Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Original paper
Received: January 24, 2011; accepted: March 19, 2013; published on line: December 11, 2013
Resumen Abstract
D. Y. Layu*
C. T. Tabod
Department of Physics, Faculty of Science
University of Yaoundé I
P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon
*
Corresponding authors: tndougsa@yahoo.fr
donlayu@hotmail.com
5
T. Ndougsa-Mbarga, D. Yufenyiu Layu, J.Q. Yene-Atangana and C. Tabod Tabod
The area of study is part of the Precambrian The area of study (Figure 1) is part of the Pan-
of central and southern Cameroon which shows African-Brazillian belt made of belts which were
many geological features of different ages and rejuvenated during the Pan-African orogeny
varying petrographic characteristics (Tadjou et about 550 Ma ago (Vicat, 1998; Djouka et al.,
al., 2009). In the Pan-African domain, geological 2004; Toteu et al., 2004). It is largely intruded
studies (Toteu et al., 2004) reveal that the region by Neoproterozoic granitoids of Pan-African age
was formed during the Pan-African event in latest emplaced from early stage of deformation to late
Proterozoic to earliest Palaeozoic by convergence uplift stage of the evolution of the Central African
and collision between the Congo Craton to the Fold Belt (CAFB). The region is in the southern
south and the Pan-African mobile belt to the north. portion of the Pan-African mobile domain that
shares a boundary with the Congo Craton. It is
Gravity and audiomagnetotellurics studies by composed of granite-gneissic rocks and those of
Collignon (1968), Ndougsa et al. (2003), Tadjou the Precambrian intermediate formation (Vicat,
et al. (2009), Manguelle-Dicoum et al. (1992 1998). This intermediate formation constitutes
& 1993), Mbom Abane (1997), and Meying et the Yaounde group formed of the Ayos-Mbalmayo-
al.(2009) have shown that the limit of the Congo Bengbis series which dip to the north and merge
6 Volume 53 Number 1
Geofísica Internacional
with the Yaounde series without any lithological Mbalmayo-Bengbis series (Figure 1) dips to the
break. The Ayos-Mbalmayo-Bengbis series are north and merges with the Yaoundé series without
is mainly composed of schists and recrystalized any major lithological break (Tadjou et al., 2009).
quartzites. This schist and quartzite complex is
a belt trending E-W, and covering about 1500 The schist seems to have been formed from
km (Vicat, 1998). The composition is made up clay or limestone sediments. The mica-schist of
of chlorite-schist, micaschist with or without this region is thought to have been formed on top
garnet, gneisses and slates with numerous veins of the chloride-schist. The primary minerals of
of quartzite. The Ayos-Mbalmayo-Bengbis series the schist include muscovite, biotite, quartz and
contains the same metasedimentary composition garnet, disthene, rutile and ilmenite as secondary
as the Yaoundé series, but metamorphosed and minerals (Ndougsa et al., 2003; Paterson et al.,
deformed at different structural levels (Olinga et 1976). The granites are of the calco-alkalinic and
al., 2010). leucocratic type with heterogeneity in mineralogy.
The Yaoundé series is comprised of low to As regards the tectonics, the region has a
high grade garnet bearing schist, mica-schist, complex and uneven tectonic structure which
disthene, quartzite and gneisses metamorphosed is described to have resulted from orogenic
under medium to high pressure metamorphism movements of the Pan-African basement (Tadjou
reaching the granulite facies (Toteu et al., et al., 2009). Although no clear evidence of
2004; Vicat, 1998). The schists and gneisses the tectonic nature of the region is observed at
are interpreted as neoproterozoic epicontinental the surface, it is worth noting the foliation and
deposits related either to an intracontinental migmatization of the region (Figure 2). The ar-
distensive environment or a passive margin. cuate foliation is regarded to have resulted from
Structurally, the Yaoundé series are made up of deformation of the underlying Congo Craton
juxtaposed rock units which are interpreted as (Toteu et al., 2004; Mvondo et al., 2007). The
a large nappe that is thrusted southward onto schist and mica-schist are relatively folded (Olinga
the Congo Craton (Toteu et al., 2004). The Ayos- et al., 2010).
Figure 2. Simplified
geological map of the area of
study (Adapted from Nnange,
1991; Ndougsa et al., 2003).
8 Volume 53 Number 1
Geofísica Internacional
Profile P1 covers a length of 111.0 km. It troughs and one crest with some having sharp
has its origin at latitude 3º30’ N and lies parallel peaks. This is as a result of varying magnetic
on longitude 12º6’ E up to latitude 4º30’N. This character of the bodies along the profile.
profile runs through Zoa and Akonolinga, the
nearest localities to the profile to the west. From The third profile lies along the parallel of
the south, the profile cuts through the mica-schist, longitude 12º46’48” E and runs from latitude
migmatite, quartzite and lastly the mica-schist at 3º15’ to 4º30’ N. It covers a distance of 138.75
the north of the region. km and traverses between Messamena and
Mbama. The profile cuts across the schist, mica-
Along the profile, we have a region of high schist, migmatite and gneiss of the region. It runs
negative anomalies that create a high gradient from the negative anomaly zone in the South
with the positive anomalies of the north. This to the positive anomalies ranging from around
gradient zone and other traced zones along the Messamena up to the North.
profile are the areas of interest.
The depths of the anomaly sources (Table 1)
Profile P2 runs from latitude 3º15’ to 4º30’ N. were calculated from plots of the log of the energy
It lies parallel along longitude 12º28’48” E and spectrum versus the wave number of the residual
covers a distance of 138.75 km. The profile cuts anomalies (Figure 6). The depths obtained from
across with Bengbis and Mbang to the west, and the slope of the curve represent the average
Ayos and Ndele to the east. This profile passes depth of the top of the anomaly sources. The
through the schist, mica-schist, migmatite and calculation of the error for the depths was also
gneissic formations from the south to the north included in the computer code. The mean least
of the geological map. At the south of the profile, square method used, integrates the fact that the
there is a vast zone of negative anomalies which error should not be more than 10% of the depth
suggests a change in magnetic susceptibility. calculated (Nnange et al., 2000). The regional
There is also a highly suspected zone of an depths represent the far away or deeper sources
intrusion about 4º N. The region with circular which are considered as anomaly sources of long
negative elongated anomalies creates a high wavelength. The residual anomaly depths serve
gradient with the high positive anomaly zone as one of the constraints for the modeling that
towards the North. This profile is made up of two follows.
10 Volume 53 Number 1
Geofísica Internacional
Profile P1 P2 P3
Granite 2x10-3
Schist 1.2x10-3
Gneiss 1.3x10-3
Quartzite 3.5x10-3
2.5 D Modeling
12 Volume 53 Number 1
Geofísica Internacional
of magma along a zone of fissure resulting to a granite intrusion found at the south is in between
granitic intrusion. The magma probably originated the schist formations. The schists and gneisses
from a magma chamber of which the fissure could are metamorphic rocks that were formed under
have extended hence creating a passage for the different temperature and pressure conditions.
magma. These contact zones represent buried The granite-gneiss contacts are located between
faults. They are located between the Mengueme Mengueme and Ayos and they represent zones
and Akonolinga localities. These are similar to the of weakness, hence proposing faults within the
results obtained from the study of gravity data by regions. The granite-schist contacts also represent
Ndougsa et al. (2003) where faults were located faults and are located on the north and south of
along the Mengueme-Akonolinga axis. Bengbis. These faults are shallow faults in the
crust.
The model of profile P2 (Figure 7) is made up
of schist, gneiss, and quartzite and granite rock Profile P3’s model (Figure 8) is characterized
formations. Many are all in the interior of the crust by eight bodies representing different rock
with none reaching the surface as indicated from formations based on their structural and physical
the spectral analysis. Along the model, we have properties. This comprises metamorphic rocks;
two granite intrusions. These intrusions probably schist, gneiss and quartzite, and a large granitic
resulted from the crystallization of magma rising rock. The negative anomaly zone at the south of
through the zones of weakness that must have the profile is as a result of the schist, gneiss and
extended up to a magma chamber deep in the quartzite formations. The schist is sandwiched by
lithosphere where the temperature and pressure two gneiss rock masses. Along the profile where
allow the rock to exist in the molten form. there is the magnetic quiet zone, we have a large
mass of gneissic formation which lies beneath.
From the anomaly map, the granite formations This gneiss shares a boundary with the granite
are located along zones of negative anomalies rock mass. This gneiss-granite contact represents
along the profile. This includes the circular a fault along the profile and it is around the parallel
elongated negative anomalies that lie on the of latitude 4° N. This contact is situated just above
parallel of latitude 4º N which from the model the Mbama locality located on the geological map.
represent a granite intrusion. This intrusion is in To the north of the granite formation, there exist
between two gneissic formations while the other a quartzite and a schist rock masses.
The white patches on the three models magma through the contact zone between the
represent undifferentiated rock units which are Pan-African and cratonic domains, thus keeping
not the cause of the observed anomalies. They the Pan African domain to the north and the
are rock units with no magnetic character. Congo Craton to the south. Therefore tracing out
the south contacts of these granitic formations
Discussion (Figure 10) indicate the northern margin of the
Congo Craton. Hence with respect to this limit
Forward modeling of magnetic data can have we have the northern limit of the Congo Craton
many models developed from the profiles. In order traced out on the geological map (Figure 11). The
to obtain a model that reflects the subsurface present results are in accordance with those put
structure, one has to consider certain parameters in evidence by Meying et al. (2009) in the Mbama,
that would limit this uncertainty. As part of the where a deep seated fault has been identified by
constrains, the spectral analysis has been used the AMT analysis using the combination of Bostick
to determine the average depths of the top of the and classical approaches (Meying et al., 2009;
anomaly sources. It is observed that the depths Ndougsa et al., 2011). In the regional scale, the
vary between 300 m and 450 m from the surface structural facts identified by the study are in
of the earth. accordance with the results obtained by Ndougsa
et al. (2002 & 2003) in the interpretation of gravity
The three profiles drawn parallel to each other data, and the audiomagnetotelluric 1D linearized
and their respective models, put to evidence a inversion & 2D forward modeling (Ndougsa et
series of metamorphic and plutonic rocks. The al., 2011).
granite formations of the profile P1 model (Figu-
re 7, about 50 km from the southern edge), Conclusion
profile P2 model (Figure 8, about 75.3 km from
the southern edge) and profile P3 model (Figure The purpose of this study was the correlation of
9, about 95 km from the southern edge) both lie the magnetic data with the surface geology and
almost along the parallel of latitude 4º N. This the tectonics, and to determine the subsurface
is within the transition zone between the Congo geology of the Akonolinga-Mbama region. In this
Craton and the Pan African domain. The granitic regard, the qualitative analysis of the vast varying
formations probably resulted from the uprise of anomalies of the region highlighted that the
14 Volume 53 Number 1
Geofísica Internacional
anomaly sources originate from the interior of the neoproterozoic granitoids within the Central
crust. This was also suggested by spectral analysis African Fold Belt in the Bafoussam area,
of the data. A series of buried faults were depicted Western Cameroon (Central Africa). University
by the gradient method and areas of interruption of Wuerzburg, Germany, 4 p.
of leveling of anomalies. Various areas of granitic
intrusions were observed from the modeling. Manguelle-Dicoum E., Bokossah A.S., Kwende-
Fault lines have been identified from qualitative Mbanwi T.E., 1992, Geophysical Evidence for
analysis. Based on geological data, some of the a major Precambrian shist-granite boundary
proposed faults turned out to be variations of in southern Cameroon. Tectonophysics, 205,
magnetic susceptibilities of metamorphic rocks. 437-446.
The present results are in agreement with Mbom Abane S. 1997, Investigation géophysique
gravity studies in adjacent areas which highlight en bordure du craton du Congo (région
a reseau of faults oriented W-E (Ndougsa et al., d’Abong-Mbang/ Akonolinga) et implication
2002 & 2003; Basseka et al., 2011; Shandini et structurale. Thèse de Doctoral d’Etat en
al., 2010 & 2012), and the audiomagnetolluric Science, Université de Yaoundé 1, 180p.
data analysis that puts in evidence a secondary
fault line with SW-NE general trend (Ndougsa et Meying A., Ndougsa-Mbarga T., Manguelle-Dicoum
al., 2011 & 2012). E., 2009, Evidence of fractures from the image
of the subsurface in the Akonolinga-Ayos area
From the results in this work, the geophysical (Cameroon) by combining the Classical and
limit of the Congo Craton (Figure 11) is located the Bostick approaches in the interpretation
around the parallel of latitude 4º N which is slightly of audio-magnetotelluric data. J. Geology and
extended to the North relative to the known limit Mining Research, 1, 8, 159-171.
of the Craton that appears on the surface of the
Earth (Figure 2). We find that, part of the Pan Mvondo H., Owona S., Mvondo-Ondoa J., Essono
African domain lies on top of the Congo Craton. J., 2007, Tectonic evolution of the Yaoundé
segment of the Neoproterozoic Central African
Acknowledgments Orogenic Belt in southern Cameroon. Can. J.
Earth Sci., 44, 433-444.
We are grateful to Professor R. J. Gordon
Cooper, School of Earth Sciences, and chairman Ndougsa-Mbarga T., Feumoé A.N.S., Manguelle-
of the Geophysics group at the University of Dicoum E., Fairhead J.D., 2012, Aeromagnetic
Witwatersrand for letting us use his 2.5D magnetic Data Interpretation to Locate Buried Faults in
modeling and inversion program. South-East Cameroon. Geophysica, 47, 1-2,
49-63.
Bibliography
Ndougsa-Mbarga T., Meying A., Bisso D., Sharma
Basseka C.A., Shandini Y.N., Tadjou J.M., 2011, K.K., Layu D.Y., Manguelle-Dicoum E., 2011,
Subsurface Structural Mapping Using Gravity Audiomagnetotelluric (AMT) soundings based
Data of the northern edge of the Congo on the Bostick approach and evidence of
Craton, South Cameroon. Geofizika, 28, 2, tectonic features along the northern edge of
231-244. the Congo Craton, in the Messamena/Abong-
Mbang. J. Ind. Geophys. Union, 15, 3, 145-
Bhattacharryya B.K., Lei-Kuang Leu, 1975, 159.
Spectral analysis of gravity and magnetic
anomalies due to two-dimensional structures. Ndougsa-Mbarga T., Manguelle-Dicoum E., Tabod
Geophysics, 40, 993-1013. C.T., Mbom Abane S., 2003, Modélisation
d’anomalies gravimétriques dans la région
Collignon F., 1968, Gravimétrie de reconnaissance de Mengueme-Akonolinga (Cameroun). Sci.
de la République Fédérale du Cameroun. Tecchnol. Dev., 10, 1, 64-74.
ORSTOM (Office de la Recherche Scientifique
et Technique d’Outre-Mer, Paris, France), 35 p. Ndougsa-Mbarga T., Manguelle-Dicoum E.,
Mbom-Abane S., Tabod C.T., 2002, Deep
Cooper G.R.J., 2003, Mag2dc 2.10. An interactive crustal structures along the north eastern
2.5D Magnetic modelling and inversion margin of the Congo Craton in the Abong-
program for Microsoft windows, School of Mbang/Bertoua region (Cameroon) based
Geosciences University of the Witwatersrand, on gravity data. In: Electronics Memories of
Johannesburg 2050 South Africa. the 2nd Cuban Geophysical Congress and the
IV Latin American Geophysical Conference,
Djouka F.M.L., Schüssler U., Tchouankoue J.P., 2002, Cuba, CD Rom 15p.
2004, Geochemistry and petrogenesis of
Nnange J.M., Ngako V., Fairhead J.D., Ebinger Tadjou J.M., Nouayou R., Kamguia J., Kande H.L.,
C.J., 2000, Depths to density discontinuities Manguelle-Dicoum E., 2009, Gravity analysis
beneath the adamawa Plateau region, Central of the boundary between the Congo Craton
Africa, from spectral analysis of new an and the Pan-African belt of Cameroon. Austrian
existing gravity data. Journal of African Earth Journal of Earth Sciences, 102, 71-79.
Sciences, 30, 887-901.
Talwani M., 1965, Computation with the help
Olinga J.B., Mpesse J.E., Minyem D., Ngako V., of a digital computer of magnetic anomalies
Ndougsa-Mbarga T., Ekodeck G.E., 2010, The caused by bodies of arbitrary shape.
Awaé - Ayos strike-slip shear zones (Southern- Geophysics, 30, 797-817.
Cameroon): Geometry, kinematics and
significance in the late Panafrican tectonics. Telford W.M., Geldart L.P., Sheriff R.E., Keys
N. Jb. Geol. Paläont. Abh., 257, 1, 1-11. D.A., 1990, Applied Geophysics 4th edition,
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge,G.B.,
Paterson Grant, Watson Ltd, 1976, Etudes 860p.
aeromagnetiques sur certaines Régions de
la République Unie du Cameroun. ACDI, Toteu S.F., Penaye J., Poudjom D.Y., 2004,
Toronto, Canada, 190p. Geodynamic evolution of the Pan-African belt
in the central Africa with special reference to
Robert S.C., 1982, Handbook of Physical Cameroon. Can. Journ. Earth Sci., 41, 73-85.
Properties of Rocks. Vol. II, CRC Press, Inc.
Vicat J.P., 1998, Esquisse géologique du
Shandini N.Y., Tadjou J.M., 2012, Interpreting Cameroun. Collection GEOCAM, Presses
gravity anomalies in South Cameroon, Central Universitaire Yaoundé, pp. 3-11.
Africa. Earth Sci. Res., 16, 1, 5-9.
16 Volume 53 Number 1