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 GRAMMATICAL NOTICES

OF THE

BURMESE LANGUAGE :
.--A,
.- - : 4.
! ;, ;2

-
B Y A. JUDSON.

I
;
MAULMAIN:

AMERICAN BAPTIST MISSION PUEBB.

 THISwork is printed, with a few corrections, from a
manuscript prepared twenty six years ago, when the author
had not a very extensive acquaintanae with the Burmese
language. He would not, however, have consented to pub-
lish it, had he not been satisfied, on a careful examination,
that it exhibits a correct outline of the principles of the
language, however deficient it may be in grammatical de-
tails.

I t is committed to the press, as the most ready way of

meeting frequent applications for the loan of the manu-
~cript,and in the hope of stimulating eome more industrious
and ambitious person to furnish a work that shall deserve to
be called a Grammar of the language ; for the present slen-
der compilation aspires to no higher title, than that of
" Grammatical Notices."

Maulmain, July, 1842.

 GRAMMATICAL NOTICES, &c.

-
THE ALPHABET.

THEBurmese alphabet consists of ten vowels,

9 and thirty two consonants, qj&:.

9 a, -3 ~j ee, ee, 2 , 00, 3 00,

6 aa, Bj ai, ~ @ , @ au, c@5 au.

3

m ka, a hka, o ga, w ga, c nga;

Q tsa, a, htsa, a dza, q dza, if3 nya;
pta, 5 hta, pda, dg mpa;
ta, 03 hta, s da, Q da, nu;
0 pa, 0 hpa, a bay bn, (d ma;

03, ya, ra, CO la, 0 wa,

tha, cn ha, la.
According to this arrangement, the first twen-
ty five consonants are distributed into five classes.
A*
The letters of the first or rn class are guttur-
als, m a p 3 ; those of the second or o class are
palatals, m 3 q m 3 ; those of the third or q class
are cerebrals, ; those of the fourth or cn
class are dentals, s ~ m ;3and those of the fifth
or o class are labials, @Cp3.
The first letter of each class is a simple articu-
ation, smooth and soft ; the third is the same,
rough and hard ; the second is the aspirate of the
first ; the fourth, according to the Sungskrit sys-
tem, whence the alphabet is derived, is the aspi-
rate of the third, but according to the Burmese
pronunciation, is the same ; and the fifth is the
corresponding nasal.
The pronunciation of the cerebrals and the
dentals, though different in the Sungskrit, is the
same in the Burmese.
Of the seven remaining consonants, five are li-
quids, viz. w, sl, m, 0,and 8 ; s is properly a
sibilant, but pronounced th, and oo is an aspirate.
The cerebrals and the letter 8 are found only
in words derived from the Sungskrit or Pali.
 The names and powers of the letters are as
follows :-
VOWELS.

sa, a short, as in d&a,

sa3, a long, as in father.
q, ee, as i inpin
ee, as in Jeet.

, oo,as infood, or u, as in rule.

C, aa, as a in fate.
a, ai, as in hair.
jau,asoinm

au, as in audience.

Name. Power.
ma:, great ka, ky as in king.
a c e curved hka, hk, k aspirated.
OC& mlall g% f g, as in good,
w @:, great ,g% the same. d
C Y %a, ng, as In rang.
o*:, round tsa, ts.
aoc88, twisted htsa, hts, ts aspirated.
G?, divided dza, dz.
q or cu@E:%, bridle dza, the same.
2 or E, nYa9 nY-
qGc$:~djy bier-hook ta, t, as in time.
$06& duck hta, ht, t aspirated.
aq&cm~c/S,crookedbreast da, d, as in done.
oc4%8, water-dipper da, the same.
no@:, great n% n, as in not.
mo6y, abdominous ta, t, as in time.
oo;aEcq; elephant-fetter hta, ht, t aspirated.
sccg:, little da, d, as in done.
ec caadkd,bottorp-inden-
ted da, (formerly written e,) the same.
pcd, small n% n, as in not.
O G Q ~ steep
~ , or deep pa, p, as in part.
u&:a$, capped hpa, hp, p aspirated.
acod@d,top-indented ba, by as in book.
no@ :,
hump-backed ba, the same.
@, ma, m, in muke.
 9
I

Name. Power.
woclSmcrS, supine ya, y, as in young.
r, as in run, or y, as .

a,la,
crooked ra,
q~m3d,
t above.
1, as in love.
W, as in word.
0, wa,

=,tha,
m, ha,
t. th, soft, as in thin, or
th, hard, as in this.
h, as in home.
, great la, 1, as in love.

The character * c d e d $8&dj or cm:

~m:m&, is reckoned among the consonants, by
the Burmese. It is placed over the letter, with
which it is combined, and has the power of a final
cd, divested of its inherent heavy accent (see Ac-
cents ;) thus 5,than.

Compound Consonants are formed by combin-

ing one or more of the letters w, q, o, and m
under symbolic forms, with simple consonants, ac-
cording to €he following table:-
Letter, &ymbol, Name of Junction Power.
Igymbol, with o,
mya.
mra or mya.
mwa.
mywa.
mrwa or mywa.
hma.
hmya.
hmra or hyma.
hmwa.

The letter 03, in the capacity of an aspirate, is

combined with the nasals, and the letters and
0. When combined with w or q, the compound
has the power of sh, as sf, shan. 391 has the
same power, and sometimes 9also. is equi-
valent to E, and oq to w.

VOWELScombined with CONSONANTS.

Vowels combined 'with consonants,' simple 'or
compound, are represented by symbols, according
to the following table:--
Vmel, %mbol, Nwne of Jrrrretim Powm
Segtdo1, with m,
99
~3 30r7 q m3, 07 ka, gag
R
2
O
Q
L
4zB:mE &
q: :m&ec&
mcq3E:cE
c(3

cq
kee.
kee.
koo.
1 jScqpE:cE cq koo.
C c EUCOC@ c03 kaa.
a \ ~33"S4@6 Ch kai.
c @ ~
C-3 ~ c O C @ ~ ccn3 kau.
c@5 c-5 CUCO~:~C~@: ems kau.
The vowel a has no symbol, being understood
after every consonant, that is not furnished with
the symbol of another vowel, or made final in the
syllable. See Final Consonants.

The second symbol of the vowel m is used,

whenever the use of the first would convert the
consonant into another letter,--also with 8 and C.

The' aymbols of the vowels q and 3,when uni-

ted and cornbided with a consonant, have the
power of o, as in mte, thua4,. ko. If they close
. ,
a syllable, b may optionally follow, dthout occa-
sioning any change in the pronunciation, thus 4
and 4 6 are equivalent
The symbol of any vowel may be. combined
with a,in which case the compound has the
power of the vowel which the symbol represents ;
thus & is equivalent to q, 9 to 3 &c.

Wben a consonant ends a syllable or is final,

it is distinguished by the mark over it, thus
d,or by another consonant subjoined ,thus 9.
It sometimes happens, however, that two con-
sonants, one placed under the other, are both ini-
tials, and therefore come not under the preceding
remark, but are to be regarded as a mere abbre-
viation; thus 2 3 : is equivalent to 3503:.
A double g is written E, the same as one
form of the single. P, with subjoined is com-
monly written 9 A double mais written a.
Final consonants generally assume a new and
peculiar power, and also modify the preceding
vowel. These permutations are exhibited in the
following table :-
 QI
d

so6 en.
~6 e* 995 ik. qS
9306 at-
=$an- $1 ing- qt 6ng. cf een. ~31
rra8 at. 46 ik- q 6 6k. ~6 eet. csas
906 csn, rBS ing- q 6 ~ng. e6 een. os3
930s ai.
' ~ ee.4
an= a d ing. 3~88ng. 6c6 een. ~~5
=&at* 'adik. q & ~ k - ~deet.
93 an. .8' ing. % 6ng.
 As an appendix to the foregoing table, note-
1. Cerebrals, when final, are the same as den-
t als.
2. The 3d letter of each class is the same 'as
the 1st.
3. The 2d and 4th letters of each class ne-
ver occur as finals, except in some words deriv-
ed from the Pali, when they are mute, as gd;
from c o w , the sky, pionounced as q:
.
4. is the same as c6.
5. 6 and d are mute.
6. r ~ before
~ 2 a final, gives the syllable the

same power as (n ; thus ~ 3 is4pronounced an.

T h e final syllables, as exhibited above, are com-
bined with any consonant simpls or compound,
as rod ket, 0116 kyen, k c . without any change
in their pronunciation, except in two cases, viz.
o before 4, d,8, or 6,is commonly pronoun-
ced wSt, not ndt, and beforer&, $, 6, c6, or
" w6n or woon, not wan; and consonants com-
pounded with o. as q ,8, kc. before a, d,6
or 6,are commonly pron~uncedkooat, tsooat,
&c. and before cdj, $, 6, .d, or ', kooan,
tsooan, kc.
 T h e sound of a final consonant is frequently lost
or absorbed, in the initial consonant of the follow-
ing syllable or word, as 9 9 ekara, ~ not etkara ;
and sometimes modified thereby, as ~ & m : ,
thembau, not thenbau. But these permutations,
being dictates of nature, will be naturally acquir-
ed without rule.

.
The Ziglrt neeent ,called d @ Sor ce33nS66, .
is placed under the letter, thus mS. It is used
with the vowels 6, a,c@, and 4
and the
nasal consonants.

T h e heavy accent :,called 8m8Q 64: (vul-

garly oc6 03 64:) or ~ ~ c o is l & ~ after
placed
the letter, thus m$t. It is used with the vowels
933, , &, C and 9,
and the nasal consonants.
This accent is considered as inherent in the vowel
d (unless superseded by the light accent,) and
the final consonant 6, when combined with the
vowel 9. In these cases, therefore, it is fre-
quently omitted, as superfluous.
 for 06 cf for c@3!
J S E o r 4 m$j;cm3E;
m$ @ o r 6 G C333
o (over a kttw) CYS

w is sometimes represented by its symbol, af-

ter &, as - 4 3 : for C W ~ & W ~ :~ , 0 4 3
for cod~3.
& is frequently removed from its natural situp-
tion in the line, and placed over the following let-
ter, as 3 3 ~ 3 3for 338~333.

The mark 11 is used to separate sentences,

and sometimes, the clauses of a sentence.
The double mark s n is used to divide
paragraphs.
 PARTS OF SPEECH.

In the Burmese language, there are five parta

of speech, viz. Nouns,.i?djectivts, Verbs, .Ud-
verbs, and Interjections.
NOUNS.

Nouns are of three kinds, c m m n , which are

names of whole species; proper, which are names
of individuals, as distinguished from others of the
same species ;and personal, commonly called per-
sonal nouns, which are names of individuals, rela-
tively considered, as speaking, spoken to, and
spoken of.
Under common nouns, are included two k i d s
of deri~atives,the simple and the compound. Sim-
ple derivatives are mostly formed from verbal
roots, by affixing cn, as ma&:, light, from me,
to be light ;but in composition, the sa is common-
ly dropped, as EQ3for , Esso3, supper, or eve-
ning food. The same is true of all nouns, whose
initial is a syllabic a;and sometimes even when
a syllable or word is affi~ed,as o d u for a o c 6
u,a large branch. Compound derivatives will be
considered under the head of Verbal Nouns.
B*
 NUMBER.
A common noun, in its simple state, divested of
all definitive adjuncts, is often a noun of multitude,
as qcmmdjco&, nutn is mortal; but the plu-
ral of aIl nouns is regularIy formed by affixing 4,
8,
pronounced to the singular, as ES) man, qg,
tnn. q3:, many, is sometimes used instead of $
GENDER.
Gender is distinguished, sometimes by a differ-
ent word, as C W D ~ D : , a man, Q8, tom. ,-
sometimes by the feminine a6x o or ma@, as
9m$:, a priest, (of BOO&) qm$:o, a priestess,
a&: a goveina; oE:mccnS, a g o v e n w t ; and
sometimes by affuing a:, or 0, or % for the
masculine, and o for the feminine, as ca:&:, a
dog, c ~ : Qa, bitch, @A, a cock, @ d o , a
hen, cS:~, a gmdn, c f : ~a, goose.
CASE.
The relations of nouns, expressed, in most lan-
guages, by prepositions or inflections, are here ex-
pressed by particles atlixed to the noun, without
any inflection of the noun itself, except in some
of the personal nouns. The aflixes of case are
as follows :--
 s@, denoting the agent or subject.
m3:,
,&m3:,
qm3:,sometimes q, I
ditto; as to,
in regard to ;sometimes
adversative.
The nominative a x e s are omitted in partici-
pial clauses, as i0~c@ccn30m3:, what the
teacher said, and frequently in colloquial discourse.
Objective.

4, denoting the object, on which an action ter-

minates; sometimes, the object to which a thing
is given, or for which, or on account of which a
thing is done ;sometimes, the object to which mo-
tion is directed
4,towards, unto ;according €0 ;at.

The objective affixes are sometimes understood,

as cqco:oT, give water, for cqqco:4.

Possessive.
/
4 ot, denoting possession ; very frequently
understood.
 Dative.
m3:, to ; sometimes objective.
57, for, in order to ; chiefly used with verbal
nouns, and verbs used substantively.
Causative.
c@C, because of, on account o f ; sometime#
instrumentive.
& ditto, but seldom used in writing.
Instrumentive.
65,by, by means oJ.
Connective.
35,with, together with; sometimes instrumen-
tive, by means of; sometimes causative, on ac-
count of.
Locative.
~ 8in, a, t , atnong; sometimes possessive.
sd,or 8, ditto. '
93, ditto.; i n presence o f ; as to, concerning,
in regard of.
ooS, in.
 Ablative.
m, from; nut of; sometimes nominative;
sometimes locative ;
y, from; out of; besides; sometimes locative.
Comparative.
*q,aas, lzke as.
ay@, ditto. .
4, ditto.
4% little like.
a

Certain verbal affixes, as 0 4 9 cm, CCO, 07, and

cq, when affixed to nouns, are merely expletive.
The vocative is expressed by the noun, in a
simple state, divested of a11 affixes. Sometimes
in grave discourse, it is indicated by re fixed,
as 0 teacher.
Some relations of nouns are expressed by means
of secoadary nouns, which take some of the pre-
ceding affixes, and are connected with the principal
nouns by the sign of the possessive, expressed
or understood, as in the following examples:-
=CUT an upper *art ; 9 q S d s ~ u T ~ or j 3 a8
c o i i j ~above,
, over, or upon the house.
 22

= c o d , ditto. $ 6 ~ ~ 0 3 9 3 ,ditto.
css9&, an under part; &6cs33d93, under
the house.
c%, a forepart; rf36cq93, bcfow the house.
~pd, a hind part ;& 6 ~ + 3 d 9 3 ,behind the
houte.
mu, an.outside; rf360q3, without the house.
s@E, ditto ; &Q@E+, ditto.
%&,an inside ; a&&93, within the house.
93961, ditto; & ~ C Q E : ~ ditto.
J,
mga:, aside ; &sa2:y2, by the Irause.
s$:, a near part, nearness ; $87: y3, near
the house.
s ;u E:&y,i n presence of the
gevernor.
=??I,
ditto; o E : $ q 2 , ditto.
93E3, an upper port; @ 6 E 3 q , ~ lthe
, river.
CDCO?~, a Lower part ; @Scq4, down the
~iver.

The following secondary nouns are commonly

used without an affix ; and in some instances, are
connected with the principal nouns, by instead
of d.
 534,a p n r t , p o r t i a ; & 6 3 o r , 4,
for the houak.
~ m d q summit,
:, ertremity; S C U & Q ~ C ~
4:,t h r ~ u g hor to the end of life.
odco&, a circuit ; &Sodco& round the
house.
o$qE:, ditto; &60$:qE, ditto.
o o c 6 0 $ : ~ & ,ditto; &b m & ~ $ : ~ E , d i t t o .
o d j q i a whole circuit; m x w o f i q : , durirr,.
or throughout the tinte.
sg, evenness, n qpordance ; ~s q$%$ or
%qdz)& according to (his) rdll.
s O q E : , rncusuremcnt; rnc&F9~Dq&: or 9
q d m q & : , ditto.
n c q s d , a n agreeing with; ssqaC
XI
cap& or s34sfsacqsc6, ditto.
% q , a s much a s ; aTjgmcjpOFja&, L O .
know as much as the teacher.
s q , . 4 being with ; ~ j t j q, s wikh the
teacher.
sq,ditto ; ;ocppfjgaq, ditto.
N. B. In some instances, the numeral m is op-
tionally substituted for the formative a ,as mT
1b8a = p 2 e q .
 Some relations of nouns are expressed by means
of verbs also, as from q E m & to arrive at,
reach, may be formed-
& B q E c s ~ d(with
, a continuative affix,) un-
to or as far as the house.
m3C00qEcmE, until the lime.
@$jqEqEy (the roat doubled,) through the
country.
m3 co 4 8 4 8, during the time;- in which
cases, 4 3% or is understood after the noun and
L
sometimes expressed.
PERSONAL NOUNS.
c7, I, masculine or feminine, is used by a per-
son in speaking to himself of himself, and in ad-
dressing inferiors.
qg!$fcS, .;a'$&or q L 6 , I , m a s . or fern. is
used in addressing equals, and in addressing in-
feriors politely.
q$cmS, a snvont, Q$C&U, %SO, or
q o , a female servant, O W & C ~ ~n, disciple,
and m o & c d o , a female disciph, axe used as
first personals in addressing superiors.
WQ$, I, fern. is of similar import with Q$-o,
but not in common use.
 N. B. The plural PfsX (fl is cometimas used
far the plural of the first personal. .
S d c d , thou, mas. or fern. is used to a su-
perior; o8: you, mas. to an equal or an inferior;
co3Eo6o you, mas. to an inferior ; oE:m, you ;
mas. to an inferior, expressive of disapprobation,
&,
or you, fern. to an equal or an inlerior ;
and 98, you, mas. or fem. to children or persons
very inferior.
m&,thw, or you, mas. or fern. is used chiefly
in writing, and is irrespective of the relative rank
of the parties. g&:, you, mas. or fern. is used in
judicial language.
qd,you, mas. or fem. familiar, and us&,
ynzr, mas. or fem. disrespectful, are used vocative-
ly only. cp18, makes m& and ~ 3 ~ 6 , 038,
in the plural.
31, a person, mas. or fem. supplies the place
of the third personals, he and she.
a&:, that (person or thing,) mas. fern. or
neut. may also be regarded as a third personal.
4oS qOSd$E,
& onePsse& i. e nysalL your-
self, or himself, mas.or fern. are of either person,
as the connection requires.
88,one's self, mas. or fern. is confined to the
sccond and tbid persons.
C
 The personal nuuns, 07, m&, & q, m the sin.

3, before the oblique, -pirated

*,
gular number, not preceded or fobwed bp any
adjective or participial adjunct, become C,
&es (except
&

4,) 4,V~Z 954; @+ %&, a 4 dmdar.

stood; but when used nominatipely, o r f o h e d
4-- 9 or by !C expressed, or by m aspirated
-
ax,
66, 8,
$, 93, or y, they retain their proper
form. Other personal nouns, ending in a nasal
are simiIarly inflected.

ADJECTIVES.
Adjectives are of three kinds, p~tmomid',verb-
al, and numeral.
Adjectives of either kind are prefixed to their
nouns, by means of the connective m& or C ~ J ~ P
if singular, and the same, or cx#cn& or CY#
cm2, if plural, or directly &xed. But to this
general rule, there are several exceptions, partic-
ularly in the pronclminals.
An adjective and noun, united in either way,
form a compound word, which admits the piural
sax, and the affixes af c a e the same as a aim-
ple noun.
 PBONOMINAL ADJECTIVES.
The following pranominals are prefixed to their
nouns, in some cases, with, and in some, without
a connective,-cv, $, or $9 being occasionally
substituted for or;,before words of time :-
& thw, as dq, this m a ; $=&cay thi. h y .
mg, lhk.
4, tht9 q q , t M person; q ~ S D 5 3 0 7Or~
~ 4 c s p r a a 7 ,t h t t-
WE:, that&nfkequent.

smd, i r m a , *ohat~--oecasionallycontract-
ed to a,before q,as 9% for ~ m d c q ,
who ? and to m, before om,as mm9, what
thing ? In negative sentences, it combines
with the negative particle Q, to signify none,
as moSq~4, there ia no one.
sdywhat ?-infrequent.
s@&,whatcoer.
U& what wiiatevw, N . B. U&@S &tt~,
is directly prefixed or &xed.
mch, indefinite. ,.t>,*
 The following pronominals are prefixed to their
nouns, with the usual connectives:-
4, such.
aq, ~f t h sort.
~
-
438, w&:3q, mh, Of thut smt. a

ga mdcQ, @y contraction sscQ,) s , ) ~ c C& J ~

4,of what smt ?
a@&%
of whtmer smt.
634, and its compounds, mch as.
The following, vu. say ma,and some, o~
q3:, 0383:, and 0307:, othw; oS&8:¶ and 9
q:Q, uZZ, are joined to their nouns, according to
the general rule, except that when prefixed, the
connective is, in some instances, omitted. o6
as:+ all, is prefixed with a connective.
aqi other, mm3, and 913:4:, a24 and
ssctj:, all, the whole, are uniformly affixed,
when affixed to a noun, or a numeral,
auxiliary, frequently drops the S, or changes it
to 0, as &6cQ:, or 86 ocQ:, the whok house,
&Sqq+, or &6c+qoocQ:, aU the three buses.
When affixed to a singular noun, the compound
occasionally takes the numeral m, om, before it,
nithst~ta change of aeaning, ar m&8qS or
m95604:, the t u ~ h% e , ~ c S 3 c n o E :, ~ :
the whole ship.
33~536, nuy ? is directly prefixed to
a u m d auxiliaries, or words denoting a part or
quantity of a thing, as mqd38:md96 q:, riaD
many mangoes ? qd 38: moSjG rnE :, R ~ W
many baskets of mangoes ?
80 much, how much ? &c. are expressed, by
combining pronominals with such nouns as s g ,
3~~03d, kc. denoting quantity, as ag, so
mud, moScm3nS, moSylcmnS, IUW m u d ?
Some pronominals are doubled to form a kind
of plural, as c Q c I Q ~those
~ ~goods.
,
Pronominals are frequently used substantively,
ihd in that character, admit the noun affixes.
VERBAL ADJECTIVES.
Verbal adjectives are made, by joining verbal
.oats to nouns, according to the general rule, as
3 0 3 ~ 3 3 3 or~cq@&, on e x c e l h t man ;but
1s the verbal root, when prefixed, is susceptible
)f the accidents of verbs, it is more correct to re-
;ard that construction as participial. See under
Participial Affixes.
Verbal adjectives are also formed from verbal
c*
roots, by prefixing ss, as sco6, new, and by re-
duplicating the root, as cm~&:c~3&:, good
Such adjectives are commonly affixed to their
nouns ; but 9q3:, from q3:, to be many, follows
the general rule, as kq3:cmXDT, or ~ T S
q3'., many teachers.
The imperfect degree of comparison is some-
times made, by shortening and reduplicating the
verbal root, as$4, sweetish, from4, to be meet,
@a,bitterish, from a%, to be bitter ; sometimes,
by affixing a8 to the root reduplicated, as 354:
q:, rather bud; and sometimes, by shortening
the root, and affixing reduplicated chiming incre-
ments, as sweetish, c$m$m$, saltish.
The comparative degree is made, by means of
the secondary noun m a d , or c s s ~ d and , a
verb, as & ~ c x ~ @ : ctoD be $ ~ , than the
greater
house, or by a circumlocotion of verbs, as 3538
@:a$, to exceed in greatness, or be greater.
The superlative degree is made, by prefixing S,
and affixing 4: to the verbal root, as m@djq:,
1nost excellent ; and is joined to nouns, according
to the general rule, as m@dq:ccuaq, or or '

ssgdq:, the most excellent man.

 NUMERAL ADJECTIVES., .

Numerals are generally combined with a word,

descriptive of some quality in the noun to which
they belong, &d in that state, are joined to nouns,
according to the general rule.
If the numeral is less than ten, the auxiliary
word is affixed to it (the formative 9, whenever
it occurs, being dropped,) as 3dP6q:, or 364:
cm@, two cup, from ad,a cup, 36, i w q
and sq:, round; if it'is a capital number, as ten,
twenty, thirty, kc. two hundred, three hundred,
&c. the auxiliary is prefixed to it, as p 8 a q : j 6
30&, or 554:~~33usc333~~1~, tumJy cups ;
and if it is a numeral, intervening between the
capitals, the auxiliary is both prefixed and af3xed,
as pSs~:jSmoSjSct(:,or racqySaooSj6
q:cu33d, twenty two cups. But in any case
in which the auxiliary is prefixed, it may be omit-
ted, as aoT=o?:j&ao&, or may 6;o&cm3
mcp, twenty teachers, may be written mcpj6
ad,or j6~uScmaocp,and zocpaoI:j8
ao&jSo?:, or so7 : j 6 a o d j 6 o ~ : c ~ ~ a o p ,
twenty two teacherr,may be written mTf6m&
)6oi; or j6;ouSj601:c~~acp
 The followiog is a list of the most common nu-
meral auxiliaries, arranged alphabetically, with the
classes of things to which they are applied .-
Nurnerd dtidiaries. Classes of Thing~.
SW$, a brute Brute animals, ae ccpdm
mimul. ~0336,one monkey.
ac@& t , a fine. Things extended in a line, as
of$:36~@3&:, two roads.
P D ~ & : ,a circle or Rings, nooses, and such like,
ring. as C O ~ $ $ ? ~ C @ S three
rings.
m;l, an individual Things which admit no other
thing. word more descriptive, as
~ ~ E c c o four
: ~ ,b e d d e d y
nit03:4Ecl:q,fio chairs.
Frequently used also in-
stead of a more appropriate
numeral auxiliary.
.gg& ahat b $at. Things flat and thin, as q 2
og3dp&,sir mots.
s7cq3&:, a bar or Things long and straight, or
long piece. nearly so, as m 6 Q 9 6
cg>E:, seaen n e t d b .
ssa$:, voice. Words, speech, as om:9 6
sf:,eight words,
so&:, an extended Things long and straight, or
line. nearly so, as HOE:, nim
apeari, 3 ~ ~ 3 3 E 5
ten ahips.
sa&, what is rid- Beasts of burden, vehicles of
den upon. conveyance, as @&:cn%:,
one horse; og@:jS8:, two
carts.
s~03&s(nncertain.)Writings, as 03 4: C Q 6~,
three books or writings.
~ q(uncertain.)
, Deities, as q~ :CCO:q,
four gods ; also, pagodas,
and some other articles.
sc a a 8 , a build- Buildings, as &616c?:c&m&,
ing. jive houses.
=a$, antervening Whatever occurs, at intends
apace. of time or place, as =@
cp&$, r*: revardr.
=~@ ,
a piece-of Wearing apparel, as ssw
cloth. ~ 6 0g,
0 ieven coat,.
o 08, a trde or Trees, plants, as m q d o &
plant. 9608,eight mangae bees;
also, thread, hair, kc.
~ u l ;(uncertain.) Deities, ecclesiastics, persons
in power, any respectable
characters, things immate-
rid as aocp&:07:, nine
teachers, 8 & d:,
ten duties.
saq~:,what is $at. Things which are flat, as
q&mq3t, m e bwrd.
sod, one of a Things which are naturally
pair. joined in pahs, as
o d , two hands.
a,m& an arm or Weapons, tools, whatever is
hand. used by the hand, as C s
+dj* m d , three guns.
33qv what i s round. Things round or cubical, or
. approaching those forms, as
+cco:c;i9 fo.r poci, 358
m%l:q:,
i
jive bozea.
so .a&, whut u Things small ia bulk, cam
slender. pared to the length, sc Q6
c q ~ 6 p 8six
, riverr.
z:, a head, Rational beings, as ~ $cx@
96 s:, seven merehank
crusd, (uncertain.) Rational behgs,-geherally
, mankiid or superior beings,
'

as ~ G C W ~ C Y eight
SY
men.
Sometimes the noun itself becomes the nume-
raI auxiJiary, or is substituted for a descriptive
word, as 83c+a2, nine dlhge8, 0&:33&&~
ten governors.
Words denoting some part m quantity of a
thing are eombiied with numersle, in the s;ame
manner as words deecriptive of a qaality, there
being no other difference in the cases, excepting
that in the latter, the number af individual things
merely is ex-ed ; in the hrmor, the number
of the p ~ or squatitie8 of the b g , aa c q j 6
pS, er jSp~Scar~ocl,toe cups Df m t e r i
0~~epq6~6mU s, ~ a q 6 j 6
or S ~ 0 ~
bat, t - 3 budlea ef paper ; jhd
d q ~ ,(003~10,time being understood) literally,.
two days of time.
The numeral a,on5 combined with a nume-
ral auxiliary reduplicated, as mqq, cncmd '
cwad, denotes some one, (out of several;)
when combined with a numeral auxiliary, and the
combination reduplicated, as mqmq, o2ccu3d
0 3 ~ 3 & ,it denotes one after another, (whether
every one o r several;) when combined with a nu-
meral auxiliary, and followed by the same nume-
ral, combined with cco, as m;lcmca, ~ ~ 2 ~ 3 0 6
~ C C O (sometimes
, reversed,) it denotes a few,
now and then one, here a.nd there one; when
combined with a numeral auxiliary, and preceded
by the same numeral, combined with ij, as aQ
cmqm~u33&,it denotes some one, indef-
inite. Such combinations may be regarded as
pronominal adjectives. They are joined to their
nouns, according to the general rule.
Ordinal numerals are of Pali origin,and are pre-
fixed to their nouns, as qdkuod:, the second
section. Ordinals are also made by aAixing
c@d, to raise, to cardinal numerals, modified
end rm : 6 ~ ~ c @ ~ c x xthe~ second
c + , day.

There are a few adjectives, which, on account.

of some peculiarity, cannot be placed in either oi'
the kregoing classes. Some of them are prefix -
ed to their nouns, as ~ m 3 , g r e a t 333033,
, extra-
ordinary ; some are either prefixed or affixed, as
9 3 3sinjnile, SXloE, ordinary ; and some are
affixed, as 0!$8:,every ; moco:, small ; ccnS
(honorific; ) LJ, principal, chief among many ;
, jrcejrom mixture ;q6:, .ingZe,
~ d j Y p r r eclear,
one aJy, as mc%#:o$, in a single day;
only, no more, used with numerals, as m$,
m&:, one od'.

NOUNS USED AbJECTIVELY.

Nouns used adjectively may be distributed in-

to h e classes, viz :-
1. Names of races ofmen, of countries, towns,
kc. when used to qualify a hhwing noun, as
d & s un 4 J h g l i s h sbo86jq,
~ ditto,
D
s~Rdd@&, Errghnd, the country of the En-
g b h ; Qy? a Burmese, @mm:,the Bvnuse
h y v q e ;tq$q$, Rangoon, the town of Rangoon,
dq$&ditto, qSq$313:9 Or q$q$a=:,
a son or native of Rangoon.
2. Common nouns used to qualify a following
noun, as %,gold, goco3:, ngoZden cup; c @ > d
the north, c@3dm8, the northern path ;ss~3
the upper part, (of a country,) %533=3:, an
up -ccuntry person.
3. Names of trees, plants, and their parts, which
are only used in combination with a follow-
ing noun ; thus h m S q E , the olive, are form-
ed s q & o &an, olive tree, d$j&c$, an nolie
bZossom, 3jq6ci3:, an olive (the frLit), 53q1
ad,an olive kaf.

VERBS.
Verbs are of two kinds, transitive, which ex-
press actions that pass from the agent to the ob-
ject, as q d m & , to atAke, qSa@, to h e ; and
intrangtive, whiah express being, or some state of
being, or an action which io confined to the agent,
as @ 6 ~ to&be, c~sG, t o memuin, c ~ J E :
m$j, to be good, @=&, to be mined, or in a
state of ruin.
Many transitive verbs are formed from intran-
sitive ones, by aspirating the initial letter. If the
initial is the first letter of either of the five classes
of consonants, it is changed for its corresponding
aspiite, the second letter of the class, as q33gy
to fd, to throw d O m , or cause to fall;
q ~ m &to be ruined, $&$, to ruin ;if
the initial is a nasal, or an unclassed letter, it is
combined with the letter m, as Bdbg, to be
bent down, p@3s&, to Bend down;
LO be f ~c$kb&,
, to make free=
ACCIDENTS O F VERBS.
The accidents of verbs, expressed in most lan-
guages, by inflections, or auxiliary verbs, are here
expressed by particles affixed to the verb, with-
out any inflection of the verb itself. The verbal
affixes are as follows :-
Jssertive d&es.
x@, simply assertive, as %3:w@, be goes;
in certain combinations, written cx3.
6,same as a@.
q:,
simply assertive, in 'negative sentences, m
jq:, he goes not,-chiefly colloquial.
2,present, but scarcely used except
- substantiw-
l y J as 3aa:Jb66m&, he is going, (see Verbs
used substantively,) or in a participial clause, ac-
cording to the note below, a~osq@Jbccmznp
the business that now is, or tke present bra'ncss,
In the substantive construction, it may be com-
bined with a preceding future affix, as w:q&,
or reduplicated, as ~ p : i ~ @ & ~ when b ~ 8he ,
was just about going.
@, past, as w:B, he went, or has gone ; some-
times future.
+, future, as 3 3 : $ , he wilt go ; sometimes equi-
valent to the continuative affix q&,which see.
u&, future.
or cog3$, future.
N. B. The assertive affixes of tense, Jb, @, $,
u s , andm@, occasionally lose their assertive
power, and become auxiliary to a continuative,
participial, or simply aassrtive affix, in which case
@ becomes 8:.
a$, denoting the continuance of an action, or
state ofbeing, during another, as ~ : o @ o D :
37 &, he eats as AC goes ; sohetimes equivalent
to qp.
qd$,denoting the continuance of an action, or
state of being, during another, but somewhat in-
consistent with it, as 3a3:tqdj603:32&,
though going, k eats.
98,denoting lst, the completion of an action, or
state of beink prior to another, as 3 a 3 : ~ $ ~ 3 3
s&, having gone, he died ; 2ndly, s~lpposition
or conditionality, as qs:$cxo& $he go,
he mi22 die.
c d , same as aqE.
q, ycns:, qmx, c n y m s o and cn@:m3:, in
some combinations, equivalent to q&.
9, denoting the completion of an action, prior 40
another.
mcn&m, frsm tkfirrt of, PS qp:cncn&:m,
from the first of his goiq.
c&co&:, though, notwithtanding, as WI
w~co&:ucc~, t-h he go, be cdU not du.
D
'
mcng:,
:'
mox, or
I ditto,-colloquial.

ditto,-infrequent.
9@3.
c93&, Ist, that, noting a consequence, se that,
so as to, as cmcra3&qp:m&, he went, SO (hat
he died ; 2nd, that, noting a final end, in- order to,
as C S C S ~ E ~ ~ : ~ he& went,, that be might
die.
4, and, as 333:4c3333& he went and died :
4
sometimes pronounced ; sometimes equiva-
lent to 96.
Interrogative Jfizes,
(connected with the verbal root, by an assertive
affix, cng
being commonly abbreviated to x).

&:,-formal, 7 used in connection with an

i j interrogative pronominal,
3
4
-famiru, ,, md4.a3:m,gi
*:,-colloquial, whither does he go ?
i
c t 9a Q, a x e d to tie root, nitheot ag intene.-
 ing arserhe P8u, aa pee, doer he go ?-
rather inhqnent.
Iinpdiue @ires.
5, or 44 fv"'person plural, as w:g, Z,t us 8..
@q$*,ditto, preceded by the first personai,
as. ~70933&3:@C49?. kt U S go, or *lb
wzld go.
cm?, imperative proper, as c p : c q , go.
m@, a ditto,-infrequent.
je, prohibitory, being prefixed to the verb, as
0333:36, go not.
me, ditto.
The simple
-
root also is imperative, as we11 as
when combined with certain of the euphonic, or
qualifying affixes, as o7,cm?, CU, cco, cg, 3 , 3 ,
qd,co cq2,3:,q6 06, kc. 9 Some of these
affixes are also variously combined with one ano-
ther, and with the imperative affixes, to conver
the ideas of intreaty, authority, kc.
Preccrtive J ' x e s .
C O C X 3 , may, as C$D:COC=3, may he go.
ditto, authoritativelyp as &COW
m&:, be it so.
cog& ditto,-i~uent.
CZI~ connecting the verb with a subsequent noun,
being equivalent to the relative pronoun, in most
languages, as @ & c m q , the emfling man, or
the man who excels ; c@:cs~@E:, the running
horse, or the horse which mns; cCPdCm
COG&, the arriving ship, or the ship which ar-
rives ;sometimes contracted to m, as
9

as much as there is ;-commonly omitted after

the assertive future affix~6.
cog, ditto.
d u d i ay J&es of Tme.
cm:, denoting present continuance, as 333:cm:
u&, he i s rtill going; o T : C s : , he b stdl
not gone, or he is not yet gone ;sometimes de-
noting beside, more than, in addition, as c~cn9:
m ~ ~ d ~ ~ o ~ f i cthere m :br not
n ~o n,b ny
word, but there is scripture atoo.
3, just past, as W : $ C O he ~ ,has just gone ;
frequently written ; very frequently eu-
phonic.
q,past indefinite, as %3:qm@, lu went. In
negative sentences, prefixed by 0,it becomes yt,
 and signifies (not) n#r, as W8-, & MWY
went. 038: and o d : are of similarimport.
but inkquent
-
jc, prior-past, or prior-hture,according to the con.
nection, ss %3:3@$ L had gme7.a3:$u&
hc d l go, before (another goes.)
&, ditto,-inkequent.
3 8, ditto,--rather infrequent.
CQ near future, a60ut to, on the point of, re-
L'

&ing its meaning, ahatever&xes of tense am

superadded, as 3 a o : c q s & 7 qj3:qQ or 39:
vgs " is about to go, or is w a r going;
sometimes used substantively, though not an as -
sertive affix, as qp:q$:@,ditto.

denoting the plural, as ~ B ~ : @ E U @

@ I (( idea
they go ;-frequently omitted, and the
of plurality left to be conveyed by
"PF the noun
64I a x of number, or gatbered
fiom the connection.
&uali&ng 4&a9
(arranged alphabetidy ).
8:.
(pm +) nore OF apt&, commonly used
 withan assertive future &, as
&:o&
he wiN drink more or again ; in prohibitwe
sentences, (not) yet, as 0c333d3e&:, d o
not drink yet.
op& ""'rely, wholly, (from q$, to come to an
end,) as ~33cq?$@ they are all dead.
cm3&:, with the verb repeated,probably, as c a
e,
cm3d:ccuo he will probably die.
96, see 9.
36, optative, to whh, derire, as Eq&~& to
h h lo do; also, to huve a tendency to, as q3:
8633$, to be disposed lofever.
385 with o prefixed to the root and to itself, and
a continuative affix or clause, commonly q&
caoE, expressed or understood,until, as %3:
Q ~ E : ~ E c ~ ~ E ~heGcontin-
~ ~ I ~ c ~
ued working, until he went.
GO, causal, (from co, to rend, order,) as 6
cocug, he makes [him] do, 6 6 ~ 0 let , it be ;
when affixed to intransitive verbs, equivalent to
the aspirated initial, as %&om&, equivalent
to id=& to mke free, from ogdj,&, t{
 be free. When used as an imperative or pre-
cative, the shade of meaning is frequently deter-
mined by an intervening euphonic &x, as
6 601CQ, m y it be, c@olcmco, kt it mn.
Combined with $, it makes 85.
2, slightly intensive or emphatic,-commonly con-
nected with the verb, by a euphonic affix, and
sometimes superseding the assertive affix, as @:
tag, it C great indeed.
83, intensive,-mostly used before the participial
aflix w3, as Qdg3~~333ir
a very excehnt
person.
m$:, with the verb Fepeated, mweEy, nothing

a&,to be at iciarrc, as q@8dm&, t o be at

leisure .to stay.
4, sometimes euphonic, Cut when repeated ah
ter a following verb, partaking of the nature of a
continuative, and denoting alternation ; as E&
o j c O T 4 m & to be sinking and appearing
by turns.
cum, denoting .a slight necessity.
&& ,ruldmlij, pematureZy, i n ~ o n d h r a i e i ~ .
#&, sometimes in conversation 86, potential, to
be ah&, @om $8, to prevaq o m - ) a~
cp:S8~& to-be able 40 go.
@$, aga*ly (from @$,
l o red-) M @@$+*
to do again.
&, with cd prefixed to the root, and a continua-
tive affix, expressed or understood, cuitlbout, as
003:&333:33&, he meat, willrout rating.
8,implying carelessness or faultyas @3#, he
h a g said it (and theefore c o m m i u hims~y;)
sometimes euphonic.
9, with u prefixed to the root, and a mntimuative
ax,expressed or understood, befie, as 0 q 3 :
903833& he ate, bejocfore going ;combined with

oqEcs~98,until, as Q ~ ~ : ~ O ? & C S Jmrif ~E,

lie went ;-sometimes taking a noun as
0%239!& befme g h g .
9, must, as qp:qu &, mnst go ;frequent17
euphonic.
q&, t o he capap.bli, (in regard to feel&,) as
q &g,
~to be mfeeEng e q h 10 bfl;OV
k cannot bear part.
q6, remining behind, as Bqsrn& to do (it),;

cq?, denoting disapprobation or regret ; some-

times euphonic, particularly when used imper-
atively.
33, denoting affection or sympathy in the speak-
er, as % 3 : 9 3 ~ & he gueq (I~OS!
%$:. denoting excess (from qv,to exceed), as
C C ~ ) ~ & : ~ $ : L U & to be tuo good.
9,vwy, as @:YX& to be very great.
9 3 , denoting coming to pass, as cm36:935)G
to become gooil.
To these may be added a number of verbs,
which are occasionally used :o qualify a principal
verb, as :-
136, to b~ right, proper, as q33:md~$j. it is
righl to i;o ; sometimes passive, in translations
from the Pali, particularly when used as an ad-
versative to cnd ;frequently euphonic.
9334 to be a t leisure, as %3: D ~ : G C to ~be, at
leisure to go. t

WDE:, to be good, as % 3 : ~ ~ 1 3 3 E : ~ &it *

good t o go.
E
3, to be hard, diJfcult, as qba~g,
it b at-4
ta obtain.
05, to iry, make trial, as 60833& 4
k (lu w q
of trial; sometimes but little more than etylq-
nic.
@dY
to know how, be skilled in, as E C ~ W &
to know how to do; sometimes depoting the
way, custom, usual course, as f S ~ ~ d ~
man is morlal.
a$,to be suitubk, as Ern$ cx$, it ir iuitalk
to be done.
ad,10 be wordy, deserving o f ; as c m q d
cue, 10 deaerur to die.
a?, lo remuin, continue, as GC)CU& to continus
doing.
q E : , to be re~uctant,averse to, as @&~E:cu&. -
'ta hate to see.
06, to be practicable, as ocp:Gs, it is not poc-
ticaBle to go.
to be meel, suita6k,JEtfor,as $I8 & ~ ~ 3 3 9 ? ~
a wonderful aflair.
T, similar to 96;frequently euphonia
c m d , to be enough, as 03:cm3dc~3&flm&
there is enough to eat.
4 b -6 w @&&3, equivalent to &E
a&-
%&. 10 k etiby, as &@=& it i s r o q is do.
t5, to dare, as E+&, to dare to do.
3~6,
td bl rtlittzble, proper, becoming, as
*=&, it is suitable to say.
m,16 k casy,pkosant, as ~ @ 3 3 3 3 3 3 8 il, b
pleasant to say.
Euphonic J&es.
(arranged alphabetically).

09,when combined with 13,!$$ ;when repeated

after a following verb, similar to 4,which see
under Qualifying Affixes.
83: or E3:,mostly used before the continuative
affixc&m@:, and the assertive future af-
+$&when used for qE.
8; ih C'trtaid combitlations, nutided id &ei# phces.
a,mostly used before the participid riflhee,
di&n severat successive participial claudesi @re-
cede a noun, in commendatory cfi'scour&
d, conciliator7-polite-respcctEul.
co, aher combined with $,a$.
&, mostly used before the assertive affix we,
abbreviated to m, in connection with the noun
affix $4, as 3j3:3333$4, like on he went;
also, before the closing affix $E:, in, which csae,
it is rather intensive, as $1j1:83&:, there am,
c e y many.
a&,mostly used before the continuative afEx
~335.

cm, when combined with $9 dB, which corn-

bination is mostly used b2fore the future affix
a s ; when repeated after a following v. rb, it
denotes corresponAence or recip ocity, as
~ ,( o n e ) pursues, (lhe
~ & C L U C ~ : ~ ^ C(IS elh;r)
runs.
qd,mostly used with trans:tive.verbs.
Closing J'xes. I

q,that, noting indication, viz., nomely (from

q,t o ray, drclrrr~,m?on,)-used at the close
of a sentence, which is the subject of a subse-
quent assertion, as dhSL1~@333& nb
wys rhat he knolus,-also, after a word which
is explanatory of a subsequent word, as Q&:
~ E c Q ~ ~ ~ ~ c o : hew gave & , (him) the
titk of ,Verrahenzuu ;-sometimes it takes a
 verbal affix, but ought then to be writteq vi,
and parsed as a verb.
, used at the close of a simple sentence,
equivalent to the substantive verb am$, to
he, the nominative being generally made by
ma:, as s ~ ~ ~ m ~ : c ~ ~ E c ~ o ~ hb crScn&:,
name is J h n g Louk,-sometimes taking CU,
or coqE immediately before it ;-also, at the
close of a parenthetic sentence, or a distinct
paragraph, closing in me, (commonly abbre-
viated to a,)as %s:mcne:, he went,-
sometimes taking ~ 8or ,m, or q d m im-
mediately before it.
a&,ditto, at the close of a parenthesis or para-
graph.
mcn3:, emphatic, or indicative of some emotion,
as cmz~:mcm:ccu@cnm~:, my li~rlrson ia
dead, alus ! oqa:dcnma:, he goes nol in-
deed.
qM3:, sometimes equivalent to 03033:.
q&:, ditto, commonly expressive of regret, ps
GStqccopE:, it is so, slur!
g see under Qualifying Affixes.
CCn3&:r intensive,-rcommonly connected with
 the verb by another s@x, as @ : c o c ~ ~ & : ,
itis greu1 indeed !
or my, expletive, after an assertive af3is, as
9,
a.~:cu&m (obsolete.)
The Pbllowing are colloquial only;-
~$5,soliciting acquiescence, as ~ ~ : c U @ J &
~ $ 5 f, mill go, shall I? T:CTC$, go,
will you7
CCO, or C O ~ : C ~slightly
, emphatic or persistive,
used after the assertive affixes, as f i a & ~ o 3 :
Cm, it i s cerluinly, or I assure you.
u, or col, familiar,-after the assertive Plhxes.
cm3, or c m 3 C m , ditto, sometimes ssdpl&rs&Pf'hg
the assertive affix.
an$,,(poa. $.) denoting that the Wofdiv to
khich it is affixed, are the word* of the spaak-
ar, as ~ 7 u q q : m &11 +joSdjz:~$d,
I d o n ' l btliev~,I s(ry ;whut will (you) &y next,
or repeated from the mouth of another' perm
as am&m&, ir is, /re anys.

The negative h made bp preffxidg 06' &e

mb, #- bed& its m t i o s ; pwer, b tbe
privilege of occasionally dispensing with the as-
sertive affixes, or of conveying an assertive power
to the root, or to the qualifying and euphonic ,af-
fises, the affixes of number, and the auxiliary
affixes of tense, all of which, in affirmativesen-
tences, require an assertive affix,thus % 3 : 13 6 ,
he goes, U3a3: or u%?:q:, he goes not, q 3 :
ocu:mS, he is srill going. uqp:c;u:, he k
not get pone, 3 a 3 : $ & ~ &he, can go, uq3:8&,
he cannot go.
colloquial discourse, a strong negative is
sometimes made by affixing $ : 0 3 : to ihe root, or
@q:, contraction of h1~$4:,to an assertive
JLir, er ~:I:COZI:, or 3 a 3 : ~ $ $ 4 : , hr gQu
not.
VERBS USED SUBSTANTIVELY.

Verbs terminating in the assertive affix CO&

(occasionally changed to 33, C 3 3 3 or ~332,) are
frequently used substantively, and in that char-
acter, admit the noun affixes. Verbs tzrminatiag
in an assertive affix of tense, are capable of bebg
used in the same manner, but the termination
or cm:, is, in some cases, superadded b
them for the substantive constntqdon.
 Examples.
q!$m$j or q33:35gm3:y!35&
9:33
-8
is rag111 or k'rie (htrl he goes.
it

%3:m&c93& ( c a d being a verb,) or

9 3 : 3 , 2-5 ~ + 3 & , clf'er he goes.
J

q 3 : m e q 8 x $ , be k~gocsthat he goes.
3a~:m@!j6cm3E,
- . (4 or 4 understood,)
adj~:or 3 3 : ~=0qE:, ~s ac-
cording (1s he gocJs. N . B. When verbs are
constructed with a following noun, the posses-
sive affix di is commonly omitted, as 333:=&
9348, the pluce o f goijrg, or the pkrec where
he goes, 3 a 3 : c u ~ s a l the
, time of going, or
when he goes ;~ ~ : c v $ ~ % o $while, he goes;
% 3 : ~ 0 $ 5 5 ~ @ 3 6 : , the reuson of going;
3a3:m$g &zq, in the sume 9nonner ar ha
5 , means of going;
; q 3 3 : ~ 3 ) 3 ~ 3 : 6 by
&c. -
w : $ c ~ ? ~ I , (with the assertive future affix,)
in ordtr lo g c .
w: CX)C @e, becuuse he goes.
%2=& $, ditto,-colloquial.
V:S&,by means of going, when b gOe8.
3a3:33&$,with going, when he goes.
q33:~0&5?~$,in accordance with the going.
3,
333:33@~6, or 93, in going, while he goes.
%3:mGm, or 9,fmgoing.
3a3:33Cj?4,
like as he goes.
qa:ccmmyy6, ditto.
333:~0&&, ditto.
3a3:3)64q, n little like, &c

VERBAL NOUNS.

When a verb used substantively, and connected,

by the affix4, with a following noun, whose ini-
tial is a syllabic m, drops both the noun affix,and
the verbal, and takes the noun into union with it-
self, by rejecting or modifying the initial letter,
the abbreviated compound becomes a verbal noun
of the same import as the original clause, thus
333:33gd95dbecomes %3:d, the dime of
going ; c + = @ ~ % o &c+o$, while remain-
ing; ~@333&di530, ~ 6 3 %the heginning of
speaking.
Several classes of verbal nouns, on account
of their frequent occurrence, deserve particular
mention.
r
/
/
 1. The rerbal in @&:, fmm so@EZ, ur a&
dsed, denotes action or being, in the abstr* ss
%3:@6; going, cm3&:@6:, being g o d
2. The verbal in c.p, from ST,a rhhg, rub7
ject, maltcr, denotes the object of an action, dr
the place, where a thing is, or is done, as 3 6 m d
9 an object of love; C ~ T , a remaining pLce;
8 $ @ 6 ~a place
, of tttro~uinp.away.
3. The verbaI in T, from m q 3 or -9,
what isjor, commonly written O G ~the , verbal in
4 4, or -4,
fiom a portion, and the verb$ in
4 (from q!$~s, to ayqwop4-iate,) denote vbsr
is for same purpose, as 0390T, what isfm eat..
iw, or to be a k a ; (324, what is to 86 hwkd
a ;GqF, whof is t o be done.
4 Tbe verbal in gd or @, mecianra
$Q&, fmm agd,whet is saimbk, d e n o t ~
what is fit br, adapted to, or worthy of s o m e w
o r p p s e , u m:~aa6,what is good to mt,M;
l e$3~8,
a * ( ~ b; whal is wonderful ; ~$036
Q&,~ h u ist lovely. But this verbal seems h
quently to partake of the nature of an adjective.
N. B. The terminations au?: or ow$:, a*
cording to one acceptation, &, o& and
w ofsimilar import with the termination %&,
kt
medin a bad sense only. Several of these are
sometimes combined, as &08,
(Q euphonic,)
og&c8, figdc8ao$:, what is disgusting.
'Ibe terminations c ~ f according
; to m&r
aoceptatim, &p$: or 333$:, and am& form
r&ds denoting nearness of accomplishent, oe-
casionally taking before them, as cmEouf:
orom3&qoof:, .rot is near Bar*; R6cq
w&, what is neur sinking; q f u d , near-
,& dke d o l e .
The termination %:,!:$:, m o$:, followed by
a verb expressive of opinion, denotes what is
likely to take place, sometimes admitting an aflx
&tense between itself and the root, as ~ ~ 3 3
cgcrSQ:$:ooEm$, or ccpnSo$ig:$:mE
w e , he thinks that the abip miU $robg.b# ar-
rive.

5. There are several other verbals, forpled

.h nouas, which being obsolete, or n e w w-
a n i n g in their full form, or in any other q-
rherztioa, cannot be so satkfkctody a n a l y M aa
most of the preceding ; thus the verb4 in q,t:,
& d w p &om sq$:, n'w Jeiwg. dww *3
 tihe of action or being, as %J:T$:~& or q,:
q$:d,equivalent to 3a3:0&Q6, or 333:0g
4,the time of going, while going.
T h e verbal in $ perhaps from me, just so
much and no more, confines the action or being
to what is expressed by the root, as c@~c&
+&, or ~ @ 3 q ~ @ ~ & he just speoks, i. e.
does no more than speaking.
T h e particle is of somewhat similar import
with Q, as q & r n 3 c ( j 3 m & he speaks aUurive-
l' merely ; C@ 033 8 953 1 Gc, by means of
speaking merely.
T h e verbal formative y?:, from y ?, to be right,
true, is used chiefly in negative sentences, as
8~pd9$:4~& or ~, c p d ~ $ : o & , knows
(he)
not the fact of the arrival. It is sometimes used
without a verbal root, as q ~ g$::o & 11 mcp:
Y$:~&, (he) knows nothing about God or re&
gion.
6. Beside verbal nouns formed from verbs used
substantively, there is another kind which may be
termed the honorific verbal, formed by combi-
ning the verbal root with the adjective C C X ~ . Thig
verbal, followed by the verb %3s&,ro do, per-
form, is always used instead of the simple serb,
in speaking becomingly of deities, kings, or any
exalted personages, as Q$c& ~338, (&hedri-
ty or king) speaks, literally, does dioine or royal
yeaking-, ~ ' $ c & L Jite~ qeoks
, not.
Most verbal nouns retain the same power of
government as their verbs, that is, cause the pre-
ceding noun to take the same affix, as their verbs
do, as c ~ ~ ~ S ~ C U ~ lte ~ makes
Q Q aXbegin-
&
ning of rehearsing the rat, m 3 d ~ c m 3 c d q
a& he rehearse^ the rat, or he does reitearsing
dhe r a t ; but some, particularly the verbal in @:,
govern the preceding noun in the possessive, as
a~djbcwm@b:, the rehearsing- of the rat.

ADVERBS.
Adverbs are of nine kinds, viz :-
1. Adverbs proper, as em$, certainly, ~ C W .
m3:, in vain, cu3:cu3:, an intensive before a ne-
gativk, as c\n:cu3:~~63, he soys nothing at all,
36, rather, prefixed to adjectives, formed fmm
.verbal roots by reduplication.
2. Pronominal adjectives used to modify a
following verb, as m33dqcpmqe:, hoe does
(he) remain ? ~ ~(he) remains cthus; or ~
combined with a secondary noun and similarly
 I
applied, as ~ c c o ~ o ~ @ : ~ J @ : ; b r kryp
is (it)? m $ m c m ~ n S ,properly m$a$cmclr
@:cog, (it) is so large. HOW? in what manna?
and thrls, ill this manner, are also expressed, by
combining pronominals, lightly accented, with
joS, manner, as +joS, how ? m&O5, thus.
3. Adverbs formed ii-om simple or
verbs 4
(I)from simple verbs-
--bg prefixing -, s%f@:3~2,to 5e M).
great, s q E 3 a 3 : , go pick;
-by affixing 83; as cm3E:s3, me#;
-by reduplication. a i cm3E:cm3&:, well;
-by reduplication, with XI or m prefixed, as s
63i@:, W Z ~ ~ O mdd,
U S ~ by t u r ;
~
-by reduplication, with rn prefixed to each
member, as & ? ~ ~ 3 8 : ,seporatdy ;-
(2) fmm compound verbs-
-by affixing 8 3 , as crn36:@0393,~ d h t + ;
i b y prefixing to each member, as s3o$s
86,penally, by way o j punishment ;
-b prdixing e3 to the first member, md .@
 ra the litter, as S C Z O ~ ~ quick~tj,
~ ~ E , s~
@ d m $ : , afectionalely;
-by prefixing s or to the first, and redupli-
eating the latter, as s ~ q E @ v @ $fust,
, m
q:QSqS, anxioulsZy ;
-by - prefixing
- s to the first, and to the lat-
ter reduplicated, as = c % : m @ E @ E , fro-
gruntly ;
--by reduplicating both members, as q:q:
a$: m$:, extmordi:iariZy ;
--by prefixing s or to each member redu-
plicated, as scq:q:%30$:mf:, ditto, a,
m&co~mqosQns, circuitousl!,;
-by prefixing m or o (pron. o and a) to eacb
member, as wcspnfimqrfi, disorde~ly,0
q$:oqE:, turmrltuously.
Under this head, may be classed a few of ano-
malous construction, made up in imitation of some
of the above forms, as s y d ~ ~ $witliout
, notice,
~q:mq,as having power, c@~dco$rn@x,
frghtedly, S S C ~ : Q C & : in e x p c t n n u of pay-
ment ; also a few formed from negatives, by aBx-
mg chiming increments, as ocm!)&:mq?&:,
nd well, u y nu, not handam, not a g r e d k
 4. Adverbs formed from verbal roots, by re-
duplication, prefixing the negative d, to the first
member, and rn to the second, thus intending to
convey both the ideas of affirming and denying,
j , enough and hardy
as b i c c ~ d r n c m ~ r / just
that, ugmg, just reaching a n d y e t not quite
reaching.
5. Adverbs formed from a certain class of
compound verbs, by affixing a d , or a$, or @D!
a d , denoting collision, as cT&q&aC6@3&
do beliaoe disorderly, a$:c18:d$@d&m$, to
make a disturbance.
6. Adverbs formed from nouns by reduplica-
tion, dropping the syllabic a, in the latter mem-
ber, if it is the initial of the noun, and prefixing it
to the former member, if the noun begins with a
consonant, as A d ,repeatedly, from ~ da ,
time ; -44, of one's own accord, from 934,
will, pleasure ; ~ ~ ~ ~ 3 6 :tens ~ o~f thou-
3 6 : ,
ronds, from -cm2E':, ten thousand; ~6s
Gg. of various countries, or from country to
country, from (js, a county.
N. B. Adverbs formed from verbs or nouns
are sometimes used adjectively, as s~ 6 3 : 83:
~3~3m~/336:04,
various reasons, &j@e
c ~ x J E : ~ kings
, of oariuur countriett.
7. Adverbs formed from nouns, beginning with
a syllabic 9, by dropping the m, prefixing m, ,

one, and affixing me:, only, as ~$JW$:, even,

ail together, Born m$, evenness, uniJormity.
8. Inconlplete clauses, as amd6 certain-
ly, for am66 64; =q:%@c,exceedingly,
fix mq:@Scl;@~.
9. Adverbial affixes, as follows:-
qg:,only, tnrrely, notlting but, as q4g&:;
men only, nothing bul men, %3:33&&:, h.
only goes, does nothitlg but go.
08, eucn, slightly emphatic.
8,each, as mcw3nS8, each one, 4.058, ditto;
apiece, as mq8, one apiue.
~ C O same
, 36:.
as -
as:, used to designate an object with some
particularity, as 8 8 ~ 3C&~CY@:CO:CU$,
:
he gives to his youngest son,-particularly-
or in distinction Born the others ;-in this sense,
used frequently, in connection with q C W ,
or q, after a word explanatory of a subs+
a
 quent word, as ~n>3E:#m$j*~cmx@c9,
reed-grain, which means merit, cu3Ecm3nS
m$:qno@flmg, ltt has the name of
Noung Lozrk ;-used also, in asking questions,
to designate the point on which the question
turns, and frequently repeated after those
words or clauses, in successive questions, which
are int:nded to be set adversatively, as %I&:

~ C C Udo~ .you
, wish l o eat cold fruit or hot?
c ? g ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ r n ~ : ~ ~ ~ : 0 & 3
cm3n ~s~ms~mqmqq:qs3aUS~~03~:
)S~:uw~~drnSymccm,
ia thy mind dir-
tressed, because there is some fault in me, or be-
cause there is some cause of concern in lhee?
08, even, slightly emphatic.
m d , ditto,-colloquial.
g, (from m g as much as,) frequently pmn. 9
used as an intensive, in negative sentences, as
m d q 3 u & there is not so nlucli as unr per-
son, or there is not even one person; 33033
C48(.49, or briefly m39619, (he) oblaSns noth-
ing a t all; C T ( I S ~ ~ @ ~ (~h eJ) Cknow,
)~,
not even of the arrival; sometimes expletive,
 as R$:CLE:adj31&mpS,
to make a disturb-
mce.
cog:,nlso; sometimes used familiarly for the
. continuative affix q&
mg:crnrre:, Loth-and, placed after other af-
fixes, and repeated at the close of successive
clauses, as c ~ c ~ E c z o ~ : ~ ~ E @ E hec o ~,
sees bath me trnd my son ;in judicial language,
equivalent to the pronominal adjective 4,
that,
as gEcb that dny, qE)e:, in the same mnn-
npr.
q&,
distributive, as ~ N ~ E C X ) ~o :basket
,
a rn,,nth ;sometimes definitive or em*. .
r, .,.7', ,,
333, only.
Verbal affixes are used adverbially, when placed
after an adverbial or noun affix. The same is
true of noun affixes, when placed after a verbal
or adverbial affix.
The noun affix m2: is sometimes used empha-
tically after another noun affix, as c n q d q r n a :
~$&u?xcco~,can y o u indeed bear the beating?
also repeated after successive clauses, intended
to be set adversatively, as C@ s~ @& m?:@&8
~3mpSncqobtjm~:w@&$E,on t h landy ~ it (r
easy t o ore ;in the tualer, we cannot occ.
 INTERJECTIONS.
A few of the most common are as follows:--
-& ah! expressive of pain.
s u S yWJUSCN; m~dQ:cm:, motirm! den
noting surprize or distress.
SIN&, s3%dcm:, alus !expressive of pain.
-4, 9 qcm:, oh! ulus ! denoting sorrow or
distress.
as:, pron. eh, yes !expressive of assent.
cm, don't, clisapprobatory-prohibitive.
~qcW, an haa !contemptuous.
C9;3=, Cm:Cm:, yes!
q3-athat's right.
csa3 o !of various applications.
C S X - 3 , o! expressive of satisfaction.
C S ~ , oh!
q, o! vocative, or indicative of pain.
6 ~ 3there
, now! expressive of disapprobation.
cw?, here !take it !
m3:m3:, threatening.
m d , wontlerful! rather ironical or disapprobatory. '

333 8, well done !

cm, haa ! a familiar vocative, rather disrespectfut
C W ~ ,there ! pointing to an object.
 APPENDIX.
NUMERALS.
Cardinal. Ordinal.
6 ,or , e, me, o ~ ofirst,
,
9 8, J, twos second,
q:,i), three, CYX~CN, third,
cm:, 5, four, ~qa, fourth,
GI:, 3, five, Of$p', Mh,
~ 3 3 0 3 0,
, six, a s ~ 3 sixth,
,
3 6 , seven, 3.383 0, seventh,
36,O, eight, SCJJ,eighth,

@, Q, nine, q o u , ninth,
03300S, 3 0 , ten, 3 3 3 0 , tenth,
o>;aoSmS, 3 3, elmen, c m ~ s me~l m,m * ,
m a o o j j 6,3 J , rtuelve, k c . $szau, t ~ e y t h .
j 6 3 3 d , JO, t ( ~ ~ n @ / ~
* a d , po, thirty, kc.
cncp, 300, onc hundred,
0 3 ~ ~ 3 3000,& , onc thousand,
0 3 ~ 3 5 3 6 :30000,
~ ten thourand,
ad${300000, one hundred t h o w a r d ,
am$:, 3000000, one mi&,
C n q C p , 30000000, idn *I).
ab
 One half is expressed by 0300% placed after
the noun of dimension or quantity, as cx;1~332cx
o d , halfa yoozuna; one and a half, two and a
half, &c. by 03,~6, 3
kc. placed before, and af-
ter, as ( n ~ . J @ ) 3 9 . yoozunlr a ~ t da half, 3&
one
049933, two yoozunas and a half, kc. One
and a quarter, k c . is expressed by prefixing my
&c. and affixing oj8d, connected to the noun,
by $, as m ~ p 3 3 ~ cd, n 8one yoozuna and
a quurter, &c. All fractions, except one half, are
commonly expressed by the help of r ~ q a, COC
Zection; thus q:qc~$mq,one ilrird, c m : q q &
mq, one quarter, ~ 7 : q ~ E ~ $t/troejjth*
i:q,
TIME.

The true epoch of Burman time is the annihi-

lation of Gaudama, the last Boodh or deity, which
is placed five hundred and forty-four years before
Christ; but the vulgar epoch is placed eleven
hundred and eighty-two years later, or six hun-
dred and thirty-eight years after Christ.
Time is measured by lunar months, consisting of
twenty-nine and thirty days alternately. TweM
lunar months make .a common year, and e v q
third year admits an intercalar month of thirty
days. The names of the months are as follows:-
&q:,JpriZ, (nearly,) mo?&:o;lid, October,
"q$,My, cn$c303Eq$:, XOV~CT.
S Y $June,
~ 3 dc d , Decem ber,
07 4,
Julyy 634~6,JUYLULI
y,
07cd&, Jugust, 4$$,Februa y,
ccn5xm&:, September, mcd 6:,,?larch.
&q:consists of twenty-nine days, m q $
of thirty, and so on. In leap-year, tne month
4
07 is repeated, under the name of ?&O~O~CJ!$,
second Jtily.
A month is distinguished into two parts, the
waning, ma!$:, and the wane, C @ ~ C C % $ -
The full moon, COGS, 4
falls on the fifteenth of the
waxing, after which a new count of days begins,
and the change or disappearing of the moon, co
cad, falls on the fourteenth or fifteenth of the
wane.
T h e days of worship are the eighth of the.
waxing, the full, the eighth of the wane, and the
change..
Time is also divided into weeks, or periods ot
reven days, which are, of course, independent d
the Iunar arrangement, and follow the same order,
that obtains in all other parts of the world, vie.
Ac$. Sunday, @ - J E ~ u c ~Thur8dt.y.
:,
m$a, onda day, c ~ a n S @ 3 , fiw,
=?$I,Tuesday, O C ~ Saturhy,
,
qay:, Wednesady.
The day and the night are each divided into
four periods, which as they terminate, are desig-
nated by their appropriate beat of drum. The
single beat, mgdd3:, accords with 9 o'doct,
morning or evening; the double beat, S6bU"S&:,
accords with 12 o'clock ;the triple beat,q:%&
a:, with 3 o'clock; and the quadruple beat, cm:
q"S&:, with 6 o'clock.
A natural day is also divided into sixty equal
parts, called pa$ which are again subject to va-
rious subdivisions, seldom used but in astrological
works.
WEIGHTS.

rp&c~;the seed of the a b m precatorius, mark-

ed (c,), as q,cmg(:.
ca:@:, the seed of the adenanthera paroninn,
double the weight of the above, marked 'tbo
mm&
8 g & c ~ :or, 4 cg:@: make one b great, mark-
ed ('), as 3, ~ b .
6 ~ E c Q :or
, 3c a:@:make one b small, mark-
ed the same.
4 b great, or 5 b small make one u d , marked
('1, as 3, m o d .
4 a d make one q8, marked (?), as 5, mq&.
100 make one 8 ~ 0 marked
3 ~ (71, or (7),
as 51, or 37, ~ Q X X X I .
N. B. The term La&is substituted for 83553,
in connection with any capital number above ten,
as s ~ a n S ~ S a ufor S SmspEmoS, twenty
pikthuhs. Tkn p i k l h d s is written s2
&cn3~&,
or ~ 1 o S 8 3 ~ 3 .
Also,
2 b great make one q: great, marked (11)~a 3
my:.
8 9: great make one q8.
2 3 small make one q: small, marked as above
10 y: small make one q b .
M E A S U R E S OF LENGTH.

9 ~ or ~cod
6&, a jinger's b r e a d 4 marked
('1, as 5, ms6.
8 356 make one qd, marked ('1, as 9.
12 one q 3 , marked (I), as 31.
q3 one ~0236,marked ('), as 5.
4 cm3E one c6.
7 6m3& one 033, marked (q), as 37.
1000 m3 one 46.
6400 m:, one q@p.
Also,
20 cn9 make one zmm.
20 p m one c m 3 ~ .
4 ~03333 one 01qd.
4, 019& one u;1093.
'8: B. According to the royal cubit, which
measures 19 1-2 English inches, a yoozqna is
13 1-2 English miles.
M E A S U R E S O F CAPACITY.

om&, or q $! :OX, a srnoll measure, marked ('),

as 3,mom&.
4 om& make one 68,
marked (' ), as 5.
G$ one 0803.
one 803, marked (O), as 9.
2 oad
2 805 one 2.
2 2, or 16 62 one d:, (r), as 6.
marked
 POSTCRIPT.

Notwithstanding the notice in the preface, the

work has been so long in passing through the
press, that a great part has been re-written, The
following corrigenda and udhndo also have oc-
curred :-
Page 8, line 10, for modq, read ~ ~ 0 5 9 .
10, 3, for WOE, -WOF
10 6, ditto.
15, 4, For rn8c333,--cu8: C X ~ ~
16, 14, ditto.
23, 6, for 0 $ ~ 6 :-O$:T~.
,
23, between o d q : and m e , insert the
following items :-
5503:, s t t a d ; 4&03:, instead of self.

sq,likeness; qqG:q,in like msnner.

mcm3c6, about so much, (obsolete);
EC~XY~@:CO&to be about ar large ar a ma%
 Page 24, line 1 9 for co& read q f c c &
Page 42, line 2, for mag:, read 3~&4.
Page 47, instead of the present definition of
d d j , read thus :-
d d j , (from ~ U S to
, be still, quiet,) t o be quiet,
unmoved, though the occasion calls for exertion,
as cqa80Scu&, to remain unmooed
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Cam bridge, MA 021 38 (617 )495-2413
 I

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AN OVERDUE FEE IF THtS BOOK I
NOT RETURNED TO THE LreRAuy o
OR BEFORE THE LAST DATE STAMPED
3
BELOW. NON-RECEIPT OF OVERDUE
NOTICES DOES NOT EXEMPT THE
BORROWER FROM OVERDUE FEES.
Hanrard College Wldener Llbfary
Cambridge, MA 02138 (617 ) 495-2413