ZTE UMTS UR15 Location Service Feature Guide

LCS with Cell ID & RTT
Feature Guide

Version Date Author Reviewer Notes
Compared with UR14:

Add location description when PLMN
Nie
V1.0 2016/03/28 Wu He changed
Xiaoping
.Add description about reserved
parameters
© 2016 ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved.

ZTE CONFIDENTIAL: This document contains proprietary information of ZTE and is not to be disclosed or used
without the prior written permission of ZTE.
Due to update and improvement of ZTE products and technologies, information in this document is subjected to
change without notice.
ZTE Confidential Proprietary 1

TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 Feature Attribute ............................................................................................... 6
2 Overview ............................................................................................................ 6
2.1 Feature Introduction ............................................................................................. 6
2.1.1 ZWF21-10-001 LCS with Cell ID & RTT ............................................................... 7
2.1.2 ZWF21-10-003 Emergency Call Re-direction to GSM .......................................... 8
2.1.3 ZWF21-10-004 LCS Classified Zones .................................................................. 8
2.1.4 ZWF21-10-005 LCS over Iur ................................................................................ 8
2.2 License Control .................................................................................................... 9
2.3 Correlation With Other Features ........................................................................ 10
3 Technical Description ..................................................................................... 10

3.1 Function Architecture of the Location Service .................................................... 10
3.1.1 Network Architecture of the Location Service ..................................................... 10
3.1.2 Procedure of Location Service ........................................................................... 12
3.2 Supported Location Technologies ...................................................................... 13
3.2.1 Location Technology Selection .......................................................................... 13
3.2.2 Cell Location (CELL-ID) ..................................................................................... 14
3.2.3 Enhanced Cell Location (CELL-ID + RTT) ......................................................... 16
3.3 Supported Measurement Technologies.............................................................. 19
3.3.1 RTT Dedicated Measurement ............................................................................ 19
3.3.2 UE Location Measurement................................................................................. 20
3.4 Basic Location Service and Process .................................................................. 21
3.4.1 Report Mode of Location Result ......................................................................... 21
3.4.2 Direct Location ................................................................................................... 26
3.4.3 Location Due to Service Area Change ............................................................... 28
3.4.4 Location When the UE Enters or Leaves a Designated Area ............................. 30
3.4.5 Stopping Location .............................................................................................. 30
3.5 Support Emergency Call Redirection to GSM .................................................... 30
4 Parameters....................................................................................................... 31
4.1 LCS with Cell ID & RTT ..................................................................................... 31
4.2 Emergency Call Redirection to GSM .................................................................. 53
4.3 LCS Classified Zones ........................................................................................ 53
4.4 LCS over Iur....................................................................................................... 54
5 Related Counters and Alarms ........................................................................ 54

5.1 Related Counters ............................................................................................... 54
5.2 Related Alarms .................................................................................................. 56

6 Engineering Guide .......................................................................................... 56

6.1 Application Scenario .......................................................................................... 56
6.2 Feature Activation Procedure ............................................................................. 57
6.2.1 LCS with Cell ID & RTT ..................................................................................... 57
6.2.2 Emergency Call Redirection to GSM .................................................................. 63
6.2.3 LCS Classified Zones ........................................................................................ 64
6.2.4 LCS over Iur....................................................................................................... 65
6.3 Feature Validation Procedure ............................................................................ 66
6.3.4 LCS over Iur....................................................................................................... 67
6.4 Feature Deactivation Procedure......................................................................... 68
6.4.4 LCS over Iur....................................................................................................... 69
6.5 Impact on the Network ....................................................................................... 70
7 Abbreviation .................................................................................................... 70
8 Reference Document....................................................................................... 72

FIGURES
Figure 3-1 Distribution of the LCS in the WCDMA Network ................................................11

Figure 3-2 LCS Procedure .................................................................................................12
Figure 3-3 Location Process in the Cell-ID Method ............................................................15
Figure 3-4 Location Process in the CELL-ID+RTT Method ................................................17
Figure 3-5 Description of an Ellipsoid Arc ..........................................................................24
Figure 3-6 Process of direct location ..................................................................................27
Figure 3-7 Location Process Due to Service Area Change ................................................28
Figure 6-1 Parameter Configuration 1 ................................................................................57
Figure 6-5 Emergency Call Redirection to GSM Parameter Configuration 1 ......................64
TABLES
Table 2-1 License Control List ............................................................................................ 9
Table 3-1 Relations between Cell Descriptive Types and GA Location Report Modes .......24
Table 3-2 Report Data Sources of the Cell GA Report Types ............................................25
Table 5-1 Counter List ..........................................................................................................54
Table 6-1 Feature Validation Procedure 1..........................................................................66
Table 6-2 Emergency Call Redirection to GSM Feature Validation Procedure ...................66
Table 6-5 Feature Deactivation Parameter List 1 ...............................................................68
Table 6-6 Emergency Call Redirection to GSM RNC Parameter List 1 ..............................69


1 Feature Attribute
RNC Version: [ZXUR 9000 UMTS (V3.15.10.20/V4.15.10.20)]
Attribute: [Optional]
Involved NEs:
NE Name Related or Not Special Requirement
MS/UE √
BTS/Node B √
BSC/RNC √
iTC -
MSC √
MGW -
SGSN
GGSN -
HLR -
“√”: involved, “-”: not involved
2 Overview
2.1 Feature Introduction
UMTS Location Service (LCS) is a mobile subscriber location platform on the UMTS
network with the support for the GPS reference network. UMTS LCS provides
subscribers with UE location information. The UMTS network measures radio signals of
the UE during the location procedure and calculates the geographic position of the UE in
accordance with measurement results. This document describes the URTAN location
technology in the UMTS network and the technical implementation of the location service
in the ZTE UMTS RNS. The document is applicable to operators and engineers who
want to learn about details of the location service.
In accordance with the bearer method, the location service is divided into two types:

1 Location service based on the control plane: Messages of the location service are
carried on the control plane. LCS signaling and data are interacted between the
location service platforms (SAS) at the RNC and CN through the Iu-PC interface.
The RNC must provide the management control function of the measurement data
and location service.
2 Location service based on the user plane: Messages of the location service are
carried on the user plane. By using the IP bearer function provided by the mobile
network, the UE exchanges signaling and data with the location service center
directly through the SUPL protocol. The UTRAN only provides the IP bearers
without new functions. No new interface is required between the UTRAN and the
CN.
The location service described in this document is based on the control plane. The ZTE
UMTS RNC implements the built-in Service Mobile Location Center (SMLC).
2.1.1 ZWF21-10-001 LCS with Cell ID & RTT
When a location service request is processed, the RNC selects a proper location method
in accordance with the received location request with certain accuracy requirements from
the CN to locate the UE, and finally reports the UE location to the network.
In accordance with the reporting method defined in the received location request from
the CN, the RNC reports the service area (SA) or geographical area (GA) to the CN as
the location result. In SA mode, the RNC reports the SA ID (SAI) of the cell where the UE
is located to the CN. When GA mode is required without any location accuracy
requirement in the location request, the RNC reports the coverage location information of
the cell in which the UE resides to the CN. Usually the coverage location information of a
cell is pre-configured in the RNC through the OMC tools. When GA mode is required with
location accuracy requirements greater than a specific value (usually 100 meters) in the
location request, the enhanced cell ID location method based on Round Trip Time (RTT)
measurements can be used: The RNC calculates the UE location in accordance with the
air interface RTT in the Node B measurement report and the time difference between
receiving and transmitting in the UE measurement report. In the enhanced cell ID
location method based on RTT measurements, the UE location result is a ring (omni
antenna) or a part of a ring (beam antenna) determined by the transmit antenna location,

the distance between the UE and the transmit antenna, and RTT measurement
accuracy.
The enhanced cell ID location method based on RTT measurements has an accuracy of
80-100 m. But this method requires the Node B to support RTT dedicated measurements.
Otherwise, only the ordinary cell ID method can be used.
In accordance with the location request from the CN, the RNC reports the measurement
results immediately or reports the measurement results when the SA changes.
2.1.2 ZWF21-10-003 Emergency Call Re-direction to GSM
Because 3G positioning capabilities in the current stage is not enough and 2G networks
can also provide location service, ZTE RAN devices support emergency call re-direction
to GSM. An emergency call number cannot be distinguished in the Re-direct approach,
so all emergency calls will be redirected to 2G networks. However, with gradual
development, 3G networks start to provide the positioning service with sufficient
positioning accuracy, and emergency calls do not need re-direction to 2G networks.
2.1.3 ZWF21-10-004 LCS Classified Zones
ZTE RAN devices can specify areas (usually a cell or a set of cells) through the OMC
tools. When a UE enters or leaves a specified area, the RNC automatically reports the
UE location to the CN by using SA method.
With this feature, operators can deliver location-based services, for example, when a UE
enters an area where disasters occur, the network sends alarm messages to the UE .
2.1.4 ZWF21-10-005 LCS over Iur

To enhance location accuracy and improve location service, the RNC needs to support
LCS over Iur. When a location service is provided, the location algorithm considers all the
radio links in UE’s active set, including the radio links in the DRNC. Whether the RNC
supports LCS over Iur is determined by the URncFunction.RncLcsOverIurSw
parameter.
When cell-based positioning is enabled, if the RNC supports LCS over Iur, it chooses a

reference cell from the UE’s active set and reports the SAI or GA information of the cell to
the CN. Otherwise the RNC chooses a reference cell from the UE’s radio links in the
SRNC. If the UE has not any radio link in the SRNC, this location procedure may fail.
When enhanced cell-based positioning is enabled, if the RNC supports LCS over Iur, the
RNC sends an RTT measurement control message to the Node Bs that manage the UE’s
active set. Otherwise, the RNC only sends an RTT measurement control message to the
Node Bs that manages the UE’s radio links in the SRNC. At the same time, the RNC
sends the measurement results of UE Rx Tx Time difference to the UE. The RNC
estimates the UE’s position in accordance with the RTT measurement results and UE’s
measurement results.
If the RNC supports LCS over Iur, it chooses a reference cell from the UE’s active set.
Otherwise the RNC chooses a reference cell from the UE’s radio links in the SRNC. The
RNC sends a location measurement control message to the UE with the location
auxiliary data of the reference cell.
The DRNC cells in a specified area are identified by using the OMC tools. When a UE
enters or leaves a specified area, the RNC automatically reports UE location information
to the CN by using SA method.
2.2 License Control
Table 2-1 License Control List
License Configured
Feature ID Feature Name Unit
Control Item NE
ZWF21-10-001 LCS with Cell ID & LCS with Cell

RNC RNC
RTT ID & RTT
ZWF21-10-003 Emergency Call Emergency

Re-direct to GSM Call Re-direct RNC RNC
to GSM
ZWF21-10-005 LCS over Iur

LCS over Iur RNC RNC

2.3 Correlation With Other Features
1. Required Features
None
2. Mutually Exclusive Features
The ZWF21-10-001 LCS with Cell ID & RTT feature only supports the inner-RNC
location function. If the RNC supports the location function through the Iu-pc
interface (the ZWF21-10-008 Iu-PC Support feature is enabled), this feature is
invalid. Whether the ZWF21-10-008 Iu-PC Support feature supports CELL-ID&RTT
LCS is determined by SAS devices.
3. Affected Features
None
3 Technical Description
3.1 Function Architecture of the Location Service
3.1.1 Network Architecture of the Location Service
Figure 3-1 shows the network architecture of the ZTE UMTS location service.

Figure 3-1 Distribution of the LCS in the WCDMA Network
Stand- SAS Gps

Alone antenna
LMU
Iupc Cable
Uu
Node B Iub RNC Iu

UE CN
(Associated
LMU)
Iur
Node B Iub RNC Optional

(Associated
LMU) Mandatory
Functions of the NEs or devices are as follows:
SMLC: stands for Service Mobile Location Center. It delivers GPS auxiliary data to the
RNC through the IUPC interface, acquires location measurement data from the RNC
through the IUPC interface, and figures out the UE location.
SAS: stands for Stand-alone SMLC. An SMLC can be deployed independently or be built
into a logical function of the RNC. The ZTE RNC supports built-in SMLCs.
RNC: If the SAS is unavailable, the RNC provides the SMLC function. If the SAS is
configured, the RNC is used to transfer GPS auxiliary data and location information
from/to the UE to/from the SAS.
Node B: It performs location measurements and provides measurement data required by

location service, for example, RTT dedicated measurements.
LMU: stands for Location Measurement Unit. It is a logical function in a Node B or a

Stand-Alone LMU, performing location-related measurement functions. The LMU built in
a Node B communicates with the RNC through the Iub interface, while the stand-alone
LMU communicates with the RNC through the Uu interface. Stand-alone LMUs are not
deployed in ZTE location systems.

GPS antenna: It connects to the GPS signal receiver on the RNC through a cable and
provides the RNC with GPS information to calculate GPS auxiliary data.
3.1.2 Procedure of Location Service
Location service is designed for receiving location requests and GPS information from
the CN and sending UE location information to the CN. Upon receiving Location
Reporting Control message from CN, RNC will directly handle the message received
from CS domain without switch controlling, however it is decided by the parameter
URncFunction.gRespara57.bit0 whether handling the message received from PS
domain. The UE location data is obtained through the UTRAN internal measurements
and GPS measurements during the location procedure. Figure 3-2 shows the LCS
procedure.
Figure 3-2 LCS Procedure
CN UTRAN
Location Reporting Control
Measurement
Calculation
Location Report
In the RNC, the basic LCS operations are as follows:
1. Location control
2. Location-related measuring
3. Location information calculating
4. Location result reporting

3.2 Supported Location Technologies
The ZTE UMTS RNC supports the cell location, enhanced cell location, and A-GPS
location technologies. The ZTE UMTS RNC can provide location services by selecting a
proper location technology in accordance with the location request from the CN.
3.2.1 Location Technology Selection
The ZTE UMTS RNC supports the CELL-ID, CELL-ID+RTT, and UEB A-GPS location
technologies. When the RNC receives a location request from the CN, it selects a
location method first.
The RNC selects a proper location method in accordance with LCS Support Method of
RNC, UE capability information, UTRAN capability information, and the parameters in
the LOCATION REPORTING CONTROL message. The LOCATION REPORTING
CONTROL message contains the following parameters:
1. Report Area: SAI or GA.
k
2. Accuracy Code: The corresponding accuracy value is r =10x (1.1 - 1) meters,
Where k ranges from 0 to 127.
k
3. Vertical Accuracy Code: The corresponding accuracy value is v =45 x (1.025 - 1)
meters, where k ranges from 0 to 127.
Selection principles:
1. If the Report Area parameter is described with an SAI and the

UlogicalRnc.cidLcsMethodInd parameter is set to 1 (Support Cell ID Positioning),
the RNC selects the CellID method.
2. If the Report Area parameter is described with a GA without accuracy requirements

and the UlogicalRnc.cidLcsMethodInd parameter is set to 1 (Support Cell ID
Positioning), the RNC selects the CellID method.
3. If the Report Area parameter is described with a GA with accuracy requirements

and the UlogicalRnc.cidLcsMethodInd parameter is set to 1 (Support Cell ID

Positioning), and if the UE supports UE Rx-Tx time difference type1 or UE Rx-Tx

time difference type2 measurements, the RNC selects the CellID+RTT method.
Otherwise, the RNC selects the CellID method.
4. If the Report Area parameter is described with a GA with accuracy requirements

and the UlogicalRnc.agpsLcsMethodInd parameter is set to 2 (Support AGPS),
and if the following conditions are satisfied, the RNC selects the A-GPS method:
 The Accuracy Code is less than the preset accuracy code of the RNC, and;
 The UE supports UEB AGPS.
Otherwise, the RNC selects the CellID+RTT method.
5. If a location method cannot be implemented due to UE or network malfunction, the

RNC performs location method rollback:
 If the A-GPS location method fails (caused by insufficient satellites information

or other reasons), or the UE does not support the A-GPS location method, the
RNC selects the CELL-ID+RTT.
 If the CellID+RTT location method is used, and if the location information from
the UE to the transmit antenna that is finally determined by the RTT cannot be
obtained due to UE or Node B measurement failure, the RNC uses the CellID
location method.
3.2.2 Cell Location (CELL-ID)
When the CellID-based location technology is used, the RNC queries the cell geographic
information or location area, calculates the UE location, and finally reports the location
result to the CN. In Figure 3-3, if Condition: UE STATE IS URA PCH or CELL PCH is
matched, indicating that the UE is in URA PCH state, a cell update procedure is executed.
Otherwise, the cell update procedure is not executed. The following Condition prompts
have similar functions.
If the GA or SAI information of the reference cell in the DRNC cannot be obtained from
the OMCR, the RNC obtains the information from the Radio Link Setup Response
message or the Radio Link Setup Addition Response message through the Iur interface.

Figure 3-3 Location Process in the Cell-ID Method
CN RNC UE
LOCATION REPORTING CONTROL
CELL-ID METHOD
Condition : UE STATE IS URA PCH or CELL_PCH
CELL UPDATE
GET CELL-ID
CACULATE UE POSITION
LOCATION REPORT
Upon receiving the LOCATION REPORTING CONTROL message from the CN, the
RNC selects an initial location method at first. If the requirements of the Cell-ID method
are met, the RNC selects the Cell-ID method.
The RNC determines the UE state. If the current UE state is URA_PCH, the RNC
initiates type 1 paging request messages for state migration to obtain the Cell-ID. If the
UE is in a soft handover, the RNC selects the cell with the best signal quality as the
reference cell. If the UE is not in URA_PCH state, the Cell-ID of the current reference cell
can be obtained directly.
The RNC queries the corresponding SAI or GA in accordance with the Cell-ID, calculates
the UE location, and sends the location result to the CN through a LOCATION REPORT
message.

3.2.3 Enhanced Cell Location (CELL-ID + RTT)
When the CELL-ID+RTT method is used, the UE must be in CELL_DCH state. The RNC
initiates the dedicated measurements (RTT) on the Iub and Iur interfaces and the
location measurements (UE Rx-Tx time difference type1 or UE Rx-Tx time difference
type2) on the Uu interface. The RNC determines the distance between the UE and the
transmitting antenna in accordance with the measurement results.
In the Cell-ID+RTT location method, the UE location result is a ring (omni antenna) or a
part of a ring (beam antenna) determined by the transmitting antenna location, the
distance between the UE and the transmitting antenna, and RTT measurement accuracy.

Figure 3-4 Location Process in the CELL-ID+RTT Method
CN RNC Node B UE
LOCATION REPORTING CONTROL
Select method: non CELL-ID positioning
Condition : UE STATE IS NOT CELL DCH
UE STATE IS MIGRATED TO CELL DCH
Select method: CELL-ID+RTT
SET MEASUREMENT TIMER
MEASUREMENT CONTROL
MEASUREMENT REPORT
CANCEL MEASUREMENT TIMER
SET MEASUREMENT TIMER
DEDICATED
MEASUREMENT
INITIATION
REQUEST
DEDICATED
MEASUREMENT
INITIATION
RESPONSE
CANCEL MEASUREMENT TIMER
CALCULATE UE POSITION
LOCATION REPORT
Upon receiving the LOCATION REPORTING CONTROL message from the CN, the
RNC selects a location method in accordance with the location request at first. For

details, refer to 3.2.1 Location Technology Selection. If a non-CELL-ID location method is

selected, the RNC proceeds with the following operations.
The RNC determines the UE state. If the UE is not in Cell_DCH state, the RNC performs
paging or cell update to migrate the UE state to CELL_DCH. If the UE is in a soft
handover, the RNC selects the cell with the best signal quality as the reference cell.
After reading the UE capability, the RNC selects a location method again in accordance
with the location request, UE capability, and reference cell capability. For details, refer to
3.2.1 Location Technology Selection. If the CELL-ID+RTT location method is selected,
the RNC proceeds with the following operations.
The RNC initiates a UE location measurement process. For details, refer to 3.3.2 UE
Location Measurement. RNC selects UE Rx-Tx Time difference type1 or UE Rx-Tx Time
difference type2, and then sends a MEASUREMENT CONTROL message to the UE.
The RNC implements the UE location measurement process (refer to 3.3.2 UE Location
Measurement) and sends a Measurement Control message to the UE. If the UE supports
type2 measurements, UE Rx-Tx Time difference type2 is selected. Otherwise, UE Rx-Tx
Time difference type1 is selected.
The RNC queries all the radio links of the UE.
If the radio link is in the SRNC, the RNC sends an RTT Dedicated Measurement Initiation
Request message to the Node B through the Iub interface. If the radio link is in the DRNC,
the RNC sends an RTT Dedicated Measurement Initiation Request message to the
DRNC through the Iur interface (refer to 3.3.1 RTT Dedicated Measurement).
If the radio link is in the SRNC, the RNC initiates RTT dedicated measurements (refer to
3.3.1 RTT Dedicated Measurement) and sends a DEDICATED MEASUREMENT
INITIATION REQUEST message to the Node B.
The RNC collects the results of multiple UE location measurements and RTT
measurements on all radio links. Then, it calculates the average value of the
measurement results for each radio link and uses the measurement value of the radio
link with the smallest average value as the final measurement result.

The RNC finally calculates the UE location in accordance with the measurement result
and the geographical location of the Node B transmit antenna, and reports the location
result to the CN through the LOCATION REPORT message.
To improve accuracy, the RNC reports the information of neighbor cells. The RNC sends
the Longitude and Latitude at the cell center point, cell ID, RTT value, RNCID, RSCP,
Ec/N0, and Pathloss of the cells in active set and the Longitude and Latitude at the cell
center point, cell ID, RNCID, RSCP, Ec/N0, and Pathloss of the cells in monitoring set to
the CN. A maximum of four cells can be reported.
3.3 Supported Measurement Technologies
3.3.1 RTT Dedicated Measurement
The RTT measurement is the dedicated measurement process in the Node B, and is
used to calculate the distance between the UE and the Node B transmit antenna in the
CELL-ID+RTT location method. The RTT dedicated measurement must be implemented
in CELL_DCH state. The explanation is as follows:
RTT =TRX – TTX. TTX refers to the time when the Node B sends frames on the downlink
DPCH to the UE. The reference point is the connection point of the transmit antenna.
TRX refers to the time when the Node B receives frames on the uplink DPCCH/DPDCH
from the UE (when the first path is detected). The reference point is the connection point
of the receiving antenna.
When the CELL-ID+RTT location method is started, the RNC sends a DEDICATED
MEASUREMENT INITIATION REQUEST message to the Node B. Upon receiving this
message, the Node B determines that the measurement type is Round Trip Time (RTT).
After that, the Node B starts the measurement of the RTT, and returns a DEDICATED
MEASUREMENT INITIATION RESPONSE message with the RTT measurement result
to the RNC. The RNC calculates the location in accordance with the measurement result.
The Node B implements RTT measurements. When the CELL-ID+RTT location process
is completed, the RNC sends a DEDICATED MEASUREMENT TERMINATION
REQUEST message to Node B. Upon receiving this message, the Node B stops RTT

measurements.
If the radio link is in the DRNC, the RNC sends dedicated measurement control message
to the Node Bs in the DRNC through the Iur interface.
The object instance for configuring the Node B dedicated measurement parameters for
location is obtained in the UNbDedMeas sub-object of the UNbDedMeasProfile object.
The type of the Node B dedicated measurement is indicated by the dedMeasType
parameter and the report type of the measurement result is indicated by the rptType
parameter. Each set of Node B dedicated measurement parameters has a number
indicated by the nbDMCfgNo parameter, and how the parameters are used is indicated
by the nbDMCfgNote parameter. The Node B dedicated measurement filter coefficient is
indicated by the measFilterCoeff parameter.
3.3.2 UE Location Measurement
Before the UE location measurement starts, the system determines the UE

measurement capability. If the capability supports the measurement, the measurement
starts. Otherwise, the measurement does not start. The UE location measurement
includes UE Rx-Tx time difference type1 and UE Rx-Tx time difference type2.
The UE Rx-Tx time difference measurement is implemented by the UE. The

measurement is used to calculate the distance between the UE and the cell transmit
antenna. It is the difference between the frame transmission time of the UE uplink
DPCCH/DPDCH and the time when the measured downlink DPCH detects the first
frame. The measured reference point is the antenna connection point of the UE. For
Type 1, the reference Rx path should be the first detected path (in time) amongst the
paths (from the measured radio link) used in the demodulation process. For Type 2, the
reference Rx path should be the first detected path (in time) amongst all paths (from the
measured radio link) detected by the UE. The reference path used for the measurement
may therefore be different for Type 1 and Type 2.
The RNC configures the UE measurement quantity by using the RptTxRxTmDiffInd

parameter. If the measurement report message is periodically reported, the RNC
configures the measurement parameters in accordance with the UE PrdMeasRTT
parameter. If the measurement report message is event triggered, the RNC configures

the measurement parameters in accordance with the EvtMeasRTT1 parameter (the

system supports periodic reporting).
The RNC measures the UE Rx-Tx time difference type1 or UE Rx-Tx time difference
type2 in accordance with the UE capability. In type1 and type2, the reference Rx path is
different. Hence, the accuracies of two measurements are different. The measurement
accuracy of type1 is higher than that of type2.
The RNC starts the UE Rx-Tx time difference type1 measurements by periodic UE
internal measurement with setting measurement quantity to UE Rx-Tx Time Difference
and starts the UE Rx-Tx time difference type2 measurement by periodic UE positioning
measurement. The RNC sends the Measurement Control message to the UE, and
meanwhile delivers the report mode and response time to the UE. Upon receiving the
measurement control message, the UE (in DCH state) starts the measurement and
reports the measurement results to the RNC in accordance with the report period.
A corresponding record can be queried in UPrdRttUeInt.ueIntMCfgNo in accordance with

the UPrdRttUeInt.UeIntMCfgNo parameter configured in each cell. The following
parameters in this record are used to fill the UE internal measurement message:
UPrdRttUeInt.measRptTrMod, UPrdRttUeInt.filterCoeff, UPrdRttUeInt.prdRptAmount,
and UPrdRttUeInt.prdRptInterval.
3.4 Basic Location Service and Process
The ZTE UMTS RNC supports direct location, location due to service area change, and
location when a UE enters or leaves a designated area. It can also select a proper mode
to report the location result in accordance with the actual configuration.
3.4.1 Report Mode of Location Result
Location Reports are classified into the following two categories:
1. Service Area Identification (SAI): The RNC reports the service area identification to
the CN. When the type of the required event in the received location reporting
control message is SAI, the RNC uses the CellID for the location. In accordance
with the SAI determined by the CellID, the RNC reports the SAI to the CN.

2. Geographical Area (GA): The RNC reports the geographical area of the UE to the
CN. When the type of the required event in the received location reporting control
message is GA, the RNC selects one method in the GA to describe the location
result and reports it to the CN.
In the CELLID and CELLID+RTT location methods, the reporting mode of the GA is
determined by the UUtranCellFDD.GARptType and UExternalUtranCellFDD.GARptType
parameters. These parameters can be determined in accordance with the descriptive
type of the cell. The system defines three cell descriptive types by using the
UUtranCellFDD.CellDescripType parameter. Different descriptive types correspond to
different descriptive parameters of cell geographical area information as follows:
1. The cell center and cell radius with altitude include the following descriptive
parameters:
 UUtranCellFDD.LatitudeSign (UExternalUtranCellFDD.LatitudeSign): latitude

direction of the cell center point, southern latitude or northern latitude.
 UUtranCellFDD.Latitude (UExternalUtranCellFDD.Latitude): latitude value of

the cell center point.
 UUtranCellFDD.Longitude (UExternalUtranCellFDD.Longitude): longitude of

the cell center point.
 UUtranCellFDD.Altitude (UExternalUtranCellFDD.Altitude): altitude of the cell

center point.
 UUtranCellFDD.AltitudeDir (UExternalUtranCellFDD.AltitudeDir): altitude

direction of the cell central point, above or below the horizontal surface.
 UUtranCellFDD.AltitudeAcc (UExternalUtranCellFDD.AltitudeAcc): altitude

accuracy of the cell center point.
 UUtranCellFDD.Confidence (UExternalUtranCellFDD.Confidence): confidence

degree of location descriptive information of the cell. It is a part of location to
be reported to the CN.
 UUtranCellFDD.CellRadius (UExternalUtranCellFDD. ellRadius): cell radius.

2. Arc:
 UUtranCellFDD.AnteType (UExternalUtranCellFDD.AnteType): antenna type,

that is, omni antenna or directional antenna.
 UUtranCellFDD.AnteLatitudeSign (UExternalUtranCellFDD.AnteLatitudeSign):
antenna latitude direction, that is, south latitude or north latitude;
 UUtranCellFDD.AnteLatitude (UExternalUtranCellFDD.AnteLatitude): antenna

latitude value.
 UUtranCellFDD.AnteLongitude (UExternalUtranCellFDD.AnteLongitude):
antenna longitude value.
 UUtranCellFDD.AnteAltitude (UExternalUtranCellFDD.AnteAltitude): antenna

altitude, that is, distance from the horizontal surface.
 UUtranCellFDD.AnteAltitudeDir (UExternalUtranCellFDD.AnteAltitudeDir):
antenna altitude direction, that is, above or below the horizontal surface.
 UUtranCellFDD.Offsetangle (UExternalUtranCellFDD.Offsetangle): antenna

direction angle indicated by the middle line of the angle in the sector covered
by the antenna, see Figure 3-6.
 UUtranCellFDD.Innerangle (UExternalUtranCellFDD.Innerangle): half of the

angle at the antenna coverage direction. See Figure 3-6.
 UUtranCellFDD.CellRadius (UExternalUtranCellFDD.CellRadius): cell radius.

Figure 3-5 Description of an Ellipsoid Arc
North
Point (o) 

r1
r2
3. Polygon:
 UUtranCellFDD.PolygonPointNum
(UExternalUtranCellFDD.PolygonPointNum): point number of the polygon.
 UUtranCellFDD.PolyLatitudeSign (UExternalUtranCellFDD.PolyLatitudeSign):
latitude sign of each point of the polygon.
 UUtranCellFDD.PolyLatitude (UExternalUtranCellFDD.PolyLatitude): latitude

of each point of the polygon.
 UUtranCellFDD.PolyLongtitude (UExternalUtranCellFDD.PolyLongtitude):
longitude of each point of the polygon.
Different cell descriptive modes correspond to different GA location reporting types

configured by using the UUtranCellFDD.GARptType parameter. The lu interface
supports multiple GA descriptive methods. In accordance with the descriptive method of
the cell geographical area information, the RNC can further configure the detailed
organization method in the GA location report for each cell, refer to the following tables.
Table 3-1 Relations between Cell Descriptive Types and GA Location Report Modes
Cell Descriptive Type Cell GA Report Mode
Cell center and cell radius Ellipsoid point

Cell Descriptive Type Cell GA Report Mode

With altitude Ellipsoid point and uncertain circle
Ellipsoid point and uncertain ellipsoid
Ellipsoid point with altitude
Ellipsoid point and uncertain ellipsoid with altitude
Polygon Polygon
Arc Arc
Table 3-2 Report Data Sources of the Cell GA Report Types
Location Cell GA Report

Calculation of Location Result
Method Mode
Takes the LatitudeSign, Latitude, and Longitude

Ellipsoid point
of the cell center point as the location result.
Takes the LatitudeSign, Latitude, and Longitude

Ellipsoid point and of cell center point and the uncertain code
uncertain circle calculated by the CellRadius as the location
report.
Takes the LatitudeSign, Latitude, Longitude, and

Confidence of cell center point and UncertCode
calculated by the CellRadius (refer to the
Ellipsoid point and CellRadius parameter description for the
uncertain ellipsoid calculation method) as the location result. The
uncertain codes of the ellipsoid long and short
radii in the location report are equal to
CELLID
UncertCode.
Takes the LatitudeSign, Latitude, Longitude,

Ellipsoid point
Altitude and AltitudeDir of the cell center point as
with altitude
the location result.
In the CELLID method, takes the LatitudeSign,

Latitude, Longitude, and Confidence of cell
center point and UncertCode calculated by the
Ellipsoid point and CellRadius as the location report (refer to the
uncertain ellipsoid CellRadius parameter description for the
with altitude calculation method) as the location result. The
uncertain codes of the ellipsoid long and short
radii in the location report are equal to
UncertCode.

Location Cell GA Report

Calculation of Location Result
Method Mode
Takes the PolygonPointNum,

PolyLatitudeSign[MAX_POINT_NUM],
Polygon PolyLatitude[MAX_POINT_NUM], and
PolyLongitude[MAX_POINT_NUM] of Polygon
Point as the location result.
Takes the AnteType, AnteLatitudeSign,

AnteLatitude, AnteLongitude, AnteAltitude,
Arc Offset angle, Inner Angle, and CellRadius as the
measurement results. AnteType indicates that
the antenna is omni or beam type.
In the CELLID+RTT method in which only arc

reporting mode is supported. Takes the
AnteType, AnteLatitudeSign, AnteLatitude,
AnteLongitude, AnteAltitude, Offset angle, Inner
CELLID+RT Angle, and CellRadius as the measurement
Arc
T result. AnteType indicates that the antenna is an
omni or beam one. Offset angle and Inner Angle
are optional parameters. Only when AnteType is
beam antenna, Offset angle and Inner Angle are
required.
In the A-GPS method, the GA measurement

Ellipsoid point and
result of the UE is directly reported, usually in
AGPS uncertain ellipsoid
Ellipsoid point and uncertain ellipsoid with
with altitude
altitude mode.
3.4.2 Direct Location
Figure 3-6 shows the process of the direct location.

Figure 3-6 Process of direct location
CN RNC Node B UE
Condition： report type in request is not supported
Location Report
Location method selection
Condition：CELL-ID is selected
CELL-ID positioning
Condition：CellID＋RTT is selected
CELL-ID + RTT
Condition：UEB A-GPS is selected
UEB A-GPS
Location Report
The process is as follows:
According to the received LOCATION REPORTING CONTROL from the CN in which the
REPORT TYPE was set to REPORT DIRECTLY, the RNC initiates direct location
process. If the RNC does not support the report type, it will report failure to the CN
directly.
The RNC selects a location method (see Section 3.2.1 " Location Technology Selection
“ ), and then call the basic process of the selected location technology to perform
location.
The RNC sends the location result to the CN through the LOCATION REPORT message
of the Iu interface.

3.4.3 Location Due to Service Area Change
Figure 3-7 shows the location process due to service area change.
Figure 3-7 Location Process Due to Service Area Change
CN RNC Node B UE
Condition：Report type is not supported
Location Report
Location method selection
Condition：Location process after SA changed
SA change
Condition：CELL-ID is selected
CELL-ID positioning
Condition：CellID＋RTT is selected
CELL-ID+RTT
Condition：UEB A-GPS is selected
UEB A-GPS
Location Report
The process is described as follows:
The RNC receives the LOCATION REPORTING CONTROL message from the CN. The
required event is REPORT UPON CHANGE OF SERVICE AREA.
The RNC selects a location method (see 3.2.1 Location Technology Selection) and waits
until the service area changes. The RNC selects the CellID location method.

When the service area is changed, the RNC performs location in accordance with the
selected location method.
The RNC sends the location result to the CN through the LOCATION REPORT message
on the Iu interface.
The INITIAL DIRECT TRANSFER message that is sent by the RNC to the CN carries the
SAI of the UE. After receiving the LOCATION REPORTING CONTROL message from
the CN, the RNC compares the current SAI with the previous one. If the two SAIs are
different, the RNC immediately sends the LOCATION REPORT message to the CN to
report the SAI of the cell where the UE is located. If the two SAIs are the same, the RNC
sends the LOCATION REPORT message to the CN only when the current SAI changes.
If the RNC has not sent UE's SAI information to the CN before, the RNC immediately
reports the SAI to the CN.
When the service area is changed, the RNC sends the corresponding SAI to the CN
through the LOCATION REPORT message on the Iu interface.
When the UE is shifted to a DRNC cell, the corresponding SAI is transferred to the SRNC
through the Iur interface. If the service area is changed, the SRNC reports the
corresponding SAI to the CN in CellID location method. If the RNC receives the
LOCATION REPORTING CONTROL message in the incoming relocation process, the
RNC sends the SAI of the cell where the UE is located after relocation is complete.
In the network configuration, different RNCs have different LACs and each cell is
configured with an independent SAC. Therefore, different cells of the SRNC and DRNC
have different SAIs.
To select CELLID in macro diversity: If an HS-DSCH or HS-DSCH service cell exists,

select the CELLID of the cell. If such cell does not exist, select the CELLID of the cell with
the best quality or with the best Ec/N0 in active set after a soft handover (event 1a, 1c,
and 1d may trigger soft handover) is complete.
This feature may afford the CN to support different services in accordance with different
SAIs (for example, supporting different fee in accordance with different SAIs of UEs).
Reporting SAI once SAC changes shall cause that number of LocationReport messages
is great, so the switch URncInfo.lCSbyPLMNSwch is introduced to decide RNC reports

SIA whether when PLMN changes or SAC changes. If URncInfo.lCSbyPLMNSwch is set

as “On”, RNC reports SAI only when PLMN changes. If URncInfo.lCSbyPLMNSwch is
set as “Off”, RNC reports SAI once SAC changes.
3.4.4 Location When the UE Enters or Leaves a Designated Area
The ZTE UMTS RNC can designate an area (a set of cells) at the background and
identify a cell belonging to that designated area using the UUtranCellFDD.ClassZoneInd
(when the cell is in the SRNC) and UExternalUtranCellFDD.AdjClassZoneInd (when the
cell is in the DRNC) parameters. In actual application, location is used for areas where
disasters occur.
When the RNC detects that the UE moves from a non-designated area to a designated
area or the UE moves from a designated area to a non-designated area, it uses the SAI
corresponding to the Cell-ID of the UE reference cell as the location result. The RNC
sends the location report to the CN through the Iu interface.
3.4.5 Stopping Location
When the RNC receives the LOCATION REPORTING CONTROL message from the CN,
it searches for direct location to be stopped or service area change location to be
stopped in accordance with the REQUEST TYPE message. The RNC stops ongoing
location. If dedicated measurements, UE location measurements, or A-GPS location
measurements are involved, the RNC stops the Stopping Location operation.
3.5 Support Emergency Call Redirection to GSM
If the establishment cause of the RRC CONNECTION SETUP REQUEST message

equals Emergency Call and the emergency call redirection switch
(UUtranCellFDD.EmgCallRdtSwitc) is set to 1(open), and if the access cell is overlapped
or contains 2G neighboring cells and this is the first RRC CONNECTION SETUP
REQUEST message for the UE, then the RNC sends a RRC CONNECTION REJECT
message to the UE, in which the Redirection info --> Inter-RAT info IE must be GSM.

4 Parameters
4.1 LCS with Cell ID & RTT
Table 4-1 Parameter List
Recom
Managed Logic Value Default
Parameter Description Unit mende
Object Name Range Value
d Value
Used UE
UUtranCell This parameter is the DN 0..6553
Internal
FDD.refUU (Distinguish Name) of 5, step N/A N/A N/A
Measurem
eIntMeasPr UUeIntMeasProfile. 1
ent Profile
ofile
UUeIntMea ID of UE internal 0..9,

Profile Id N/A N/A N/A
sProfile.prof measurement Profile step 1
ileId
UUtranCell
Sector This parameter is the sector
FDD.sectorI 1…6 N/A N/A N/A
Identity identity of the cell.
d
This parameter indicates the

altitude direction of the
polygon point. When RNC
receives the message of
RANAP LOCATION
REQUEST from CN, which
requires reporting the location
UExternalUt Cell result with Geographical Area
(0..2^15
ranCellFDD Altitude for (GA) of the cell, if the cell is meter N/A N/A
-1)m,
.altitude Cell Center described in type of “cell
step 1m
center + cell radius”, this
parameter decides how to fill
in the location results in
RANAP LOCATION
REPORT. This parameter is
one of the parameters to
describe the cell in type of

Recom
d Value
“cell center + cell radius”. It
indicates the altitude for the
cell center.

RANAP LOCATION
result with Geographical Area
(GA) of the cell, if the cell is
UExternalUt
Altitude described in type of “cell (0...990)
ranCellFDD meter N/A N/A
accuracy center + cell radius”, this m, step
.altitudeAcc
parameter decides how to fill 1m
RANAP LOCATION
“cell center + cell radius”,
indicating the altitude
accuracy.

RANAP LOCATION
Direction 0:
UExternalUt requires reporting the location
of Altitude Height
ranCellFDD result with Geographical Area N/A N/A N/A
for Cell 1:
.altitudeDir (GA) of the cell, if the cell is
Center Depth
described in type of “cell
RANAP LOCATION

Recom
d Value
indicates whether the altitude
direction of the cell center is
above or below the sea level.
UExternalUt
ranCellFDD Antenna (0..2^15
altitude of the transmission meter N/A N/A
.anteAltitud Altitude -1)m,
antenna in the cell.
e step 1m
Direction of Antenna Altitude.

UExternalUt 0:
Direction This parameter indicates the
ranCellFDD Height
of Antenna altitude of the transmission N/A N/A N/A
.anteAltitud 1:
Altitude antenna of the cell is above or
eDir Depth
below the level.
UExternalUt This parameter indicates the

Degree of (0°..
ranCellFDD geographical latitude coordinates
Antenna 90°), Degree N/A N/A
.anteLatitud of the transmission antenna in the
Latitude step 1";
e cell.
UExternalUt This parameter indicates the

Antenna 0: North
ranCellFDD latitude direction of the
Latitude 1: South N/A N/A N/A
.anteLatitud transmission antenna is south
Sign
eSign or north.
UExternalUt
Degrees of This parameter indicates the
ranCellFDD (-180°..
Antenna longitude of the transmission Degree N/A N/A
.anteLongit 180°),
Longitude antenna in the cell
ude step 1";
0: Omni
UExternalUt This parameter indicates the Antenna 0: Omni 0: Omni
Antenna
ranCellFDD type of the transmission 1: Beam N/A Antenn Antenn
Type
.anteType antenna in the cell Antenna a a
UExternalUt Cell description type, which 0: 0: 0:

Cell
ranCellFDD indicates the type to describe Center Center Center
Description N/A
.cellDescrip the cell, can be type of Point Point Point
Type
Type “polygon” or “arch”, or “cell with with with

Recom
d Value
center + cell radius”. When Altitude Altitude Altitude
RNC receives the message of and Cell and Cell and Cell
RANAP LOCATION Radius Radius Radius
REQUEST from CN, which 1:
requires reporting the location Polygon
results with Geographical 2: Arc
Area (GA) of the cell, this
RANAP LOCATION
REPORT.
This parameter is one of the

parameters to describe the
UExternalUt cell in type of “cell center +
Cell (0..1806
ranCellFDD cell radius”, indicating the cell meter N/A N/A
Radius 627)m,
.cellRadius radius. It takes the cell center
step 1m
transmission antenna as the
circle center.
0:
Ellipsoid
Point
1:
Ellipsoid
Point
This parameter indicates the with
geographical area report type Uncertai
Geographi of the cell. When CN requires nty
UExternalUt
cal Area RNC to report the location Circle
ranCellFDD N/A N/A N/A
Report result with the type of 2:
.gaRptType
Type Geographical Area (GA), this Ellipsoid
parameter decides the format Point
of the report in detail. with
Uncertai
nty
Ellipse
3:
Ellipsoid
Point

Recom
d Value
with
Altitude
4:
Ellipsoid
Point
with
Altitude
and
Uncertai
nty
Ellipsoid
5: List of
Ellipsoid
Points
6:
Ellipsoid
Arc

RANAP LOCATION
UExternalUt
Confidenc described in type of “cell (0..100)
ranCellFDD N/A N/A N/A
e center + cell radius”, this %, step
.confidence
parameter decides how to fill 1%
RANAP LOCATION
“cell center + cell radius”.
indicating the confidence of
the position information.

Recom
d Value

RANAP LOCATION
UExternalUt described in type of “cell (0°..
Inner
ranCellFDD center + cell radius”, this 360°), Degree N/A N/A
Angle
.innerAngle parameter decides how to fill step 1°;
RANAP LOCATION
“cell center + cell radius”. This
parameter indicates the inner
angel of the transmission
antenna of the cell.
When RNC receives the

message of RANAP
LOCATION REQUEST from
CN, which requires reporting
the location result with
Geographical Area (GA) of
the cell, if the cell is described
UExternalUt Degree of in type of “cell center + cell (0°..
ranCellFDD Latitude for radius”, this parameter 90°), Degree N/A N/A
.latitude Cell Center decides how to fill in the step 1";
location results in RANAP
LOCATION REPORT. This
parameter is one of the
cell in type of “cell center +
cell radius”. This parameter
indicates the absolute value of

Recom
d Value
the latitude degree for the cell
center. This parameter is one
of the parameters to describe
the cell in type of “cell central
point”. It indicates the
geographical latitude of the
cell center.

message of RANAP
in type of “cell center + cell
UExternalUt radius”, this parameter
Latitude 0: North
ranCellFDD decides how to fill in the
Sign for 1: South N/A N/A N/A
.latitudeSig location results in RANAP
Cell Center
n LOCATION REPORT. This
parameter indicates the
latitude direction of the cell
point”. It indicates whether the
center is south or north.

message of RANAP
Degrees of
UExternalUt the location result with
Longitude (-180°..
ranCellFDD Geographical Area (GA) of the Degree N/A N/A
for Cell 180°),
.longitude cell, if the cell is described in
Center step 1";
type of “cell center + cell
radius”, this parameter
decides how to fill in the

Recom
d Value
center.
value of the longitude degree
for the cell center. This
cell in type of “cell central
geographical longitude of the
cell center.

message of RANAP
in type of “cell center + cell
UExternalUt decides how to fill in the
Offset (0°..
ranCellFDD location results in RANAP Degree N/A N/A
Angle 360°),
.offsetAngle LOCATION REPORT. This
cell radius”. This parameter is
the offset angle of the
transmission antenna in the
cell, which indicates the cell’s
offset degree based on the north
direction.

Recom
d Value
This parameter identifies how

many points should be
included in the polygon of the
UExternalUt
Polygon cell. If the cell is described in
ranCellFDD
Point type of “polygon”, the best 3..15 N/A N/A N/A
.polygonPoi
Number number of points is decided
ntNum
during network planning. Each
cell is described with its own
number of points.

absolute value of the polygon
point latitude. When RNC
RANAP LOCATION
UExternalUt Degree of
(GA) of the cell, if the cell is (0°..
ranCellFDD Polygon
described in type of “polygon”, 90°), Degree N/A N/A
.polyLatitud Point
this parameter decides how to step 1";
e Latitude
fill in the location results in
RANAP LOCATION
“polygon”. It indicates the
polygon point.

latitude direction of the
UExternalUt Polygon
ranCellFDD Point 0: North
RANAP LOCATION N/A N/A N/A
.polyLatitud Latitude 1: South
eSign Sign

Recom
d Value
described in type of “polygon”,
this parameter decides how to
RANAP LOCATION
“polygon”. It indicates whether
the latitude direction of the
polygon point is south or
north.

RANAP LOCATION
UExternalUt Degree of
ranCellFDD Polygon (-180°..
described in type of “polygon”, Degree N/A N/A
.polyLongitu Point 180°),
de Latitude step 1";
RANAP LOCATION
polygon point.

UUtranCell Cell
receives the message of (0..2^15
FDD.altitud Altitude for meter N/A N/A
RANAP LOCATION -1)m,
e Cell Center
REQUEST from CN, which step 1m

Recom
d Value
RANAP LOCATION
indicates the altitude for the
cell center.

RANAP LOCATION
UUtranCell
Altitude described in type of “cell (0...990)
FDD.altitud meter N/A N/A
accuracy center + cell radius”, this m, step
eAcc
parameter decides how to fill 1m
RANAP LOCATION
“cell center + cell radius”,
indicating the altitude
accuracy.

Direction altitude the 0:
direction of
UUtranCell
of Altitude polygon point. When RNC Height;
FDD.altitud N/A N/A N/A
for Cell receives the message of 1:
eDir
Center RANAP LOCATION Depth

Recom
d Value
RANAP LOCATION
indicates whether the altitude
direction of the cell center is
above or below the sea level.
UUtranCell This parameter indicates the

Antenna (0..2^15
FDD.anteAlt altitude of the transmission meter N/A N/A
Altitude -1)m,
itude antenna in the cell.
step 1m
Direction of Antenna Altitude.

0:
UUtranCell Direction This parameter indicates the
Height;
FDD.anteAlt of Antenna altitude of the transmission N/A N/A N/A
1:
itudeDir Altitude antenna of the cell is above or
Depth
below the level.

UUtranCell Degree of geographical latitude (0°..
FDD.anteLa Antenna coordinates of the 90°), Degree N/A N/A
titude Latitude transmission antenna in the step 1";
cell.

UUtranCell Antenna
latitude direction of the 0: north;
FDD.anteLa Latitude N/A N/A N/A
transmission antenna is south 1: south
titudeSign Sign
or north.
UUtranCell Degrees of This parameter indicates the (-180°..

FDD.anteLo Antenna longitude of the transmission 180°), Degree N/A N/A
ngitude Longitude antenna in the cell step 1";

Recom
d Value
0: Omni
UUtranCell This parameter indicates the Antenna 0: Omni 0: Omni
Antenna
FDD.anteTy type of the transmission 1: Beam N/A Antenn Antenn
Type
pe antenna in the cell Antenna a a
Cell description type, which

indicates the type to describe
the cell, can be type of
“polygon” or “arch”, or “cell
0:
center + cell radius”. When 0: 0:
Center
RNC receives the message of Center Center
Point
UUtranCell Cell RANAP LOCATION Point Point
with
FDD.cellDe Description REQUEST from CN, which N/A with with
Altitude
scripType Type requires reporting the location Altitude Altitude
and Cell
results with Geographical and Cell and Cell
Radius
Area (GA) of the cell, this Radius Radius
RANAP LOCATION
REPORT.
This parameter is one of the

UUtranCell cell in type of “cell center +
Cell (0..1806
FDD.cellRa cell radius”, indicating the cell meter N/A N/A
Radius 627)m,
dius radius. It takes the cell center
step 1m
transmission antenna as the
circle center.

UUtranCell
Confidenc RANAP LOCATION (0..100)
FDD.confid N/A N/A N/A
e REQUEST from CN, which %, step
ence
requires reporting the location 1%

Recom
d Value
RANAP LOCATION
“cell center + cell radius”.
indicating the confidence of
the position information.
0:
Ellipsoid
Point
1:
Ellipsoid
Point
with
Uncertai
nty
Circle
This parameter indicates the 2:
geographical area report type Ellipsoid
Geographi of the cell. When CN requires Point
UUtranCell
cal Area RNC to report the location with
FDD.gARpt N/A N/A N/A
Report result with the type of Uncertai
Type
Type Geographical Area (GA), this nty
parameter decides the format Ellipse
of the report in detail. 3:
Ellipsoid
Point
with
Altitude
4:
Ellipsoid
Point
with
Altitude
and

Recom
d Value
Uncertai
nty
Ellipsoid
5: List of
Ellipsoid
Points
6:
Ellipsoid
Arc

RANAP LOCATION
UUtranCell described in type of “cell (0°..
Inner
FDD.innerA center + cell radius”, this 360°), Degree N/A N/A
Angle
ngle parameter decides how to fill step 1°;
RANAP LOCATION
“cell center + cell radius”. This
parameter indicates the inner
angel of the transmission
antenna of the cell.

message of RANAP
UUtranCell Degree of (0°..
FDD.latitud Latitude for 90°), Degree N/A N/A
e Cell Center step 1";
Geographical Area (GA) of the

Recom
d Value
cell, if the cell is described in
cell center.

message of RANAP
UUtranCell Latitude 0:
FDD.latitud Sign for North; Degree N/A N/A
eSign Cell Center 1: South
parameter indicates the
point”. It indicates whether the
center is south or north.

Recom
d Value

message of RANAP
Degrees of parameter is one of the
UUtranCell (-180°..
Longitude parameters to describe the
FDD.longitu 180°), Degree N/A N/A
for Cell cell in type of “cell center +
de step 1";
Center cell radius”. This parameter
center.
value of the longitude degree
for the cell center. This
cell in type of “cell central
cell center.

message of RANAP
UUtranCell (0°..
Offset the location result with
FDD.offsetA 360°), Degree N/A N/A
Angle Geographical Area (GA) of the
ngle step 1°;

Recom
d Value
cell radius”. This parameter is
the offset angle of the
transmission antenna in the
cell, which indicates the cell’s
offset degree based on the north
direction.
This parameter identifies how

many points should be
included in the polygon of the
UUtranCell Polygon cell. If the cell is described in
FDD.polygo Point type of “polygon”, the best 3.. 15 N/A N/A N/A
nPointNum Number number of points is decided
during network planning. Each
cell is described with its own
number of points.

RANAP LOCATION
Degree of result with Geographical Area
UUtranCell (0°..
Polygon (GA) of the cell, if the cell is
FDD.polyLa 90°), Degree N/A N/A
Point described in type of “polygon”,
titude step 1";
Latitude this parameter decides how to
RANAP LOCATION

Recom
d Value
polygon point.

latitude direction of the
RANAP LOCATION
Polygon (GA) of the cell, if the cell is
UUtranCell 0:
Point described in type of “polygon”,
FDD.polyLa North; N/A N/A N/A
Latitude this parameter decides how to
titudeSign 1: South
Sign fill in the location results in
RANAP LOCATION
“polygon”. It indicates whether
the latitude direction of the
polygon point is south or
north.

value of the polygon point
longitude. When RNC
RANAP LOCATION
(-180°..
Degrees of 180°),
UUtranCell result with Geographical Area
Polygon step 1";
FDD.polyLo (GA) of the cell, if the cell is Degree N/A N/A
Point RNC:
ngitude described in type of “polygon”,
Longitude 0..2^24-
1
RANAP LOCATION
“polygon”, indicating the

Recom
d Value
polygon point.
UUtranCell Altitude
FDD.uncert accuracy Altitude accuracy Code of cell 0..127 N/A NA NA
Altitude Code
UExternalUt
Altitude
ranCellFDD
accuracy Altitude accuracy Code of cell 0..127 N/A NA NA
.uncertAltitu
Code
de
When UE maintain in a cell

and RNC report the shape of
UUtranCell Horizontal the cell as the UE's position
FDD.uncert Accuracy based on CELLID position 0..127 N/A NA NA
Code Code method, this parameter
indicates the UE horizontal
accuracy.
When UE maintain in a cell

and RNC report the shape of
UExternalUt Horizontal the cell as the UE's position
ranCellFDD Accuracy based on CELLID position 0..127 N/A NA NA
.uncertCode Code method, this parameter
indicates the UE horizontal
accuracy.
0: Not
After a positioning algorithm is Support
Cell ID
ULogicalRn selected, this parameter is ed Not
Positioning
c.cidLcsMet used to determine whether the 1: N/A Support NA
Support
hodInd positioning algorithm is Support ed
Indicator
supported. ed
UE Internal This parameter is used for

UPrdRttUeI Measurem indexing the configuration of 0..6553
nt.ueIntMCf ent the set of parameters of UE 5, step N/A NA NA
gNo Configurati Rx-Tx time difference period 1
on Index report for location.
UPrdRttUeI Measurem This parameter indicates the 0: N/A 0 0

Recom
d Value
nt.measRpt ent Report RLC mode of the UE internal Acknowl
TrMod Transfer measurement report. If the edged
Mode value is AM RLC, RNC can Mode
request UE for retransmission RLC
after receiving the error SDU 1:
label (not continuous). If the Unackn
value is UM RLC, the owledge
retransmission is not required. d Mode
Usually, report the results of RLC
the important measurements
in AM mode and those less
important in UM mode (to
reduce the traffic volume of
the measurement report and
increase the system capacity).

filtering factor that UE
performs the L3 filtering on the
results of the internal
measurement.
For the UE, L1 performs
measurement based on the
fixed measurement period
(Multiple points might be
(0, 1,
measured in a measurement
2, 3, 4,
period. L1 uses the filtering
UPrdRttUeI Filter 5, 6, 7,
method that is freely decided N/A 3 3
nt.filterCoeff Coefficient 8, 9, 11,
by UE to filter measurement
13, 15,
results). Then, L1 reports the
17, 19)
filtered measurement results
to L3 periodically and L3 filters
the reported measurement
storage measurement results
and storage measurement
results based on the following
method defined by the
protocol:
Fn= (1-a)*Fn-1+a*Mn,

Recom
d Value
Fn is the updated filtered
measurement result.
Fn-1 is the old filtered
measurement result.
Mn is the latest received
measurement result.
a = 1/2(k/2), where k is the
filtering factor.
NOTE: If k is set to 0, it
indicates that there is no L3
filtering.
Amount of (1, 2,
UPrdRttUeI Reporting This parameter indicates the 4, 8, 16,
nt.prdRptA in Period amount of reporting in 32, N/A infinity infinity
mount Report periodical reporting. 64,infinit
Criteria y)
(250,
500,
1000,
2000,
3000,
4000,
UPrdRttUeI This parameter indicates the 6000,
Reporting
nt.prdRptInt reporting interval in periodical 8000, ms 500 500
Interval
erval reporting. 12000,
16000,
20000,
24000,
28000,
32000,
64000)
Switch for
controlling This parameter controls that
URncInfo.lC
“Change of RNC reports SAI only when 0:Off
SbyPLMNS N/A 0:Off 0:Off
service PLMN changes for “Change of 1:On
wch
area”locati service area” type of location
on

Recom
d Value
executed
only when
PLMN
changes
PS Domain location service

Global
URncFuncti Switch, to control whether
Reserved 0:Off
on.gResPar handling N/A 0:Off 0:Off
Parameter 1:On
a57.bit0 LocationReportingControl
57.bit0
received from PS domain.
4.2 Emergency Call Redirection to GSM

Recom
d Value
URncFunc Emergency
This parameter specifies the
tion.emgC Call 0: Off 0: Off
RRC Redirect for emergency N/A NA
allRdtSwit Redirect 1: On
call function switch.
ch Switch
4.3 LCS Classified Zones

Recom
d Value
Configu
ration
UUtranCel Classified This parameter identifies 0:
accordi
lFDD.clas Zone whether the local cell is the False; N/A 0: False
ng
sZoneInd Indicator designated zone or not. 1: True
Actual
cell
UExternal Classified Configu

This parameter identifies 0:
UtranCell Zone ration
whether the local cell is the False; N/A 0: False
FDD.adjCl Indicator of accordi
designated zone or not. 1: True
assZoneIn DRNC cell ng

Recom
d Value
d Actual
cell
4.4 LCS over Iur

Recom
d Value
0: Not
URncFunc This parameter indicates if Support
Lcs over Iur
tion.rncLc RNC supports UE location ed
Support N/A 0 N/A
sOverIurS measurement over Iur interface 1:
Indicator
w in LCS Function. Support
ed
5 Related Counters and Alarms
5.1 Related Counters
Table 5-1 Counter List
Counter ID Name
C310710314 Number of Location Related Data Request
C310710315 Number of Location Related Data Response
Number of Location Related Data Failure, Assistance

C3107103172
Data Not Available
C310710318 Number of Location Report Control
C310710319 Number of Location Report Control, Direct
C310710320 Number of Location Report Control, Stop Direct
Number of Location Report Control, Change of Service

C310710321
Area

Number of Location Report Control, Stop Change of

C310710322
Service Area
C310710325 Number of Location Report
C310710326 Number of successful Location Report, Direct
C310710327 Number of Change of Service Area
Number of successful Location Report, Change of

C310710328
Service Area
C310710331 Total Time of successful Location Report, Direct
Total Time of successful Location Report, Change of

C310710332 Service Area
Number of Failed Location Report Control, Location

C310710335
Calculate Failure
Number of Failed Location Report Control, CellId+RTT

C310710336
Success
Number of Failed Location Report Control, CellId

C310710337
Success
C310710338 Number of Failed Location Report Control, Other Causes
C310710339 Number of Location Attempt, CellId
C310710340 Number of Location Attempt, CellId RTT
C310710343 Number of successful Location Report, CellId
C310710344 Number of successful Location Report, CellId RTT
C310710347 Total Time of successful Location Report, CellId
C310710348 Total Time of successful Location Report, CellId RTT

5.2 Related Alarms
This feature has no related alarm.
6 Engineering Guide
6.1 Application Scenario
The RNC’s Location Service (LCS) supports UE geography position. The RNC sends a
measurement control message to the UE and uses the measurement result to estimate
the geography location of the UE. The LCS builds a location service platform upon radio
networks and GPS reference networks, which support the location service of UEs. When
the location service platform needs the position of a UE, the RNC sends a measurement
control message to the UE and estimates the geography location of the UE in
accordance with the capability of the UE. This feature is controlled by a license.
The LCS with Cell ID & RTT feature takes effect without extra hardware. It needs low
costs and has wide application. The procedure of CELL-ID-based location method is
simple and prompt, which is fit for the location service with low-cost and low-accuracy
requirement.
The Emergency Call Re-direct to GSM feature is fit for the region where GSM has the
same coverage as the UMTS and the GSM can supports better location service.
The LCS Classified Zones feature is based on SAI. When UEs are located in deferent
SAI regions, operators may support different services, for example, deferent charging
rates in deferent SAI regions.
The LCS over Iur feature enhances the UE position accuracy. It is recommended to
enable this feature if the license is available.

6.2 Feature Activation Procedure
6.2.1 LCS with Cell ID & RTT
This procedure describes how to locate the parameters related to this feature in the GUI.
The parameter values on the screenshots in the procedure are for reference only. Refer
to Chapter 4 for the recommended values of the related parameters.
In the configuration resource tree, select Modify Area > Managed Element > UMTS
Logical Function Configuration > PLMN Relating Configuration, and double-click
Logic RNC Configuration. Set Cell ID Positioning Support Indicator. See Figure 6-1.
Figure 6-1 Parameter Configuration 1
Logical Function Configuration > External Resource Configuration > External RNC
Function, and double-click External UTRAN Cell. Set the following parameters:
 Cell Description Type
 Altitude accuracy

 Direction of Altitude for Cell Center
 Antenna Altitude
 Direction of Antenna Altitude
 Degree of Antenna Latitude
 Antenna Latitude Sign
 Degrees of Antenna Longitude
 Antenna Type
 Cell Radius
 Geographical Area Report Type
 Confidence
 Inner Angle
 Degrees of Latitude for Cell Center
 Latitude Sign for Cell Center
 Degrees of Longitude for Cell Center
 Offset Angle
 Polygon Point Number
 Degree of Polygon Point Latitude
 Polygon Point Latitude Sign
 Degrees of Polygon Point Longitude
 Altitude accuracy Code
 Horizontal Accuracy Code

See Figure 6-2.

Logical Function Configuration, and double-click UTRAN Cell. Set the following
parameters:
 Sector Identity
 Cell Description Type
 Altitude accuracy
 Direction of Altitude for Cell Center
 Antenna Altitude
 Direction of Antenna Altitude
 Degree of Antenna Latitude
 Antenna Latitude Sign
 Degrees of Antenna Longitude

 Antenna Type
 Cell Radius
 Geographical Area Report Type
 Confidence
 Inner Angle
 Degrees of Latitude for Cell Center
 Latitude Sign for Cell Center
 Degrees of Longitude for Cell Center
 Offset Angle
 Polygon Point Number
 Degree of Polygon Point Latitude
 Polygon Point Latitude Sign
 Degrees of Polygon Point Longitude
 Altitude accuracy Code
 Horizontal Accuracy Code
See Figure 6-3.


Logical Function Configuration > Service Configuration > Measurement
Configuration > UE Internal Measurement Profile, and double-click UE Rx-Tx Time
Difference Period Measurement Configuration for Location. Set the following
parameters:
 Measurement Report Transfer Mode
 Filter Coefficient
 Amount of Reporting in Period Report Criteria
 Reporting Interval
See Figure 6-4.
6.2.2 Emergency Call Redirection to GSM

In the configuration resource tree, select Modify Area > Managed Element, and
double-click UMTS Logical Function Configuration. Set Emergency Call Redirect
Switch. See Figure 6-5.
Figure 6-5 Emergency Call Redirection to GSM Parameter Configuration 1
6.2.3 LCS Classified Zones
Logical Function Configuration, and double-click UTRAN Cell. Set Classified Zone
Indicator. See Figure 6-6.

6.2.4 LCS over Iur
In the configuration resource tree, select Modify Area and double-click UMTS Logical
Function Configuration. Set Lcs over Iur Support Indicator. See Figure 6-7.

6.3 Feature Validation Procedure
Table 6-1 Feature Validation Procedure 1
Test Item LCS with Cell ID & RTT
1. The WCDMA system is ready.

Prerequisit
2. The UE resides in the cell in idle mode.
e
3. The LCS client simulator is ready.
1. Send a Location Reporting Control Msg message to the RNC by

Steps
using the LCS client simulator.
1. After receiving the location message, the RNC sends a

Measurement Control message and a Dedicated Measurement
Initiation Request message to the UE and Node B.
Expected 2. The UE and Node B report round trip time by sending a

Result Measurement Report message and a Dedicated Measurement
Initiation Response message to the RNC.
3. The RNC sends the latitude and longitude of the cell to the CN by
sending a Location Report Msg message.
Table 6-2 Emergency Call Redirection to GSM Feature Validation Procedure
Test Item Emergency Call Re-direct to GSM
1. The WCDMA system and GSM system are ready.
Prerequisit 2. Cell1 belongs to RNC1/NodeB1, and Cell2 belongs to GSM.

e 3. UE1 in R6 or later versions supports both GSM and UMTS, and
resides in Cell1 in idle mode.

Test Item Emergency Call Re-direct to GSM
1. Use UE1 to make an emergency call in Cell1. The establishment

cause in the RRC CONNECTION REQUEST message is
“Emergency Call”.
Steps 2. Verify that the RNC sends a RRC CONNECTION REJECT
message to UE1 and that UE1 reselects Cell2 and makes an
emergency call.
3. Keep the call for 60 s and then release it.
Expected 1. The service redirected to GSM Cell2 is successful.

Result 2. The call continues without call drop, and the voice quality is good.
Test Item LCS Classified Zones

Prerequisit
2. The cell is configured as a classified zone
e
3. The UE is powered off.
Steps Power on the UE and trace the signals of the UE.
Expected When the UE is powered on, the LocationReportMsg message can be

Result reported to the CN automatically.
6.3.4 LCS over Iur
Test Item LCS over Iur

Test Item LCS over Iur

2. Cell1 and Cell2 support HSUPA, HSDPA and DCH. Cell1 belongs
to RNC1/NodeB1, and Cell2 belongs to RNC2/NodeB2.
Prerequisit 3. Cell1 and Cell2 have the same frequencies. Cell1 and Cell2 are
e configured as adjacent cells with different coverage.
4. UE1 and UE2 reside in cell1 in idle mode.
5. The LCS client simulator is ready, and the LCS over Iur feature is
enabled.
1. Use UE1 to make an AMR voice call to UE2 in Cell1and hold the
call.
2. Move UE1 move from Cell1 to Cell2 to trigger event 1A. Cell2 is
added into active set.
Steps
3. Move UE1 further into Cell2 until event 1B is triggered and keep
with the connection to Cell2.
4. Send a Location Reporting Control Msg message to the RNC by
using the LCS client simulator.
After receiving the location message, the RNC sends the latitude and
Expected
longitude of cell2 to the CN by sending a Location Report Msg
Result
message.
6.4 Feature Deactivation Procedure
Table 6-5 Feature Deactivation Parameter List 1
Managed Object. Default Value Deactivation

GUI Name
logic name Value
ULogicalRnc. Cell ID Positioning

cidLcsMethodInd Support Indicator 0: Not Supported 0: Not Supported

Table 6-6 Emergency Call Redirection to GSM RNC Parameter List 1

GUI Name
logic name Value
URncFunction. Emergency Call

0: Off 0: Off
EmgCallRdtSwitch Redirect Switch
For the description and configuration of these parameters, refer to Section 6.2.2.

GUI Name
logic name Value
UUtranCellFDD.
Classified Zone 0: Off 0: Off
ClassZoneInd
Indicator
6.4.4 LCS over Iur
Managed Object. Default Deactivation

GUI Name
logic name Value Value
vsDataURncFunction. 0: Not 0: Not

RncLcsOverIurSw Supported Supported
Lcs over Iur Support Indicator
vsDataULogicalRnc. 0: Not 0: Not
Cell ID Positioning Support
cidLcsMethodInd Supported Supported
Indicator

6.5 Impact on the Network
The LCS supports UE location service by using the CELL-ID&RTT location method,
which does not affect system load. The LCS over Iur feature helps enhance location
accuracy.
7 Abbreviation
Abbreviation Full Name
rd
3GPP 3 Generation Partnership Project
64QAM 64 grade Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
AGPS Assisted GPS
AMR Adaptive Multi Rate
BB Base Band
BBU Base Band processing Unit
BCCH Broadcast Control Channel
BITS Building Integrated Timing Supply
BPK Base band Processing type K for UMTS
BSC Base Station Controller
BSP Board Support Package
BTS Base Transceiver Station
CAPEX CAPital EXpenditure
CC Control & Clock
CE Channel Element
CN Core Network
CORBA Common Object Request Broker Architecture
CPRI Common Public Radio Interface
CS Circuit Switch
CS Carrier Sector
DL Down Link
DTX Discontinuous transmission
EDGE Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution

E-EDGE Enhanced EDGE
EFR Enhanced Full Rate
FAM FAn Module
FE Fast Ethernet
FP Frame Protocol
FR Full Rate
FS Fabric Switch
GE Gigabit Ethernet
GERAN GSM Edge Radio Access Network
GPS Global Positioning System
GSM Global System for Mobile communications
HR Half Rate
HSPA+ HSPA Evolution
LTE Long Term Evolution
MicroTCA Micro Telecommunications Computing Architecture
MIMO Multi Input Multi Output
MS/UE Mobile Station/User Equipment
MTBF Mean Time Between Failures
MTTR Mean Time To Recovery
NBAP Node B Application Part
NIS Network Interface of STM-1
OPEX OPeration EXpenditure
PM Power Module
PS Packet Switch
PtM Point to Multi-point
PtP Point to Point
RF Radio Frequency
RNC Radio Network Controller
RRU Remote Radio Unit
RTT Round Trip Time
SA Site Alarm
SCS System Control Sub-system

SDH Synchronous Digital Hierarchy
SDR Software Defined Radio
SE Site Alarm Extension
TA Time Advance
TAM Tower mounted Amplifier control Module

TMA Tower Mounted Amplifier
TNS Transport Network Sub-system
UBPG Universal Baseband Processing board for GSM
UBPG Universal Baseband Processing board for GSM
UES Universal Ethernet Switch Board

UL Up Link
USB Universal Serial Bus
UTRAN UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network
WCDMA Wideband Code Division Multiple Access
WiMAX Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access
8 Reference Document
[1] ZXUR 9000 UMTS (V4.15.10.20) Radio Network Controller Radio Parameter
Reference
[2] ZXWR RNC (V3.15.10.20) Radio Network Controller Radio Parameter Reference
[3] ZXUR 9000 UMTS (V4.15.10.20) Radio Network Controller Performance Counter
Reference
[4] ZXWR RNC (V3.15.10.20) Radio Network Controller Performance Counter Reference

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LCS with Cell ID & RTT

LCS with Cell ID & RTT

Compared with UR14:

© 2016 ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved.

ZTE Confidential Proprietary 1

3 Technical Description ..................................................................................... 10

5 Related Counters and Alarms ........................................................................ 54

ZTE Confidential Proprietary 2

6 Engineering Guide .......................................................................................... 56

ZTE Confidential Proprietary 3

Figure 3-1 Distribution of the LCS in the WCDMA Network ................................................11

ZTE Confidential Proprietary 4

Table 6-8 Feature Deactivation Parameter List 3 ...............................................................69

ZTE Confidential Proprietary 5

2.1 Feature Introduction

ZTE Confidential Proprietary 6

2.1.1 ZWF21-10-001 LCS with Cell ID & RTT

ZTE Confidential Proprietary 7

2.1.2 ZWF21-10-003 Emergency Call Re-direction to GSM

2.1.3 ZWF21-10-004 LCS Classified Zones

2.1.4 ZWF21-10-005 LCS over Iur

ZTE Confidential Proprietary 8

2.2 License Control

Table 2-1 License Control List

ZWF21-10-001 LCS with Cell ID & LCS with Cell

ZWF21-10-003 Emergency Call Emergency

ZWF21-10-005 LCS over Iur

ZTE Confidential Proprietary 9

2.3 Correlation With Other Features

2. Mutually Exclusive Features

3.1 Function Architecture of the Location Service

3.1.1 Network Architecture of the Location Service

ZTE Confidential Proprietary 10

Figure 3-1 Distribution of the LCS in the WCDMA Network

Stand- SAS Gps

Node B Iub RNC Iu

Node B Iub RNC Optional

Functions of the NEs or devices are as follows:

Node B: It performs location measurements and provides measurement data required by

LMU: stands for Location Measurement Unit. It is a logical function in a Node B or a

ZTE Confidential Proprietary 11

3.1.2 Procedure of Location Service

Figure 3-2 LCS Procedure

Location Reporting Control

In the RNC, the basic LCS operations are as follows:

3. Location information calculating

4. Location result reporting

ZTE Confidential Proprietary 12

3.2 Supported Location Technologies

3.2.1 Location Technology Selection

1. Report Area: SAI or GA.

1. If the Report Area parameter is described with an SAI and the

2. If the Report Area parameter is described with a GA without accuracy requirements

3. If the Report Area parameter is described with a GA with accuracy requirements

ZTE Confidential Proprietary 13

Positioning), and if the UE supports UE Rx-Tx time difference type1 or UE Rx-Tx

4. If the Report Area parameter is described with a GA with accuracy requirements

 The UE supports UEB AGPS.

Otherwise, the RNC selects the CellID+RTT method.

5. If a location method cannot be implemented due to UE or network malfunction, the

 If the A-GPS location method fails (caused by insufficient satellites information

3.2.2 Cell Location (CELL-ID)

ZTE Confidential Proprietary 14

Figure 3-3 Location Process in the Cell-ID Method