4238675
Kassam, A. (2017, August 09). GM salmon hits shelves in Canada – but people
may not know they're buying it. Retrieved October 26, 2017, from https://
www.theguardian.com/world/2017/aug/09/genetically-modified-salmon-sales-
canada-aqua-bounty
By Patrick Green
Polled Cows Using Gene Editing
By Davide Muto
What are polled cows?
Polled cows are simply cows that do not develop their horns through out
their life time at all.
Polling can be done by burning the horns off using hot iron from when
the cows are calf ’s, clipping them off, or using caustic paste.
Using any of the methods listed above to create polled cows causes a lot of
pain for them, some even fainting or collapsing while it’s happening.
By Davide Muto
Why poll cows? 
Why not use cows without horns?
According to McGowan (2015)
 
Cows can be dangerous to work with at times. If a cow gets loose and
goes on a rampage it could injure a farmer and cause damage with it’s
horns.
By polling a cow it can help retain a safe environment and help keep the
farmer safe from attack and the cow from being shot by going rampant.
Farmers also don’t want to use cows that lack horns already because they
produce less milk which would cause a decrease in milk production.
By Davide Muto
Polling a cattle
By Davide Muto
Polling of a cattle
  As you can see in the video, this is one of the many methods that
people may use to artificially poll cows.
They may of used pain killers to numb the pain in this video, but
other places don’t use pain killers at all.
What would it feel like to be strapped down against your will and
have your horns removed, it would suck wouldn’t it, that’s why
scientist’s have worked on developing cows without horns using gene
editing.
By Davide Muto
How polled cows are created using
gene editing
  To create these cows without horns, it calls for a strand of DNA from
other types of cows that don’t grow horns.
Once they have the DNA they use a microscope and enter the embryo of a
cow, then they go and insert the DNA that prevents horns from growing.
Once the DNA is properly inserted into the embryo they use invitro
fertilization to develop the cow in a surrogates womb.
Once the cow is born it’ll grow up as normal but lack the horns that other
cows usually have.
By Davide Muto
GMO Worries
gene editing
 
As with everything created scientifically comes worries. GMO
activists are already highly against this.
They fear that by doing this and allowing the hornless genes to
spread it will effect the milk or meat of the cow causing debate on
weather it’s safe to consume or not.
But since these cows are created by using a gene from a cow that
only limits horn growth it’ll have no affect. There will also be no
need for an FDA approval.
By Davide Muto
Sources
gene editing
Article: McGowan Kat (2015 Sep-Oct) Good Breeding? “Good

breeding? This scientist thinks he can tweak farm animals' genes
to make them happier and healthier--and change the way you see
GMOS.” Accessed 22 Oct. 2017 go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?
p=GPS&sw=w&u=ko_k12hs_d62&v=2.1&id=GALE%7CA42
8625223&it=r&asid=5765a0123193e6c84b09b788a43a3c00.
By Davide Muto
Cross-Species Viruses
By Daniel Trespeces
How do Viruses Jump Species
Barriers?
Viruses rarely gain the ability to spread within a new host.
According to
Woolhouse, M. E., and
S. Gowtage-Sequeria.
Host must be susceptible or previously exposed. 2005:
 
According to Woolhouse, M. E., and S. Gowtage-Sequeria. 2005,

viruses can be either generalist viruses or specialist viruses.
Evolutionary changes are not always needed for a virus to infect

a new host.
By Daniel Trespeces
By Daniel Trespeces
Virus(es) Original host New host Mechanism and/or time
Measles Possibly Humans Host switching and adaptation? Time not known; after the establishment
virus cattle of populations sufficient to allow transmission
Smallpo Other Humans Host switching and adaptation? Time >10,000 yr ago?
x virus primates
or
camels(?)
Influenz Water Humans, pigs, Host switching and adaptation, possible role of intermediate host; many
a virus birds horses examples. In humans viruses emerged in the period ∼1910-1916 and in
∼1957 and ∼1968. Reassortment involved in 1957 and 1968 emergences.
Earlier epidemic viruses not characterized. Changes in several genes
required for success in new host
CPV Cats or Dogs Host switching and adaptation; several mutations in the capsid control
similar binding to the canine transferrin receptor. Arose in early 1970s, spread
carnivore worldwide in 1978
HIV-1 Old Humans Host switching and adaptation; virus entered human population
World approximately in 1930s and spread widely in 1970s; multiple introductions
primates, likely to give the HIV-1 M, N, and O variants
chimpanz
Marbur ees
Reservoir Chimpanzees Host switching; adaptation not certain
g virus host not and humans
and proven
Ebola (bats?)
viruses
Hughes et al. 2003, Michel et al. 2010, National TB Control Program Report 2011 :
 
Tuberculosis in Tanzania
Originated from livestock and wildlife.
National TB Control Program Report 2011 The close livelihood of

farmers and cattle was the predicted reason of widespread.
Hughes et al. 2003 M. bovis is starting to become resistant to

pyrazinamide
Michel et al. 2010 Hardest part is to differentiate between M.

bovis and M. tuberculosis.
By Daniel Trespeces
By Daniel Trespeces
https://www.bing.com/images/search?
view=detailV2&ccid=8AD9YGb0&id=D9605B0FA6E005EBCCDC98D1588CBD1AFD41792B&thid=OIP.
8AD9YGb0Nf6FconwirAIjQEeDa&q=tuberculosis+origin+map&simid=607992028929065182&selectedIndex=0&ajaxhis
t=0
Results
Wolfe et al. 2007
A common conclusion, in order to control the outbreaks

of viruses, is to vaccine all animals that carry the virus.
STSE-If society does not step in now and do something

a virus can just pop up on our front door.
To identify and characterise pathogens that may emerge

in humans.
By Daniel Trespeces
Ferguson, N. M., D. A. Cummings, S. Cauchemez, C. Fraser, S. Riley, A. Meeyai, S. Iamsirithaworn, and D. S. Burke. 2005
How Can you tell if a Virus Will

Emerge in Humans?
It is not possible to know if a virus ever will emerge in humans.
Origins of new viruses are key to figure out and control them at
the early stages.
We will probably not know of it until we are infected by the virus

E.g. HIV which have been around for a long time.
Ferguson, N. M., D. A. Cummings, S. Cauchemez, C. Fraser, S.

Riley, A. Meeyai, S. Iamsirithaworn, and D. S. Burke. 2005 A
common conclusion in order to control the outbreaks of viruses is to
vaccine all animals that carry the virus.
By Daniel Trespeces
Possible Careers
Biomedical scientists
Medical laboratory scientist
Microbiologist
By Daniel Trespeces
References
Mbugi, E. V., Katale, B. Z., Kendall, S., Good, L., Kibiki, G. S., Keyyu, J. D., ...Matee, M. I. (2012).
Tuberculosis cross-species transmission in Tanzania: towards a One-Health concept. Onderstepoort
Journal of Veterinary Research, 79(2), 137+. Retrieved from http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?
p=AONE&sw=w&u=ko_k12hs_d62&v=2.1&it=r&id=GALE%7CA344154929&asid=ab24a6c5afc8eb7e14
99ec579b9f6169
Parrish, C. R., Holmes, E. C., Morens, D. M., Park, E.-C., Burke, D. S., Calisher, C. H., … Daszak, P. (2008).
Cross-Species Virus Transmission and the Emergence of New Epidemic Diseases. Microbiology and
Molecular Biology Reviews : MMBR, 72(3), 457–470. http://doi.org/10.1128/MMBR.00004-08
Botany. (2017, October 25). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 04:25, October 27, 2017,
from https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Botany&oldid=807098061
Medical laboratory scientist. (2017, October 2). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 04:25,
October 27, 2017, from https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?
title=Medical_laboratory_scientist&oldid=803498294
Microbiologist. (2017, October 11). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 04:26, October
27, 2017, from https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Microbiologist&oldid=804898823
By Daniel Trespeces
Sensitivity of Zebrafish to Environmental Toxins
Implicated in Parkinson’s Disease.
By Domenic Sestito
Bretaud, S., Lee, S., & Guo, S. (2004).
Into To My Scientific Journal

Introduction to my Journal Neurotoxicology and Teratology 26 (2004) 857 – 864
Brief communication
www.elsevier.com/locate/neutera
Sensitivity of zebrafish to environmental toxins implicated
My journal is called “Sensitivity of in Parkinson’s disease

Sandrine Bretaud, Susie Lee, Su Guo*
zebrafish to environmental toxins Programs in Human Genetics and Biological Sciences, Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, University of California,
513 Pamassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143-0446, United States
Received 14 April 2004; received in revised form 15 June 2004; accepted 21 June 2004
Available online 5 August 2004
implicated in Parkinson’s disease”. Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is characterized by the progressive loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra and movement
defects, including bradykinesia, tremor, and postural imbalance. Whereas the etiology and pathogenesis of PD is still poorly understood,
studies in animal models are providing important insights. One valuable type of animal model for PD is established by treating animals with
PD-inducing neurotoxins, including 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), rotenone, and paraquat. These neurotoxins are
The authors are Sandrine Bretaud, Susie

thought to inhibit mitochondrial complex I activity leading to oxidative stress, impaired energy metabolism, proteasomal dysfunction, and,
eventually, dopamine neuronal loss. However, the genes and pathways that underlie the neurotoxicity of these agents are not known. In this
study, we explored the effect of MPTP, rotenone, and paraquat in both adult and larval zebrafish, which are highly amenable to genetic
analysis that can lead to the identification of the underlying genes and pathways. Here, we report that adult zebrafish display behavioral
alterations, including decreased locomotor activity in response to MPTP, whereas larval zebrafish exhibited developmental, behavioral, and
DA sensitivity to these agents. Taken together, these findings suggest that zebrafish could be a valuable model for genetically dissecting the
Lee and Su Guo. molecular mechanisms underlying the neurotoxicity of PD-inducing agents.
D 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Keywords: MPTP; Pesticides; Behavior; Dopaminergic neurons; Zebrafish; Parkinson’s disease
1. Introduction determinants [13]. Although both oxidative stress and
I found in journal at Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common

neurodegenerative disorder, affecting approximately 1% of
the population over the age of 65, and approximately 4–5%
over the age of 85 [16,17]. Clinically, PD results from the
proteasomal dysfunction have been implicated in the cause
of PD [28,39], the etiology and pathogenesis of PD remain
largely unknown.
Neurotoxins have been strongly implicated in the
pathogenesis of sporadic PD [23]. These toxins include
www.sciencedirect.com selective degeneration of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the

substantia nigra, accompanied by Lewy bodies and Lewy
neurites [11]. The symptoms of PD include bradykinesia
(slow movement), resting tremor, and postural imbalance.
1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP),
which was initially identified as a contaminant of me-
peridine (a synthetic heroin). Exposure to MPTP in
humans leads to clinical pathology and symptoms strik-
Genetic analyses of familial PD have identified several ingly similar to idiopathic PD, including selective dop-
genes (a-synuclein, parkin, DJ-1, and UCHL) that, when amine neuron loss, bradykinesia, tremor, and postural
mutated, lead to PD [10]. However, a majority of PD cases imbalance [18]. In addition to MPTP, pesticides such as
It was published to the website on August are sporadic; therefore, are likely due to environmental
factors that interact with a large number of genetic
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +1 415 502 4949; fax: +1 415 502 8177.
E-mail address: suguo@itsa.ucsf.edu (S. Guo).
rotenone and paraquat have also been implicated in PD
pathogenesis [19].
To understand the mechanisms underlying the neuro-
toxicity of PD-inducing agents, a variety of animal models
have been established [4]. MPTP administration is one of
5th, 2004. 0892-0362/$ - see front matter D 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.ntt.2004.06.014
By Domenic Sestito
Bretaud, S., Lee, S., & Guo, S. (2004). Sensitivity of zebrafish to environmental toxins implicated in Parkinsons disease. Neurotoxicology and Teratology, 26(6), 857-864. doi:10.1016/j.ntt.2004.06.014
What Is Parkinson's? (2017, October 18). Retrieved October 27, 2017, from http://www.parkinson.org/understanding-parkinsons/what-is-parkinsons
Parkinson's Disease
Parkinson's disease. (2017,
Parkinson’s Disease “a neurodegenerative disorder that affects October 25
predominately dopamine-producing neurones in a specific area of the

brain called substantia nigra”.
Dopamine is an organic chemical that plays several important roles in
the brain and body.
Some affects of PD include bradykinesia, tremor, and postural
imbalance.
People do not die from PD but can die to to complications of PD.
Nonetheless, PD is the second most common neurodegenerative
disorder.
By Domenic Sestito
D. (2013, February 07). Zebrafish: The New Lab Rat. Retrieved October 27, 2017, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m0ImaY5vCcE
Zebrafish
By Domenic Sestito
Purpose of the Experiment

“In this study, we explored the effect of neurotoxins in
zebrafish, which are highly amenable to genetic analysis that
can lead to the identification of the underlying genes and
pathways”
12 Major Neurotoxins That Effect Our Brain. (2017,

Parkinson’s Disease Burns Out Brain Cells. (2015, August 29) February 14)
(n.d.). Retrieved October 27, 2017,
By Domenic Sestito from http://www.ucl.ac.uk/zebrafish-

group/research/neuroanatomy.php
Rotenone. (2017, October 17). Retrieved October 27, 2017, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotenone
Facts About Paraquat. (2013, April 02). Retrieved October 27, 2017, from https://emergency.cdc.gov/agent/paraquat/basics/facts.asp
MPTP. (2017, October 14). Retrieved October 27, 2017, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MPTP
What Neurotoxins were used?

MPTP
“MPTP is a prodrug to the neurotoxin MPP+, which causes
permanent symptoms of Parkinson's disease.
Rotenone
“Rotenone is an odorless, colorless, crystalline isoflavone
used as a broad-spectrum insecticide and pesticide”
Paraquat
“Paraquat is a toxic chemical that is widely used as an
herbicide (plant killer), primarily for weed and grass
control”
By Domenic Sestito
How
HPTP
Effects
Dopamine
Production
Sian, J. 1999, January 01
By Domenic Sestito
Procedure
Barbosa, J. S., Giaimo, R. D., Götz,
+
MPTP and MPP were dissolved in sterile distilled saline solution. M., & Ninkovic, J. (2016, June 30)
Adult fish were anesthetized in water.
Fish were injected intraperitoneally at different doses.
The fish were placed individually in the observation tank and were allowed to
recover.
Rotenone and paraquat solution was prepared in distilled water
Adult zebrafish were exposed to the pesticides diluted in their tank water.
These pesticides were administered at the highest possible concentration that would
not kill zebrafish after 4 weeks of exposure.
By Domenic Sestito
Procedure — Test Preformed

The testing of Locomotor activity
“As the normal behavior of fish is to swim back and forth along the length of the
tank, simple observation was used to determine the locomotor activity of adult
zebrafish”.
The testing of Ventilation
“The effect of the neurotoxins on ventilation of adult zebrafish was simply
determined and scored as 0 for normal ventilation and 1 for fast opercular
movements.”
The testing of Pigmentation Responses
The skin color of adult zebrafish in response to the neurotoxin was visually rated.
By Domenic Sestito
Results —Overall
By Domenic Sestito
Results — Locomotor activity
By Domenic Sestito
Results — Ventilation Test
By Domenic Sestito
Results — Pigmentation Test
By Domenic Sestito
So What Do These Results
Mean For Cross Species
Genetics In Regards To
Parkinson’s disease and
Zebra Fish?
By Domenic Sestito
Why are human cross species
Society
genetics not allowed? (n.d.).
Retrieved October 27, 2017,
The tampering with Human Genetics is not well reviewed

by most individuals in our modern society (2017) and this is
the biggest obstacle in the development of cross species
genetics.
If cross species genetics ever comes to a cure of any
genetics diseas and is then used to find the cure for
many, we will see an explosion in our population
numbers and are population trends will be completely
altered!
By Domenic Sestito
Environment
What will happen to our earth is there are many
viable cures for genetic disorders and the world
population increases to detrimental numbers?
350 million people globally are affected by faulty
genes!
What are some of the
Schorsch, P.
negative impacts that (2016, May 19)
will occur on our earth?
By Domenic Sestito
What is genetic testing? - Genetics Home Reference. (n.d.). Retrieved October 30, 2017, from https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/primer/testing/genetictesting
Technology
What technological advancement will be pushed if
cross species genetics becomes a viable method in
the future?
Genetic Screening/Testing
“Genetic testing is a type of
medical test that identifies
changes in chromosomes,
genes, or proteins”.
FAQ About Genetic Testing. (n.d.). Retrieved October 30, 2017
By Domenic Sestito
The Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research. (n.d.). Retrieved October 27, 2017, from https://www.michaeljfox.org/
How is Canada Contributing?

Michael J. Fox
Canadian-American actor, author, producer, and activist.
In 1999, Fox announced that he was battling Parkinson's
disease.
Has created “The Michael J. Fox Foundation For
Parkinson’s Research
Since 2000, The Michael J. Fox Foundation has funded
more than $700 million to speed a cure for Parkinson's
Michael J. Fox. (n.d.). Retrieved
October 27, 2017
disease.
By Domenic Sestito
I. (2009, April 05). Michael J Fox Parkinson's Disease. Retrieved October 27, 2017, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ECkPVTZlfP8&t=66s
By Daniel
DomenicTrespeces
Sestito
Careers In This Field
Clinical research associate. Research scientist (life
Healthcare scientist, sciences)
genomics. Research scientist (medical)
Healthcare scientist, Clinical Geneticist
immunology. Molecular Biologist
Pharmacologist. Biochemist
Plant breeder/geneticist. Genetic Counselor
By Domenic Sestito
References
(n.d.). Retrieved October 27, 2017, from http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/disorders/
What Is Parkinson's? (2017, October 18). Retrieved October 27, 2017, from http://www.parkinson.org/understanding-parkinsons/what-is-parkinsons
MPTP. (2017, October 14). Retrieved October 27, 2017, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MPTP
Rotenone. (2017, October 17). Retrieved October 27, 2017, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotenone
Sian, J. (1999, January 01). MPTP-Induced Parkinsonian Syndrome. Retrieved October 27, 2017, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK27974/
Facts About Paraquat. (2013, April 02). Retrieved October 27, 2017, from https://emergency.cdc.gov/agent/paraquat/basics/facts.asp
Kalueff, A. V., Stewart, A. M., & Gerlai, R. (2014, February). Zebrafish as an emerging model for studying complex brain disorders. Retrieved October 27, 2017, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3913794/
(n.d.). Retrieved October 27, 2017, from http://www.bioquicknews.com/node/2171
(n.d.). Retrieved October 27, 2017, from https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/04/100422184047.htm
The Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research. (n.d.). Retrieved October 27, 2017, from https://www.michaeljfox.org/
10 Insane Cases of Genetic Engineering. (2014, June 18). Retrieved October 27, 2017, from https://listverse.com/2013/03/08/10-insane-cases-of-genetic-engineering/
Pictures
Laguna, D. M. (2015, April 02). New Discovery Can Protect Against Parkinson’s disease. Retrieved October 27, 2017, from http://www.doctortipster.com/20386-new-discovery-can-protect-against-parkinsons-disease.html
Parkinson's disease. (2017, October 25). Retrieved October 27, 2017, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease
Parkinson's Disease Center: Symptoms, Treatments, Causes, Tests, Diagnosis, and Prognosis. (n.d.). Retrieved October 27, 2017, from https://www.webmd.com/parkinsons-disease/default.htm
Cystic fibrosis. (2017, October 17). Retrieved October 27, 2017, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cystic_fibrosis
Michael J. Fox. (n.d.). Retrieved October 27, 2017, from http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0000150/
Cas9. (2017, October 22). Retrieved October 27, 2017, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cas9
Schorsch, P. (2016, May 19). Orlando helps lead Florida's population growth. Retrieved October 27, 2017, from http://orlando-rising.com/orlando-helps-lead-floridas-population-growth/
Why are human cross species genetics not allowed? (n.d.). Retrieved October 27, 2017, from https://www.quora.com/Why-are-human-cross-species-genetics-not-allowed
(n.d.). Retrieved October 27, 2017, from http://www.ucl.ac.uk/zebrafish-group/research/neuroanatomy.php
12 Major Neurotoxins That Effect Our Brain. (2017, February 14). Retrieved October 27, 2017, from https://newearth.media/12-major-neurotoxins-that-effect-our-brain/
Parkinson’s Disease Burns Out Brain Cells. (2015, August 29). Retrieved October 27, 2017, from http://www.thelatestnews.com/parkinsons-disease-burns-out-brain-cells/
Barbosa, J. S., Giaimo, R. D., Götz, M., & Ninkovic, J. (2016, June 30). Single-cell in vivo imaging of adult neural stem cells in the zebrafish telencephalon. Retrieved October 30, 2017, from http://www.nature.com/nprot/journal/v11/n8/fig_tab/nprot.2016.077_SF3.html
FAQ About Genetic Testing. (n.d.). Retrieved October 30, 2017, from https://www.genome.gov/19516567/faq-about-genetic-testing/
Dwarfism. (n.d.). Retrieved October 27, 2017, from https://www.omicsonline.org/israel/dwarfism-peer-reviewed-pdf-ppt-articles/
Videos
I. (2009, April 05). Michael J Fox Parkinson's Disease. Retrieved October 27, 2017, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ECkPVTZlfP8&t=66s
D. (2013, February 07). Zebrafish: The New Lab Rat. Retrieved October 27, 2017, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m0ImaY5vCcE
By Domenic
By William Maida
Sestito

Cross Species Genetics

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Cross Species Genetics

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Cross Species Genetics and

Titled 'A transgenic apple callus showing reduced

This journal produced and tested a procedure, to

The main enzyme that oxidizes in

break the tissue of the apple, and According to Murata.M,

You also need to know that different types of

As-a also had antisense PPO gene added to its medium

They also included a non-transgenic callus from a leaf (not altered),

They grew 356 leaf explants.

After more than a year they estimated the

They found one callus type that had

Murata.M, Nishimura.M, Murai.N, Haruta.M, Homma.S, and Itoh .Y (2001)

Murata, Nishimura, Murai, Haruta, Homma, and Itoh (2001)

Murata, Nishimura, Murai, Haruta, Homma, and Itoh (2001)

A Canadian company ‘Okanagan Specialty Fruits Inc.’, is

They use the same scientific basis published in this journal, to

Assistant Journal Editor

As consumers we should be clearly informed as to whether

According to Gonsalves, A.K (2015) OSF says that with all

Secondary Academic Journal

Domestic animals and agriculture

Other animals with beneficial

Beneficial genes could improve

Strain of Atlantic salmon with growth-

Grow to market size in half the time of

To predict impact it must be

Experiment Performed (Experiment 3 in Case

Two strains of coho salmon genetically modified with the growth

Transgenic salmon strains will be compared to wild coho salmon in semi

The other transgenic strain was greater in size than wild

The strain with the lesser promoter always had the

Without predators, the better strain and the wild salmon

Conclusion - What does this mean?

Waltz, E. (2017, August 07). First Genetically Engineered Salmon Sold in

Yarr, K. (2017, August 08). Canadians already eating genetically-modified

Article: McGowan Kat (2015 Sep-Oct) Good Breeding? “Good

According to Woolhouse, M. E., and S. Gowtage-Sequeria. 2005,

Evolutionary changes are not always needed for a virus to infect

National TB Control Program Report 2011 The close livelihood of

Hughes et al. 2003 M. bovis is starting to become resistant to

Michel et al. 2010 Hardest part is to differentiate between M.

A common conclusion, in order to control the outbreaks

STSE-If society does not step in now and do something

To identify and characterise pathogens that may emerge

How Can you tell if a Virus Will

We will probably not know of it until we are infected by the virus

Ferguson, N. M., D. A. Cummings, S. Cauchemez, C. Fraser, S.

Medical laboratory scientist

Into To My Scientific Journal

Sensitivity of zebrafish to environmental toxins implicated

My journal is called “Sensitivity of in Parkinson’s disease

implicated in Parkinson’s disease”. Abstract

The authors are Sandrine Bretaud, Susie

Keywords: MPTP; Pesticides; Behavior; Dopaminergic neurons; Zebrafish; Parkinson’s disease

1. Introduction determinants [13]. Although both oxidative stress and

I found in journal at Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common

www.sciencedirect.com selective degeneration of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the

Parkinson’s Disease “a neurodegenerative disorder that aﬀects October 25

predominately dopamine-producing neurones in a specific area of the

Purpose of the Experiment

12 Major Neurotoxins That Eﬀect Our Brain. (2017,

By Domenic Sestito from http://www.ucl.ac.uk/zebrafish-

What Neurotoxins were used?