Calculus A COMPLETE COURSESEVENTH EDITION Student Solutions Manual Calculus A COMPLETE COURSE Robert A. Adams University of British Columbia Christopher Essex University of Western Ontario Pearson Canada TorontoCopyright © 2010 Pearson Education Canada, a division of Pearson Canada Inc., Toronto, Ontario Pearson Addison Wesley. All rights reserved. This publication is protected by copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permission, write to the Permissions Department ISBN-1 ISBN-I 978-0-321-59788-5 0-321-59788-5 Acquisitions Editor: Cathleen Sullivan Associate Editor: Christina Lee Production Editor: Mary Ann Blair Production Coordinator: Sarah Lukaweski 12345 1312111009 Printed and bound in Canada.FOREWORD These solutions are provided for the benefit of students using the textbook Calculus: A Complete Course (7th Edition) by R. A. Adams and Chris Essex, published by Pearson Education Canada. For the most part, the solutions are detailed, especially in exercises on core material and techniques. Occasionally some details are omitted — for example, in exercises on applications of integration, the evaluation of the integrals encountered is not always given with the same degree of detail as the evaluation of integrals found in those exercises dealing specifically with techniques of integration. With a few exceptions, only the even-numbered exercises in the text are solved in this Manual. As a student of Calculus, you should use this Manual with caution. It is always more beneficial to attempt exercises and problems on your own, before you look at solutions prepared by others. If you use these solutions as “study material” prior to attempting the exercises, you can lose much of the benefit that can follow from diligent attempts to develop your own analytical powers. When you have tried unsuccessfully to solve a problem, then look at these solutions to try to get a “hint” for a second attempt. Noy, 2008. R.A. Adams Chris Essex adms@math.ube.ca essex@uwo.caCONTENTS, Solutions for Chapter P 1 Solutions for Chapter 1 R Solutions for Chapter 2 2 Solutions for Chapter 3 44 Solutions for Chapter 4 58 Solutions for Chapter 5 92 Solutions for Chapter 6 110 Solutions for Chapter 7 138 Solutions for Chapter 8 162 Solutions for Chapter 9 180 Solutions for Chapter 10 202 Solutions for Chapter 11 217 Solutions for Chapter 12 232 Solutions for Chapter 13 255 Solutions for Chapter 14 27 Solutions for Chapter 15 298 Solutions for Chapter 16 314 Solutions for Chapter 17 328 Solutions for Appendices 34410. 2 Ma 16. 2. STUDENT SOLUTIONS MANUAL CHAPTER P. PRELIMINARIES Section P.1 Real Numbers and the Real Line (page 10) L Ti Ix 32777 100x ~ 320 = 7+ (10x ~ 32), or 90x = 295. Thus + then 10x — 32 TTT and 295/90 = 59/18, ‘Two different decimal expansions can represent the same ‘number. For instance, both 0.999999... = 0.5 and 1.000000 = 1.0 represent the number 1 x <2and x > —3 define the interval (~3,2). x < =I defines the interval (20, —1 x <4 or x > 2 defines the interval (0, 00), that is, the ‘whole real line U13e-+5 <8, ten 3 <8-53 ad x <1, Sto Cot and x <2. Solution: (—oo, 2) If x? < 9, then |x| < 3 and -3 < x < 3. Solution: ae Given: + x22 GaSe Ls Ota x41 225,001 paste) Son: 1 Given 6x? ~ Sx < —1, then (2x ~ 1)(3x ~ 1) < 0, so cer s'ciaiss Wor 21 ads if Then conan is pose Te slo ti 01/3, 1/2). Given x?—x < 2, then x7—x—2 < 0 so (x—2)(x+1) <0. Tinks poeife's 2ady Stele bad 2th at ston ps. The len set is [-1, 2]. Given: 2 < 2 cast (ifs > Hed Dib) >, ost) ate) Ths 23 Te a nos inten GaSe Wt << ten —De-+) <0. See S aces tmcte $3 ive tne ins) a sls CASE inten Dee +1) >, sha Secri)2G <0, Ths S23 Amber 2-8 oe cui Solutions: (—o0, ~5) U (1, 1). ie Hatten e347, s0xe terra 4 6 10. 2 14 16. 18. SECTION P2 (PAGE 16) IF [x] <2, then x is in (2,2) Wle-+2) < 1, then 2-1 <4 < 241, sor isin (-3.-D. Wax +5] < 1, then -$—1 < 2x <5 +1, 50x isin 3-2. 3x7 + 6x — 9 > 0 > 3(x + 3)(x — 1) > 0. This -@-», ‘The equation [x ~ 1] = 1 — x holds if jx — 1 that is, if x —1 <0, or, equivalently, if x < 1 Section P.2 Cartesian Coordinates in the Plane (page 16) 2) to BE4, -10), A: 12. [AB] From A(O5,3) to B2,3), Ax = = 350. |AB|=15. HS. Ay= 1. Starting point was (~2 ~(~5),-2~ 1), that is, G, ~3) x2 4 y? = 2 represents a circle of radius /2 centred at the origin, x24 y? =0 represents the origin, _y < x2 represents all points lying below the parabola pa ‘The vertical line through (V2, ~1.3) is x ‘horizontal line through that point is y Line through (~2,2) with slope m ye 2+(1/2(e+2), oF x —2y =~ Line through (a, 0) with slope m = y= 0-21 —a), or y= 2a ~ 2x. At x =3, the beight of the line x — 4y =7 is 3 —7)/4 = —1. Thus (3, —1) lies on the line. ‘The line through (—2, 1) and (2, —2) has slope (-2- D/2-+2) = ~3/4 and equation = G/A)(e +2) oF 3x-+4y = 2. ‘The line through (—2, 0) and (0, 2) has slope m= (2~0)/(0+2) = 1 and equation y = 2+. =1/2 and & = 3, then the line has equation (Dx ~3, or x +2y = 6. ifm30, 32. SECTION P2 (PAGE 16) 4 has x-intercept imercept 2. Is slope is —b/a 1/2. y Fig, P228 LSr ~2y = 3 has x-intercept a = —3/1.5 =—2 and y- intercept b = ~3/(~2) = 3/2. Its slope is ~b/a = 3/4. Y Fig. P2.30 line through (—2,2) parallel to 2x + y = 4s 2x + y = —2 line perpendicular to 2x + y x-2y We have Rt y=8 = MrtTy=56 Se-Ty Se—Ty Adding these equations gives 19x = 57, so x = 3 and y =8~ 2x =2, The intersection point is (3,2). The line (x/2) ~ (9/3) ‘yrintercept b= —3. 1 has x-intercept a 2, and Fig. P236 38. 40. 2. 46. 48. R. A. ADAMS: CALCULUS The line through (2,5) and (k, 1) has x-intercept 3, so also passes through (3,0). Its slope m satisfies 1-0 m3 o-s 372 Thus k-3 =I, and so k= 2, —40° and ~40° is the same temperature on both the Fahrenheit and Celsius scales. Fig, R240 A=0,0, B=(,vd, C=2,0 1AB| = ¥ (1-07 + (v3 - 0) = Va=2 \Acl = V@=0F + O- OF = Va=2 [BC| = 2-1)? +0 - V3? = V4 =2. Since |4B| =|AC| = |AC\, triangle ABC is equilateral If M = (2, J) is the midpoint of Py Po, then the dis- placement of M from P, equals the displacement of Ps from M: Am X= mY YY Thus tq = (x1 + 42)/2 and ym = (1 + 929/22 Let the coordinates of P be (x, 0) and those of Q be (X,—2X). If the midpoint of PQ is 2,1), then @+H2=2, @-20/2 The second equation implies that X = —1, and the see- fond then implies that x = 5. Thus P is (5,0). ELIE = VEE OHI says that (x, 9) is quidistant from (2,0) and (0,2). Thus (x, y) must lie on the line that is the right bisector ofthe line from 2,0) t (0,2). A simpler equation for ths line is x = y. For any value of k, the coordinates of the point of inter- section of x-+2y = 3 and 2x — 3y =—1 will also satisfy the equation (e+ 2y-3) +kOx -3y+10. 2, 4 16. 18, BB STUDENT SOLUTIONS MANUAL because they cause both expressions in parentheses 0 be 0. The equation above is linear in x and y, and so rep- resents a straight line for any choice of k. This line will pass through (1,2) provided 144 ~3+42—6+ 1 that is, if k = 2/3. Therefore, the line through the point of intersection of the two given lines and through the point (1,2) has equation x2y-342@r—3y4D) or, on simplification, x = Section P.3. Graphs of Quadratic Equations (page 22) 40-27 O- 3 +044 Bey tayad Paytayes 2442" centre (0, =2); radius 2. x+y? 2e-yt1=0 det lty?—yt 4-H =4 centre: (1, 1/2); radius 1/2, x2 + y? < 4 represents the open disk consisting of all points lying inside the circle of radius 2 centred at the origin. or x? + y? dy =O 25, or x+y? 6x + By x2 + ()—2)? = 4 represents the closed disk consisting of all points lying inside or on the circle of radius 2 centred atthe point (0,2) ‘Together, x?-+y? <4 and (x+2)? +y? < 4 represent the region consisting ofall points that are inside or on both the circle of radius 2 centred atthe origin and the cicle of radius 2 centred at (—2, 0). xP 4 y? = 4x 2y > 4 can be rewritten (x-2?+(7+1? > 9. This equation, taken together with x+y > 1, represents all points that lie both outside the circle of radius 3 centred at (2, —1) and above the line xtysh ‘The exterior of the circle with centre (2,—3) and ra dius 4is given by @ ~ 2? + (+3)! > 16, of byt det 6y> 3, G-1F+0-3? < 10 “The parabola with focus (0, has equation x? = ~2. ‘The parabola with focus (—1,0) and directrix x equation y? = ~4r, ayes, 1/2) and directrix y 28. 32. g SECTION P3 (PAGE 22) “x? has focus (0,—1/4) and directrix y a 0-1) Fig. P3.26 9/16 has focus (4,0) and directx x = 40, earns Fig, P3.28 8) If y = maxis shifted to the tight by amount x1, the equation y = m(x—x1) results. If (a, b) satisfies this equation, then b = m(a—xi), and sox = a—(b/m) Thus the shifted equation is yam — a+ b/m) = mx a) +b. b) If y = ms is shifted vertically by amount 91, the equation y = mx + y1 results. If (a,b) satisfies this equation, then b = ma + yi, and so yr = B — ma. Thus the shifted equation is y = mx +b—ma = m(x —a) +6, the same ‘equation obtained in part (a). ay= 741 0/2) = VeFT x24 9? = S shifted up 2, left 4 gives HP +O -P = y= VF shifted down 2, let 4 gives y= JeF4-2. y = x2 —6, y = 4x —x%, Subsracting these equations tives 2x? — 4x 6 = 0, or Ax — I(x +1) =O. Thus r= 3 ‘or x =I. The corresponding values of y are 3 and 5, ‘The intersection points are (3,3) and (1, ~5).SECTION P38 (PAGE 22) 42. 2x7 + 2y? = 5, xy = 1. The second equation says that y= Ife. Substituting this into the fist equation gives 2x? + 2/x2) = 5, of 2x4 — Sx? +2 = 0. This equation factors to (2x? — 1)(x? — 2) = 0, so its solutions are x = £1/V2 and x = V2. The comesponding values ‘of y are given by y = I/x. Therefore, the intersection points ae (1/2, V2), (1/2, =v), (V2, 1/2), and v3, 1/9. 44, 9x2 + 16)? = 144 is an ellipse with major axis between (4,0) and (4,0) and minor axis between (0, —3) and 0.3), Fig. P3.44 2 46. (xe P+ hp (1, =1, major axis between (1, —5) and (1,3) and minor 44 is an ellipse with centre at Fig, P3.46 48, x? — y? = —1 is a rectangular hyperbola with centre at the origin and passing through (0, 1). Its asymptotes are y = tx. Fig, P3.48, R. A. ADAMS: CALCULUS 50. (& — 1) +2) = 1 is a rectangular hyperbola with centre at (1, —2) and passing through (2, —1) and (0, ~3). Its asymptotes are x = Land y = ~2. Fig. P30 52. Replacing x with —x and y with —y reflects the graph in ‘oth axes. ‘This is equivalent to rotating the graph 180° about the origin. Section P.4 Functions and Their Graphs (page 32) 2. f(a) =1— V¥ domain (0, 00), range (—20, 1) 4. FG) = 1/(e ~ 1); domain (00, 1) U (1, 00), range (00, 0) U (0,00) 6 ae 1 domain (2,3) U (3, 20), range — Vea (00, 0)U (6, 00). The equation y = g(x) can be solved for = (1 ~ (1/y))? 50 has a teal solution provided YY graph (a) y raph (b) Y graph (o) y Fig. P48 8) is the graph of x(1—2)?, which is positive for x > 0.10, 2 4. 16. 18, 20. STUDENT SOLUTIONS MANUAL ») is the graph of x? ifx (1-2), which is positive <1. ©) is the graph of x —x4, which is positive if 0 < x <1 and behaves like x near 0. 4) isthe graph of x* — x, which is positive if o< £0. 41 #1 x < 1 and behaves like x? neat 0. 5 0.62996 3 1.3108 So) =x +3 is odd: f(x) fo Fig. P4.10 ~Fe) is even: f(-x) = f(x) 3 2 is odd about (0, ~2) (f(s) +2) +1) is even about x = =1: Fl-x) = fl+y) S() = V@— TP is even about x fa-» stn) 28, 30. 32. SECTION P4 (PAGE 32) cian yawnSECTION P4 (PAGE 32) R.A. ADAMS: CALCULUS 38, 48. Range is approximately (00, 0.17] 40. Fig. P440(a) Fig. P4.40(b) 50. a2. 44 Fig. P450 Apparent symmetry about x = 1 ‘This can be confirmed by calculating f(2 — x), which tums out to be equal to f(x).52. STUDENT SOLUTIONS MANUAL Fig. P452 Apparent symmetry about (~2,2), ‘This can be confirmed by calculating shifting the graph Fight by 2 (eplae x with x ~ 2) and then down 2 (sub- tract 2). The result is —Sx/(1 + <2), whichis odd Section P.5 Combining Functions to Make New Functions (page 38) =F, s(x) = WTHE. Dig) = [=1, 00). 2) = Dg) =[-11h (-1, 1), D(e/f) = [-1, 1). (f+ aa) = Vi-x+vitx U- 9) = IDR - VIF (fg) = V1 = x 190) = VO=NITED, (if) = VOFHMI=s) 10. fi2)= SECTION P5 (PAGE 38) ly = Isl +12) =. DheN=te Foals) =2/e/0— 2) =20 —H/x: Df og= trix #01 80 f04) = Q//A ~ Q/x)) = 2/e= 2; Digo f= (ex #0,2) 89 9(8) = (4/1 = x))/(1 = /(1 = 9) =/(1 = 28); Digog) = lex 41/20) #0 (x + Df ~ 1) = 1-+2/(e— 1), 86) = sen(), fo fe) =14+2/0+2/@-D-D Dfopakixel = extl = (-0, foae)= BEE <0; DfoH= Cm. x41) (1 itx<-torx>t sores (ES)a(h iat Dgo fy=terxx%-1, 0608) = sen(6en() =sen0); Digo) = te: x #0) fey a(x) fog) dk e xt. (x +1? 2 <4 td x 13. ve ca el 4, 243 x8 ets tix Ya) x 16. 1+? xs Lyx?18. 2, 26. 28, SECTION P5 (PAGE 38) Fig, P5.18 s=2fe-97) [x] = 0 for 0. 2/0) =0 = fe) =0 ‘Section P.6 Polynomials and Rational Func- tions (page 44) 4. Rather than use the quadratic formula this time, let us complete the square, xP 6r4 13 =? 6x 4944 x3 +2 x= 3 -2)or-3+20, The roots are 3-424 and 3 —2i 6. x84 Gr 49x? = 22(0 4 6 +9) = Ae 3)? There are two double roots, 0 and —3. 8 af 1a? Ne? + =e -De+ Dede +. “The roots are 1, —1, i, and 1 10. 8 — x4 16r+16= G4 -)o4-16, =@- DG? 404 +4) =~ Dr = Hla + Dlx = WHA, ‘The roots are 1, 2, -2, 27, and —212. 14, 16. 18, STUDENT SOLUTIONS MANUAL, was —2? ar +4) x08 — 07-4) =a - De - 20 +207 +440, Seven of the nine roots are: 0 (with multiplicity 4), 1,2, and -2. The other two roots are solutions of 2x? tx+1=0, namely ax? a8 4 at ‘The required factorization of x° — 4x7 ‘ 1,3 secre (of 8) cad xP 45x4+3-S5x-3 +543 w+5x43 Let Px) = aya" aap 2! aya + a, where ‘n> 1. By the Factor Theorem, x-+ 1 is a factor of PG) if and only if P(—1) = 0, that is if and only it ao— a1 +92 054: ++(—1)"ay = 0. This condition says thatthe sum of the coefficients of even powers is equal tothe sum of coefficients of odd powers By the previous exercise, Z = u — iv is also a root of, P. Therefore P(x) has two linear factors x — u ~ iv and x —u-+iv. The product of these factors is the real quadratic factor (x — u)? ~ iv? = x? = 2ux +02 + v2, which must also be a factor of P(x). Section P.7 The Trigonometric Functions (page 56) sin 5 cos% + 08% sin Li, 18 es 22° f22 Ww? 4. 16. SECTION P7 (PAGE 56) “(6 B) (4 AG aaa ava sin(Qar = x) = ~ sin o(Fo)aort =1)(= sinx) = sins mo, cos sin tan x ~cotx ea Gz OS a (&) cen et ta cons 10082 (( tn _ eos cose tsinx ~ Gose + sinxy(eosx _ cos? x ~2sin.x cos.x + sin? x = wont — sin? =sin@2x) os (2) = sec(2s) — tan(2x) cos3x = cos(2x +x) 082 cos.x ~ sin2x sin = eos? x = 2cos! x — cosx — 2(1 ~ co? x)eosx cos x — 2sin* xcos.x = 4c0s?x — 308SECTION P7 (PAGE 56) R.A. ADAMS: CALCULUS sin has period 47. 20, sin has period 4 ma. a Ee \ 4 < 22, cos tas ped 4 7 “a. HA. Gen hare =2.b=2.6=3 eee Since a? = b* + c? — 2becos A, A m 1» ; “6 — 5 : 48. Ghentnae=2, b= 3, C=. Ten 26. tanx = 2 where xis in (0, 2), Then Pm 4 9 20)Q) 60835", hence ¢ * 1.78050 setx=I+tans = 14425, Hence, ew Be ovimenre te $0, than tb = VBA = 30% hen 2 = A secx 5 ‘on @ ara sins = tan.xcos.x 2 +b? 2abeosC 142-2V3e0sc == V3) or 3-1 + V3) =24 v3 or 2~ V3. Hence, ¢ = V2+V3 or V2- Vi. 10‘STUDENT SOLUTIONS MANUAL, c eat, Fig. 750 52. See the following diagram. Since tan40° = h/a,there- fore a= h/tand0°. Similarly, b= h/ tan 70°. Since a +b =2 km, therefore, h h iene * ian 70" 2¢tan 40° tan 70") ~ an 70 + tana © 1.286 km, Balloon Fig. P7.52 SECTIONP7 (PAGE 56) From Exercise 53, area = }acsinB. By Cosine Law, @4-F con =P Fade on fi -(“ =") HSER T ESTE ze Hence, Area = square units. Since, S65 ays Bs ~0) = E(e(@ +0? + 6-0") -a -0-2') asa) = 1 (rate? + 2022 = Lae arte Thus JSS AVE = HVS —O = Area of triangle u10. SECTION 1.1 (PAGE 62) CHAPTER 1. LIMITS AND CONTINUITY Section 1.1 Examples of Velocity, Growth Rate, and Area (page 62) Avg vel over [2 +A] T 5.0000 ol 4.1000 0.01 4.0100 0.001 4.0010 0.0001 4.0001 Average volocity on [2,2 +] is Genes _seahen—4 ane? +h —2 i ns As h approaches 0 this average velocity approaches 4 mis Average velocity over [t,t +] is Seth) - 126+) 41- Gr? 120+) om 6th + 3h? — 12h SAE yah tam Tis arg ves arate = 12 ml asa pros ROT he sey 1 —12=~6 stiZaie wey wena 12-0 Aus the velocity is 6 x 3 12 = 6 ms. Average velocity over [f — k,1+K] is Be +k)? = 120 +8) +1 Bb? ab 1 (32 2124 32 32 Ao bk + — 122413 46030 4+ 121~ 126+) E28 ta, % hich isthe velocity at time ¢ from Exercise 7 Average velocity over (1, 1+] is a+ Lanne +n~ (2+ nn) a __ sing 4h) _‘sinzx cosh) + c0sx sinGh) th ah sin(h) ah 2 R. A. ADAMS: CALCULUS Avg vel on 1+ A 1.0000 0 0.1000 0983631643 0.0100 -0.999835515 0.0010 -0:999998355 12, We sketched a tangent line to the graph on page 55 in the text at | = 20. The line appeared to pass through the points (10,0) and (50, 1). On day 20 the biomass is ‘growing at about (1 ~0)/(S0 ~ 10) = 0.025 mma, 4 72000 2001 2002 2003 2008 Fig. 1.114 'b) Average rate of increase in profits between 2002 and 2004, T= 62 _ 12 3004 — 2002 ~ 2 ©) Drawing a tangent line tothe graph in (a) at 1 = 2002 and measuring its slope, we find that the rate of increase of profits in 1992 is about 43, thousandS/year, 56 (thousandSiyr). Section 1.2 Limits of Functions (page 70) 2. From inspecting the graph Fig, 122 we see that Jim g(x) does not exist (left limit is 1, right limit is 0) 0. fim ee) Jim ae