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?

K? – ?
(K? , KV) J 7 #4 M * #
KV – V : " I .
K?
?
4
K

V
( – ) 4

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V KV R ( ? , V ) Q , (K? , KV ) J #"4 *)
$$ . Q , J # /$ " " 3 $ #b'
? < K? K? < ?
J
V – KV KV – V

C
:( ) $
" + " #: 4 &' Q J 3 $
(C, B<) Q , (C , ) J (Q) ( <, K) Q , (B , Z) J ( J)
(B<, Z) Q , ( <, Z) J ( )
:
K? < ?
C = C< = B < < = = QJ3$ ( J)
B B¯ Z – K KV – V

C <C ? < K?
F7 = D = = = QJ3$ (Q)
C B< – V – KV
.( d6 QJ , ? = K? #J 2 )
K? < ?
= K< = < < B< = = QJ3$ ( )
D Z – Z KV – V

( = ° D "2 = 3 ,° D= 6, "7 d6 3$ )

: (+) $
. (K , C<) , (K< , K) Q , (- A ! ) J G i R A QJ
. J /$ " " RA / 3$
:
, Q I7 #J 5 F
( D , < ) = ( K + K¯ , ( C¯ ) + K )
( , K< ) = J
= < = <D = J
K< (K ) – <

CB
(+ – !) *
: " /"$ " +" $ # 4 (K)
( < , D) , ( < , B) ( J)
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(C , K) Q , (B , K) J ( )

( < , V ) J , 70 /$ ( ) , < = J #"4 *) ( )


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" Q J RA / 3$ ,J , Q
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: #> " Q &' # ./"$ # $ , K #4
( B– ) 4 .Q "2 = 3 , K "2 = K3
K # # " 6 ) K # 6 #J " 4*
8/ " Q "$ N" ": N" &' ! G./"$ /$
&' " 4 ,K 6 M Q" . 0 =
B )K # 6 #J 5 F ( B– ) 4
K ( \ *" ) +K =
B
B
K < =B
(K < ) "2 = B "2
K "2 < "2
=
K "2 "2 + K
K

K3 < 3
( B– ) 4 = B "2
K3 3 + K

\ B K ) # 6 "
( B< ) 4 . 3 , K3 # 6 N* 2
K3 < 3
= 6 N* 2 #J
K3 3+K
.# $ # 6 # 6 # " # J #J 2 >
. 3 , K3 " > # ". r# $ # 6 + "4 *)
( (
! – -

((
±= "2 #b'
! - +!

CC
2 ' " "J " =" 6 2 & $ "'
. F 6

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( < , D ) , ( , B) # /$ " , (B< , C ) , (D , )
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B
K< = = C– = K3 = K 3 $
B
B = = + = ( <) < = 3= 3$
B B D–B
K3 < 3
= "2 #b' ) K # 6 + "4 *b'
K3 3+K
<= Z = (K<) < B =
< B× (K<) + K
(V" 2 6 . VK<"2) ( <)K<"2 =
( :" # ) °KKL BZ =
6 " 3"2 &' $ 6 $ BZ KKL J
. LD = = .( )
:( ) $
( L , C) , (Z, B<) Q , (K , ) J R Q J RA &' Q 6
(L , C)
:
(Z, B¯) Q + "4 *) " hh' .
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(K , ) J JQ, Q " U"
( Z– ) 4
( Z– ) 4

CL
K = < = L <Z 3
=
Z < C – B< Q

B B K <Z
< = = = 3
C C< – B< QJ

Q )QJ# 6 Q 6
( )

= Q "2
( )
× + !
!@ + + = # +!

# !

- = @) × !& = !& ÷ !& =


°ZC = K K<"2 " =" 6Q

(. – !) *
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(Z , Z ) , (D , D) # /$ " " 3 $ :

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: 6 #8 ( – )
: - 5 $ -$, $ ( & )
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# h >. " 4*h *)
6 2 3$
K #J M *4 " 4* *) , G
6# 6 # $
"4# "
K 7"( # ( C– ) 4 &'
V . " 6 2"
" " , = K #b' G
. "2 = K "2
( C– ) 4 . K "2 = K3 = K 3 $ #J "
"2 = 3 = 3$
3 = K3
,# 6 #" 4 " "' , # " # $ > #"4 *) V4.
3 = K3 # $ 6 / # 4 M*

*) #" 6 #" $
" > " *) /$'

C
: - $ $ - $ , $ (.)
= K K 3$ " 8 " '
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# ". #" $ , K #J ( L – ) 4 &' " 4 5 F
Q , J # /$ #"./$ , # /$ #"./"$
. 6 , K K 6 #J 5 F . Q
K "2 = K3 = K
? K "2 = 3 =
# Q J &' #4
# # &' 6 3%"$
+ D=K
( "( 6)
( + D) "2 = K "2
K
K " 2 < = K "2
Q J V ( " 6 2 )
K< = K "2
"2
( L– ) 4 K< = "2 . K "2
K< = 3 . K3

#"4 *) #" $ ".


K< " " Q : 7"

# $ # 6 + "4 *) G J ) 8" V &' " : . $


3 , K3 " >
K3 < 3
± = "2 #b'
3 K3 + K

C
" " a *(i " N* &' #b' # 6 #" $ # * #"4 *b'
: #b' G F7

K3 < 3
D= ± =D "2 = "2 #b'
3 K3 + K

( D = D "2 #0 ) D = 3 < K3
. 6 / * 3 = K3
° D " " N* &' #b' , # ". #" $ #"4 *) " J
K3 < 3
( = D "2 #0 ) = 3 3 + K ± = D "2 = "2 #b'
K

K< = 3 K3 J D = 3 K3 + K
. ". / *
: (%) $
6 ( , ) Q , (Z , D) J # /$ " " 3 $ #J #
. (B< , K<) , (D , K) # /$ " " 3 $

:
B Z < K? < ?
= = = QJ
D< KV < V

B = B< = D < B< = K? < ? =


¯ K < K< KV < V
QJ , 3 = K3
:( ) $
V i (C , ) , (D , D) Q , ( < , C) J /"$ #J + AJ
. 6 3%" R A

LD
:
(( < ) 4 ) "A * &' 3 ( "

( ,C) = ( <) < D = K3 = Q J


C< C <D

C D <C
=D < = 3= Q
Q
(D , D )
K< = C
= 3 K3 × <
C
( < , C) J Q QJ
( – ) !"# $ %& ' ( ) *+, - .
: (+) $
( < , ) , ( < , < ) Q , ( , D) J R R A QJ
. Q J # 6" .
:
K3 = Q #4
L ( <) < <
B = = ( <) – = K3

3 G Q J# 6" . J #4
". / # K< = 3 × K3

K< = 3 ×
B
B < = B × K< = 3

(D K3 R = " ; ! K3 Q $ " 3 #J 2 )

LK
: (2) $
!$ (K, ) , ( <, K<) Q , (Z< , B<) J /"$ #J #
.= "$
:
: #J 3 ( "
Z< < < K? < ?
K = = B< < K< = KV < V = QJ

K=B = <<K = Q
B K< <
. Q /$ &' #"4 " J " , Q = Q J
, Q , J #J 3$ # #" $ #" ./ Q,QJ
.= "$
(! – !) *
6 (L , K<) Q , ( , L) J # /$ " " 3 $ #J + AJ (K)
. (B , C< ) , (K< , ) # /$ " " 3 $
, (B< , K) Q , ( , ) J #"4 *) Q J #J + AJ ( )
. (L , C< ) ,( < , Z<)
,( < , ) , (K , <) Q , ( , C) J #J + AJ , = 4' 3 ( " (B)
. 6 3%" R A V i
, K ) , (L , <) , (C< , K <) Q , (D , ) J #"4 *) (Z)
.#. Q J 4 #J + AJ (KK
, ( , B) Q , (B , ) J /$ #J + AJ = 4' 1" ( (C)
.= "$ ) !$ ( < , K<)
"$ ) (? , V) , (Z , K<) Q , (B , ) J /$ + "4 *) (L)
: #J + Aa' =
D = KK – ? B + V

L
(B< , <) , (D , L) Q , (Z , ) J G i R A QJ( )
Q J# 3 . (J)
. J 1" 6 Q# 3 3$ (Q)
A (/ (= A E) A (1< A -) A (1 A -) /* %* 9 (:)
.E 0
"$ !$ ( , L<) , (C , D) Q , (Z , B) J /$ #J + AJ ( )
.=
(B , ) J # /$ # 7 ./$ I 7 /$ " A ) #"4 *) (KD)
. ". 8$ " J + AJ ( ? , V) & (Z , B) Q
. F7 = K + ? – V
! Q N" T &' q BD " 6!7 3$ K (KK)
! q LD " 6!7 (t 3 $ (t 3 $ !/"$ +"
. !/"$ 6 . +"
(t 1" $ !/"$ ¡j " G 1" $ j6 3$ K (K )

,K # $ # =" 6 ( ,Z) Q , (B , ) J.# /$ "


! q ZC " 6 !7 (t 1" $ ". 3 $ K (KB)
( )K<"2 "
¢ 6 !7 1" $ !/"$ &

. ,K / ; 0 . #*

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