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Kul-24.3200 L02 Resistance 002 2015 Autumn PDF
Kul-24.3200 L02 Resistance 002 2015 Autumn PDF
CT(Fn,Re,Wn)
Total resistance
Depends mainly on Fn Depends mainly on Re
1 Resistance
I Overview (Sept. 14)
I Modelling the flow 1/2 (Sept. 18)
I Frictional flow and wave making(Sept. 21)
I Evaluation of the resistance (Sept. 25)
2 Propulsion
3 Ship dynamics
Additional reading
Continuity equation and Navier-Stokes equations in the books on the
basics of the fluid mechanics.
I For instance: Nakayama Y. and Boucher R.F. (2000). Introduction to
Fluid Mechanics. Revised. Butterworth Heinemann.
Matusiak, Jerzy (2010). Laivan kulkuvastus, M-289, Section 2.1.
Section 2.2 partly outdated. (Finnish lecture notes in Noppa)
2 Continuity equation
3 Navier-Stokes equations
6 Summary
2 Continuity equation
3 Navier-Stokes equations
6 Summary
∂u ∂v ∂w
+ + =0
∂x ∂y ∂z
2
∂ u ∂2u ∂2u 1
∂u ∂u ∂u ∂u 1 ∂p
+u +v +w =− +ν + + 2 + Fx
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z ρ ∂x ∂x 2 ∂y 2 ∂z ρ
2
∂2v ∂2v
∂v ∂v ∂v ∂v 1 ∂p ∂ v 1
+u +v +w =− +ν + + + F y
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z ρ ∂y ∂x 2 ∂y 2 ∂z 2 ρ
2
∂2w ∂2w
∂w ∂w ∂w ∂w 1 ∂p ∂ w 1
+u +v +w =− +ν + + + Fz
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z ρ ∂z ∂x 2 ∂y 2 ∂z 2 ρ
Cartesian coordinates
Assumptions on the fluid
Axis x, y , z
Incompressible
Velocity components u, v , w
Continuous
2 Continuity equation
3 Navier-Stokes equations
6 Summary
∂u ∂v ∂w
+ + =0
∂x ∂y ∂z
Why is it useful?
Helps understanding the behaviour of the flow
Can be applied in the mathematics models of the flow
Q = V /t = A · L/t = A · v
Q = V /t = A · L/t = A · v
The volumetric flow rate must be the same in the both parts of the pipe,
because we cannot gain or lose any fluid.
Q = A1 · v1 = A2 · v2
∂u ∂v ∂w
(Compare to ∂x + ∂y + ∂z = 0)
Aalto University, School of Engineering Introduction of Marine Hydrodynamics 18 September 2015 15 / 35
Outline
2 Continuity equation
3 Navier-Stokes equations
6 Summary
X
F~ =m~a
P~
Net force acting upon an object F
Mass of the object m
Acceleration of the object ~a
Aalto University, School of Engineering Introduction of Marine Hydrodynamics 18 September 2015 18 / 35
Navier-Stokes equations
Newton’s second law & Navier-Stokes equations
Navier-Stokes equations:
2
∂2w ∂2w
∂w ∂w ∂w ∂w ∂p ∂ w
ρ +u +v +w =− +µ + + +Fz
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z ∂z ∂x 2 ∂y 2 ∂z 2
Navier-Stokes equations:
2
∂2w ∂2w
∂w ∂w ∂w ∂w ∂p ∂ w
ρ +u +v +w =− +µ + + + Fz
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z ∂z ∂x 2 ∂y 2 ∂z 2
Z Z
∂w ∂w ∂w ∂w
ρ +u +v +w dV = [...] dV
V ∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z V
∂w ∂w ∂w ∂w
2
∂2w ∂2w
∂p ∂ w
ρ +u +v +w =− +µ + + +Fz
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z ∂z ∂x 2 ∂y 2 ∂z 2
Convective acceleration
∂w ∂w ∂w
u +v +w
∂x ∂y ∂z
Convective acceleration
indicates how much flow accelerates or slows down when it passes a
fixed point P.
Body forces
are significant in ship hydrodynamics.
represented as a density of a force distributed within the flow domain.
Cartesian co-ordinate system (x,y ,z) and z-axis oriented upwards:
Fz = −ρg and Fx = Fy = 0.
∂p ∂ 2w ∂ 2w ∂ 2w
!
∂w ∂w ∂w ∂w
ρ +u +v +w =− +µ + + +Fz
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z ∂z ∂x 2 ∂y 2 ∂z 2
∂p ∂ 2w ∂ 2w ∂ 2w
!
∂w ∂w ∂w ∂w
ρ +u +v +w =− +µ + + +Fz
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z ∂z ∂x 2 ∂y 2 ∂z 2
2 Continuity equation
3 Navier-Stokes equations
6 Summary
On the equation
Assumptions: inviscid and irrotational flow
The law of conservation of energy: the sum of the kinetic energy,
energy due to pressure and potential energy is always constant.
I Connects v , p and vertical location of the control point.
On its application
Often useful: the connection between the pressure and the velocity.
Understanding the behaviour of the flow around a ship.
In this course, for instance
I Why does the action of a propulsor increases the pressure resistance?
I Flow around a ship in a channel.
Aalto University, School of Engineering Introduction of Marine Hydrodynamics 18 September 2015 27 / 35
Bernoulli equation: Example
→ Using the Bernoulli equation, explain why the pressure resistance
increases due to an operating propeller.
→ The frictional resistance increases too. Why? (You don’t need the
Bernoulli equation for this.)
Pressure resistance Z
Rpressure = pnx dS.
S
Frictional resistance Z
Rfriction = τ dS.
S
2 Continuity equation
3 Navier-Stokes equations
6 Summary
2 Continuity equation
3 Navier-Stokes equations
6 Summary