An Overview of The LTE Physical Layer Part I

LTE Physical Layer Procedure
MobileComm Professionals,
Inc
Consulting | Training | Researc
Company Confidential - Pinnacle Learning Center
Agenda
 Cell Search Procedure
 Downlink Transmission
 SIB
 RACH Procedure
 Uplink Transmission
 HARQ Procedure
 Summary
Inc
LTE Physical Layer - Introduction
 It provides the basic bit transmission functionality over air
 LTE physical layer based on OFDMA downlink and SC-FDMA in uplink
direction
 This is the same for both FDD and TDD mode of operation
 There is no macro-diversity in use
 System is reuse 1, single frequency network operation is feasible
 No frequency planning required
 There are no dedicated physical channels anymore, as all resource mapping
is dynamically driven by the scheduler
FDD
Frequency band ..1
..
Frequency band ..
.. 2
TDD
Single
.. frequency band ..
Downlink Uplink
Inc
Initial Procedure
Inc
Cell Search
1. PSS Primary Synchronisation Signal
(Time-slot & Frequency synchronisation
+ Physical cell id (0,1,2) )
UE
2. SSS Secondary Synchronisation Signal
(Frame synchronisation
+ Physical Cell id group (1..168) )
eNodeB
Physical Cell Identities
Inc
Synchronization Signals -FDD
PSS
 Using non-coherent detection, estimate 5msec timing and physical-layer identity
 Channel estimation information for SSS
SSS
 Physical-layer identity (Cell ID) is obtained
 Mapped to one of 168 cell ID groups (168 ID groups for 504 Cell IDs)
 Radio-frame timing (10msec) identification
 Max # of hypotheses;336 hypotheses (2x168: 2 for half frame, 168 for ID groups)
 Can be detect RS structure information from SSS and PSS MobileComm Professionals,
Inc
Synchronization Signals -TDD
DwPTS and Location of PSS and SSS

 P-SCH is always transmitted in the 3rd OFDM symbol of DwPTS (subframes 1 and 6)
 PDCCH in DwPTS (subframes 1 and 6) may span 1 or 2 OFDM symbols
 Data is transmitted after the control region as in other DL subframes
 Same cell specific RS patterns as in other DL subframes,
 RS in GP are muted
UpPTS
 SRS transmission on UpPTS
 Agreement on 1 SRS symbol in UpPTS.
 Discuss further whether 2 SRS symbols in UpPTS.
Inc
Frequency Synchronization – PSS
3 different PSS
sequences
Length 63 Zadoff-Chu corresponding to 3
Sequence different cell IDs.
Zadoff –Chu They could be
Sequences are generated by using
based on CAZAC ZCM(0)ZCM(1) ZCM(62) a different root
= Constant Five zeros Five zeros sequence M for the
Amplitude Zero 0 0 0 0 Zadoff-Sequences
Auto-Correlation Cell ID Root index
sequences OFDM (M)
Modulator 0 25
1 29
2 34
62 subcarriers (d.c. not included)

PSS structure in frequency domain -> only 62 subcarriers out of 72 used. This
is because the length of the Zadoff-Chu Sequence is 63 (d.c. not included)
3GPP TS 36.211 MobileComm Professionals,
Inc
PSS Primary Synchronisation
Signal
 Time slot (0.5 ms) syncronization
• PSS placed strategically at the beginning and middle of frame
• Estimation is vendor specific (matched filtering)
• Frame ambiguity of 0.5 ms
 Find physical layer cell ID

• 1 out of 3 sequences sent on PSS
• 1 to 1 mapping with the physical cell ID (table specified by 3GPP*)
• The cell ID group not known yet
UE
eNo
deB MobileComm Professionals,
Inc
Frequency Synchronization – SSS
a , b = two different 2 different SSS per cell:
cyclic shifts of a single SSS0 in subframe 0 and SSS1
Length-31 binary in subframe 5.
length-31 sequence
binary sequence SSS0 and SSS1 have the
a0a1 a30 b0b1 b30 same
structure but are shifted in
frequency domain
The cyclic shift is
0 0 0 0
Dependent on the
Physical layer cell
ID group (1..168) OFDM
Modulator
SSS0 in
subframe
0
SSS1 in
subframe
5
SSS structure in frequency domain
Inc
SSS Secondary Synchronisation
Signal
 Frame (10 ms) synchronization
• 2 different sequences depending on the cell group are sent: SSS0 and
SSS1
• By observing the combination of pairs SSS0 and SSS1 the UE can
identify either the beginning or the middle of the frame
• Example: the sequence SSS0-PSS is indicating the begining of the
frame, SSS1-PSS the middle of the frame
 Find physical layer cell ID group

• Sequences SSS0 and SSS1 are mapped with the cell id group 1..168
(table specified by 3GPP*)
• The combination of SSS0 and SSS1 is giving the cell ID group
Inc
PSS and SSS Frame in Frequency and
Time Domain for FDD Case
PSS and SSS
Frequency
6 RBs – 72 subcarriers = 1.4 MHz

SSS
(minimum LTE Bandwidth)

PSS
Reference signals
Unused RE
5 ms repetition Time
period
10 ms Radio frame
One subframe (1 ms) Inc
Cell Search
3. DL Reference Signals
(Channel estimation & measurements –
like CPICH in UMTS)
UE
4. PBCH – Physical Broadcast Channel
(MIB – DL system bandwidth, PHICH
eNodeB configuration, SFN)
PBCH and the Master Information Block
Inc
DL Reference Signals
 Three types of downlink reference signals are defined:
• Cell-specific reference signals, associated with non-MBSFN transmission (unicast RS)
• MBSFN reference signals, associated with MBSFN transmission
• UE-specific reference signals (Dedicated RS)
 There is one reference signal transmitted per downlink antenna port.
 REs used for RS transmission on any of the antenna ports in a slot shall not be used
Used for:
1) DL channel quality measurements

2) DL channel estimation for coherent demodulation at the UE
1) Too many signals reduce the DL capacity

2) Too less signals may be not be enough for channel estimation
3) Easy to be found by UEs
Like CPICH (Common Pilot Channel) in UMTS
Inc
Frequency DL Reference Signals
First slot Second slot
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
In Frequency: 1 reference symbol to
every 6th subcarrier
In one RB (resource block = 12
subcarriers): every 3rd subcarrier
Reference signal
*Normal CP (cyclic prefix) assumed
Time
In Time is fixed: 2 reference symbols
per Time slot (Sy 0 & Sy 4)
Inc
Different Reference Signals Frequency Shift
Frequency
Shift = 0 Shift = 1 Shift = 5
Time
Reference signal
Inc
Cell-specific Reference Signals in Case of Multi-
Antenna Transmission
Antenna port 0 Antenna port 1
Reference signal Unused symbol
Inc
Antenna Port Layering
R0 R0
0 R0
R1
R0
R1
R0 R0
1 R1 R1
R0 R0
R1 R1
R1 R1
R1
eNodeB
Inc
Dedicated Reference Signals
Dedicated RS
Frequency
 DRS (antenna port 5) pattern for normal
CP
• DRS pattern with 12 DRS per RB pair
• Support of DRS operation is a UE
capability of FDD/TDD
• DRS pattern for extended CP for 12
RS per RB: FFS
 CQI estimation
Time
• CQI estimation (DL) is always based
Dedicated RS with
on Common RS (CRS) Common RS
RS Port 0
RS Port 1
DRS (Antenna
Inc
Company Confidential - Pinnacle Learning Center Port 5) Consulting | Training | Researc
PBCH Design Criteria
 Detectable without the knowledge of system Bandwidth

• mapped to the central 72 subcarriers
• over 4 symbols
• during second slot of each frame
 Low system overhead & good coverage

• Send minimum information → only the MIB (Master Information
Block)
• SIBs (System Information Blocks) are sent on PDSCH
 MIB (Master Information Block) content:

• DL system Bandwidth
• PHICH configuration (PHICH group number)
• System frame number SFN
Inc
PBCH
 The bit scrambling of the PBCH depends on the physical cell ID
Known from synchronisation
 PBCH uses QPSK only
 One MIB sent in 40 ms (repetition pattern)
 1920 bits or 1728 bits are to be transmitted for normal or extended CP
 4 OFDM-symbol durations x 72 RE's are used
 -> 4 x 72 = 288 symbols per radio frame
U
eNode E
B
Inc
PBCH Mapping
Slot Slot
0 1
Frequency
6 RBs – 72 subcarriers = 1.4 MHz
SSS (minimum LTE Bandwidth)
PSS
Reference signals
Unused RE
PBCH
Time
First subframe (1 ms) Inc
PBCH Repetition Pattern
one radio frame = 10 ms

72 subcarriers
Repetition Pattern of PBCH = 40 ms
Inc
DL Transmission
Process description:
 The eNodeB is broadcasting the Reference Signals (like CPICH in UMTS)
 The UE is performing measurements on Reference Signals
 Based on the measurements the UE is generating the CQI
 The CQI is transmitted to the eNodeB
 UE Proposes eNB an optimum MCS so BLER is on target
Inc
DL Transmission
1. DL Reference signals
2. PUCCH Physical Uplink Control Channel (or PUSCH)
(CQI based on DL reference signals

measurements)
3. PCFICH Physical Control Format Indicator
Channel
(How many symbols (1,2,3) in the
beginning of the sub-frame are for PDCCH)
4. PDCCH Physical Downlink Control Channel
(Downlink assignment for PDSCH: UE
Modulation & coding, resource blocks)
5. PDSCH Physical Downlink Shared Channel
eNodeB (user data -> initial transmission)
6. PUCCH Physical Uplink Control Channel (or PUSCH)
(ACK/ NACK for HARQ)
(user data → eventual re-transmission) MobileComm Professionals,
Inc
DL Transmission
 The Node-B scheduler should decide based on CQI:
• The number of UEs to be scheduled
• The allocated resource block (time & frequency)
• Modulation and coding scheme
• MIMO used or not
 The decision is sent to the UE in the Control Channel Region of the subfame
(1ms) (on PDCCH) together with the allocated resource blocks
 The actual user data is sent to the UE on the remaining simbol → Data
Region (on PDSCH)
PDC
CH
PDS
CH
UE
eNodeB
Inc
PCFICH
 CCFI (Control format indication)
• Information about the number of OFDM symbols (1, 2 or 3) used for
transmission of PDCCHs in a subframe.
 PCFICH carries CCFI.
• The number of bits: 32 bits
• Cell-specific scrambling prior to modulation.
• Modulation: QPSK
• 16 RE Resource Elements distributed in frequency
• Sent in the first 3 symbols of the subframe
• Mapping to resource elements: four groups of four contiguous REs not used for
RS in the first OFDM symbol
• Spread over the whole system bandwidth
• Same mapping for 1, 2 and 4 antennas
Inc
PCFICH Structure
2 input bits are enough to signal the PDCCH size: 1, 2 or 3
symbols 4
2 bits Rate 1/16 32 bits 32 bits QPSK

block code Scrambling modulation 16
symbols 4
subcarriers
D.C.
72
One Resource
Element Group 4
(REG) = 4 RE
PCFICH resource elements

Resource elements reserved 4
for reference symbols
Time
Inc
PDCCH Resource Adjustment
from PCFICH
First subframe Second subframe
(1ms) (1ms)
12 subcarriers
Frequency
Time
Control region –
Control region 3 OFDM
- symbols
1 OFDM symbol
Indicated by
PCFICH Inc
PDCCH Design
Several PDCCHs could be transmitted in one subframe
 One PDCCH contains DCI = DL control information
 DCI could indicate:
• Uplink scheduling grants for PUSCH
• Downlink scheduling assignments for PDSCH
• TPC command for PUSCH and PUCCH
 The DCI may have different size (depending on the information e.g. scheduling or
power control command → different formats possible)
 The number of bits for one PDCCH may change based on channel conditions:
 UE at cell edge → more bits per PDCCH
 UE close to BTS → less bits per PDCCH
Inc
Size Of The PDCCH Region
Subframe Subframe
0 Subframe
1 Subframe
2 Subframe
3 4
SubframeSubframe
5 6 ……
Frequency
PDCCH region
→ 1,2,3 OFDM
symbols
in the beginning
of the subframe
→ not allocated by
PCFICH, PHICH
0 1
Slot 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
No.
Inc Time
PDCCH Format
DCI format [Detailed in TS36.212]
• PDCCH carrier Downlink Control Information (DCI)
• Multiple DCI formats are defined based on type of information
Inc
Resource Element Group
1 RE
1 RE
REG
1 RE
1 RE
9 REG
...
1 CCE
REG
1 CCE = 9∙4 = 36
RE MobileComm Professionals,
Inc
Size Of One PDCCH
PDCCH format Number of CCE's Number of RE Number of
id groups PDCCH bits
0 1 9 72
1 2 18 144
2 4 36 288
3 8 72 576
Inc
PDCCH Size
Allocation for UE 1
PCFICH
PHICH
PDCCH
UE 1
Allocation for UE 2
Frequency
Time
UE 2
REG = Resource Elements
Groups
RE = Resource Elements
Inc
PDCCH
Aggregation of CCE
 Tree-based aggregation with 1, 2, 4, 8 CCE

• 1-CCE start on any CCE position (i=0,1,2,3,4,...)
• 2-CCE every second location (i=0,2,4,6,...)
• 4-CCE on every fourth (i=0, 4, 8, ...)
• 8-CCE on every eight position (i=0, 8, ...)
 The number of available CCEs in a cell depends on
• Semi-static: bandwidth, #antenna ports, PHICH conf, ...
• Dynamic: PCFICH value
Inc
PDCCH Blind Decoding
Inc
PDCCH Format restriction
Inc
RB assignments on PDCCH
Resource Allocation Type 0, 1 and 2
Type 0 10011101Æ
1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1
Type 1 10011101Æ 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1
Subset
Subset
0
1
+subset 1 Subset 2
Subset 3
Type 2 ”Æ
start+length
”
Type 2 uses the same method as for UL grants (and same PDCCH payload size)
Inc
Paging In LTE FDD Mode
 Used for network originated services (e.g. VoIP)
 The UE is sleeping most of the time to save battery power
 The UE wakes up periodically to listen to the PDCCH to see if there is some

indication for paging
• PDCCH acting like the Paging Indicator Channel in UMTS
• How often the UE wakes-up is sent to the UE in SIB 2
• If the UE is identifying on the PDCCH a group identity used for paging
(P-RNTI) then it wakes-up and looking for paging
 The actual paging channel PCH is sent on PDSCH

• An UE identity sent (S-TMSI)
Inc
PDSCH – Physical Downlink Shared
Channel
 Contain the actual user data from DL-SCH
 Use the available Resource Elements
 Allocation is signalled by PDCCH
 Also used for:
 SIBs (System Information Block) of the

system information
 Paging
Inc
Resource Allocation Type 0
Example: 50 RBs are grouped into:
17 RBGs:16 RBGs of 3 RBs + 1 RBG of 2 RBs.
RBG = Resource Block Group
RB = Resource Block
The bitmap – 0 -> the group is not allocated, 1 the group is
allocated
1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1
The bitmap
Resource Allocation Type 2:

 Principle:
• Contiguous allocation: the resource allocation is indicated as start
position (resource block) and length of resource blocks allocation
• Advantage: Less bits required for signaling
• Disadvantage: Only frequency-contiguous allocations possible
Inc
Resource Allocation Type 1
Example: 50 RBs are organised into 3 RBG subsets of 18, 17 and 15 RRBs.
RBG = Resource Block Group
RB = Resource Block
Offset
1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1
2 bits showing
the number of The bitmap
Subsets:
3 subsets (the
second subset
in this example)
Offset 0
Offset 1
Inc
Physical Downlink Shared Channel
Subframe 0 Subframe 1 Subframe 2 Subframe 3 Subframe 4 …..
Frequency
SSS
PSS
PBCH
PCFICH
PHICH
PDCCH
Reference signals
PDSCH UE1
0 Slot1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
PDSCH UE2 No.
Inc Time
System Information
System Information ( )
MIB
Sent on PBCH!
40 ms repetition UE
MIB: Master Information Block

eNodeB
IB: System Information Block
FN: System Frame Number
SIB 1
Fixed repetition 80 ms
Indicates the allocation of the
other SIBs 2...11
SIB 2 SIB 3 SIB 4 SIB 11
Inc
Example Of mapping To Channels
MIB SIB1 SIB2 SIB3 SIB4 SIB5
SI SI
BCCH BCCH BCCH
BCH DL-SCH DL-SCH
TTI= 40 TTI=80 TTI= 160 TTI= 320
PBCH PDSCH PDSCH
Inc
System Information
• Cell access related information (PLMN, cell identity, Tracking Area code etc.)
• Information for cell selection
SIB 1 • TDD configuration
• - Information about time-domain scheduling of the remaining SIBs
SIB 2 • - Access barring information

• Radio resource configuration of common channels (e.g. PCCH)
• Frequency information (UL UARFCN, uplink bandwidth)
SIB 3 • Cell-reselection information that is common for intra-frequency, inter-frequency and/or

inter-RAT cell re-selection.
SIB 4 • Neighbor cell related information only for intra-frequency cell re-selection.
SIB 5 • Inter-frequency cell re-selection like E-UTRAN related information

• Inter-frequency neighboring cell related information
SIB 6 • UTRA FDD and TDD frequency information for cell reselection
SIB 7 • - Information relevant only for cell re-selection to the GERAN
SIB 8 • - Information relevant only for cell re-selection to the cdma2000® system.
SIB 9 • - Home eNodeB identifier
SIB 10 • - Earthquake and Tsunami Warning System (ETWS) primary notification
SIB 11 • - Earthquake and Tsunami Warning System (ETWS) secondary notification
Inc
System Information Blocks
MI SIB SIB SIB SIB SIB SIB SIB SIB SIB SIB SIB
System Parameters Related to B 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Cell Selection Info x
PLMN-id x
Tracking Area Code x
Cell Id x
Cell Barred x
Frequency Band Indicator x
SIB Scheduling x
UL EARFCN x
UL Bandwith x
DL Bandwith x
Common Radio Resource Conf x
Paging Info x
Cell Reselection x
Neighbouring Cells -intra frequency x
Neighbouring Cells -inter frequency x
Inter RAT reselection (UTRAN) x
Inter RAT reselection (GRAN) x
Inter RAT reselection (CDMA2000) x
home eNodeB x
ETWS notification MobileComm
x Professionals,
x
Inc
PHICH
 PHICH = PHY Hybrid-ARQ Indicator Channel
 HARQ acknowledgements for UL-SCH transmission
 As many PHICH channels as the number of UEs in the cell
 A set of PHICH channels is multiplexed on the same resource elements (8
normal CP, 4 extended CP)
 Transmitted in the first OFDM symbol of the subframe
 Occupies 3 resource element groups (REGs) = 12 resource elements (RE)
 PHICH response comes 4 sub-frames after PU-SCH
Processing
of PHICH
Inc
PHICH Structure
PHICH carries the HARQ ACK/NACK, which indicates whether the eNodeB has
correctly received a transmission on the PUSCH
PCFICH resource elements
HARQ Indicator 1
Reference
symbols
PHICH resource elements

Repetition coding 1 1 1
Walsh + -1 + -1 + -1 + -1 + -1 + -1
spreading 1 1 1 1 1 1
D.C.
Inc
Random Access-Initial Access
Random access procedure handled by MAC and PHY Layer through PRACH (in
UL) and PDCCH ( in DL)
RACH only carries the preambles and occupies 6 resource blocks in a subframe
Inc
Random Access Response
 The random access procedure is performed for the following five events:
• Initial access from RRC_IDLE;
• RRC Connection Re-establishment procedure;
• Handover;
• DL data arrival during RRC_CONNECTED requiring random access
procedure;
• UL data arrival during RRC_CONNECTED requiring random access
procedure;
• E.g. when UL synchronization status is "non-synchronized" or there are no
PUCCH resources for SR available.
 The random access procedure takes two distinct forms:

• Contention based (applicable to all five events);
• Non-contention based (applicable to only handover and DL data arrival).
 Normal DL/UL transmission can take place after the random access procedure.
Inc
Random Access-Initial Access
Inc
Initial Access
1. PRACH Preamble

(Random Access response, ID of the
received preamble, UL resources for TX,
C-RNTI)
3. PUSCH Physical Uplink Shared Channel

(RRC: RRC Connection Request,
C-RNTI, UE
eNodeB TMSI or random number)

(Contention Resolution,
C-RNTI & TMSI)
Inc
PRACH Preamble Received at the eNodeB
PRACH slot duration
GT = Guard Time
UE close
Other Other
to the users CP Preamble users
eNodeB
Observation interval
UE at the
Other Other
Cell edge users CP Preamble users
CP = Cyclic Prefix It can be seen that the UE at

cell edge is using almost all
Guard Time
Inc
PRACH Formats and Cell Ranges
1 ms CELL RANGE
800 µs 100 µs
C G  14 Km
Format 0 P Preamble T
 2 ms
684 µs 800 µs 520 µs
Format 1 CP Preamble GT  77 Km
 2 ms
203 µs 1600 µs 200µs
Format 2 CP Preamble Preamble GT  29 Km
 3 ms
684 µs 1600 µs 720 µs
Format 3 CP Preamble Preamble GT  100 Km

Inc
PRACH Formats
 Four Random Access (RA) preamble formats are defined for Frequency Division Duplex
(FDD) operation.
 Each format is defined by the durations of the sequence and its Cyclic Prefix CP
Preamble Format TCP (μs) TSEQ (μs) Typical usage
0 103.13 800 Normal 1 ms RA burst with 800 μs

preamble sequence, for small–medium
cells (up to ∼14 km)
1 684.38 800 2 ms RA burst with 800 μs preamble
sequence, for large cells (up to ∼77 km)
without a link budget problem
sequence, for medium cells (up to ∼29
km) supporting low data rates
sequence, for very large cells (up to
∼100 km)
Inc
Multiplexing of PRACH with PUSCH and
PUCCH
PRACH slot
Duration( e.g. 1ms)
PUCCH
Total UL Bandwidth
PRACH
PRACH PRACH bandwidt
h
(1.08MHz
)
PUSCH
PRACH slot period
PUCCH
Time
UL PRACH is orthogonal with the data in PUCCH and PUSCH (reserved

resources)
• Reserve resources for PRACH preambles
• Frequency: 6 Resource Blocks x 180 KHz = 1,08 MHz
• Time: 1 ms MobileComm Professionals,
Inc
PUCCH
 PUCCH = PHY Uplink Control Channel
 Used for L1/L2 signaling
• Scheduling request
• ACK/NACK/DTX for DL-SCH
transmission
• Feedback on DL channel quality
(CQI/PMI/RI)
 Used only when there is no scheduled
PUSCH transmission (single carrier TX)
 Uses PRBs at the very end of the
allocated channel bandwidth
• Increases frequency diversity
• Allows scheduling of larger resource
“chunks” for uplink transmission
• Number of PRBs is configured by the Note: PUCCH performs
network in a semi-static manner frequency hopping between
• Bandwidth of a single resource block in two slots of a subframe
a subframe is shared by several UE’s
– Economical use of allocated resources
– Reduces signaling overhead MobileComm Professionals,
Inc
PUCCH
 PUCCH = PHY Uplink Control Channel
 Used for L1/L2 signaling
• ACK/NACK/DTX for DL-SCH transmission
• Feedback on DL channel quality (CQI/PMI/RI)
 Used only when there is no scheduled PUSCH
transmission (single carrier TX)
 Uses PRBs at the very end of the allocated
channel bandwidth
• Increases frequency diversity
• Allows scheduling of larger resource “chunks” for
uplink transmission
 Number of PRBs is configured by the network in
a semi-static manner
 Bandwidth of a single resource block in a
subframe is shared by several UE’s
Note: PUCCH performs frequency
• Economical use of allocated resources
•
hopping between two slots of a
Reduces signaling overhead
subframe
Inc
PUCCH Formats
PUCCH format Modulation Purpose Bits/subframe

1 On/off keying Scheduling requests N/A
1a BPSK ACK/NACK for SIMO 1
1b QPSK ACK/NACK for MIMO 2
2 QPSK CQI/PMI/RI 20
2a QPSK+BPSK CQI/PMI/RI+ACK/NA 21
CK for SIMO
2b QPSK+QPSK CQI/PMI/RI+ACK/NA 22
CK for MIMO
Note 1: There are 2 formats: Format 1 (1, 1a and 1b) and Format 2 (2, 2a and 2b)
Note 2: PUCCH power offset depends on the PUCCH format
Inc
PUCCH – Format 1
 Small in size (1 or 2 bits)
 Used for
• DL HARQ ACK/NACK for MIMO/SIMO
• By using different cyclic shifts and different covers sequences,

multiple users may be multiplexed on the same PUCCH resource
• Typically there are 6 shifts and 3 cover sequences – 18 UE’s per
PUCHH resource
Note: Format 1 is repeated in two corresponding slots in the

subframe
Inc
62
PUCCH – Format 2
 Larger in size (20, 21 or 22 bits)
• 10 bits for CQI report
• 2 bits for ACK/NACK
 Used for
• DL HARQ ACK/NACK for MIMO/SIMO
• CQI/PMI and RI information
 By using different cyclic shifts of the CAZAC
sequence multiple UE’s may be multiplexed on
one PUCCH resource
 Format 1 and 2 share the same basic format
Note: for Format 2, both CQI report and ACK/NACK

information are sent
Processing of CQI
report
63MobileComm
Inc
Professionals,

UL Synchronisation
 DL synchronisation already there from cell search procedure
 UL time synchronization to be done:
 The start of UL frame is relative to the start of a DL frame
 Due to propagation delay between BS-UE -> relative delay which is monitored
relative to the start of the DL frame
 the UE may start the PRACH preamble at different distances in the cell ->
different relative delay
 Use a guard band to solve this uncertainty
UE
eNodeB
Inc
PUCCH and PUSCH Multiplexing
PUCCH
Total UL Bandwith
PUSCH
Frequency
12 subcarriers
PUCCH
1 subframe = 1ms PUCCH contains UCI = UL Control Information

UCI could indicate:
• Scheduling requests
Time • HARQ ACK/NACK for DL transmission
• CQI = Channel Quality Indicator
Inc
Uplink Transmission
Inc
Uplink Reference Signals
• Associated with transmission of

uplink data on PUSCH or PUCCH
Demodulation • Used for channel estimation for
Reference Signals coherent detection and
demodulation (both PUCCH and
PUSCH)
• Not associated with UL data

Sounding Reference transmissions
• Used for estimation of the UL
Signals
channel quality to enable the
channel dependent scheduling
Inc
Design of Demodulation Reference
Signals DRS
 Position of DRS
 Time domain:
• For PUCCH: the number and the exact position of the DRS is dependent on the
format (1/1a/1b or 2/2a/2b) used
• For PUSCH: every 4th symbol in every time
slot (the 3rd symbol for the extended cyclic prefix)
 Frequency domain:
• DRS has the same bandwidth like
• the UL transmission of the terminal
urc e
Re so
k
Bloc
Inc
Uplink DRS Multiplexed With
PUCCH
PUCCH
Total UL Bandwith
PUSCH
Frequency
12 subcarriers
PUCCH
1 subframe = 1ms
Time
ACK ACK DRS DRS DRS ACK ACK ACK ACK DRS DRS DRS ACK ACK
CQI DRS CQI CQI CQI DRS CQI CQI DRS CQI CQI CQI DRS CQI
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
ACK = Acknowledgment Simbol number (normal CP)

CQI = Channel Quality Indicator
DRS = Demodulation Reference Signals
Inc
Intra-Cell Interference
How can multiple terminals perform

random access attempt at the same time
without collision?
eNodeB
64 different orthogonal Preambles available in

each cell obtained by cyclic shift of a Zadoff-
Chu sequence
If however collision is happening (2 UEs using
the same preamble) -> contention resolution
process
UE UE
A UE C
B
Inc
Sounding Reference Signals SRS
 The SRS can be used for:
 initial Modulation and Coding Scheme (MCS) selection
 initial power control for data transmissions
 timing advance
 Frequency dependent scheduling for the UL
eNodeB UE
A
Inc
 Why Demodulation References Signals
cannot be used instead of SRS? Slot 1 Subframe Slot
0 2
 The demodulation reference signals are

only sent on the transmitted bandwidth!
PUSC DM RS
H
 We need an estimation of the whole
36 Subcarriers
spectrum so the SRS may cover a
different, often larger, frequency span
than for example PUSCH (if they are
transmitted together).
 The SRS is not necessarily transmitted

together with any physical channel
SRS
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4
5 6
Normal
Inc CP
Subframe 0
Why Demodulation References Signals Slot 1 Slot 2
cannot be used instead of SRS?
 The demodulation reference signals

are only sent on the transmitted PUSC DM RS
bandwidth! H
36 Subcarriers
 We need an estimation of the whole
spectrum so the SRS may cover a
different, often larger, frequency span
than for example PUSCH (if they are
transmitted together).
 The SRS is not necessarily
transmitted together with any physical
channel
SRS
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4
5 6
Normal
Inc CP
Duration And Periodicity Of SRS
Transmissions
2 ms (SRS minimum
transmission periodicity)
Subframe 0 Subframe 1 Subframe 2
16 RBs
Inc
UL Transmission
1. PUCCH Physical Uplink Control Channel (or
PUSCH)
(UL scheduling request)
2. UL Sounding Reference Signal
(used by Node-B for channel dependent scheduling)
3. UL Demodulation Signal
(UL channel estimation, demodulation, → Like

DPCCH in UMTS)
4. PDCCH Physical Downlink Control Channel
eNodeB UE
(UL grant – capacity allocation) A
(user data → initial transmission)
6. PHlCH Physical HARQ Indicator Channel
(ACK/ NACK for HARQ)

(user data → eventual re-transmission) MobileComm Professionals,
Inc
HARQ Overview
HARQ=FEC+ARQ
FEC ： Forward error correction coding, used to correct the mistakes in the
channel often appear to reduce weight and improve the system through the
efficiency;
ARQ ： Automatic request retransmission, used to correct the mistake, of FEC

can't correct to enhance the system reliability ；
Inc
HARQ Classification
 Asynchronous HARQ
Asynchronous HARQ accurately inform receiver the HARQ process ID
number
 Synchronization HARQ
Synchronization HARQ implicitly inform receiver the HARQ process ID
number, for example: for TDD Uplink ， we can obtain current HARQ ID
from UL sub frame num.
 Adaptive HARQ Retransmission
Redistribution of frequency resource for retransmission HARQ. so, it
needs to use PDCCH resource to indicate the retransmission UE
HARQ assigned frequency resource.
 Non adaptive HARQ Retransmission
Retransmission HARQ use of frequency resource and the HARQ last
transmission using same frequency resource ， At this time ， the
HARQ does not require using PDCCH resources 。
Inc
HARQ Procedure
Inc
HARQ: 8 stop-and-wait processes
(UL & DL)
UL: synchronous
DL: asynchronous
Inc
RV, CC & IR
 RV (redundancy version) ， Used to determine the starting position of the new
transition data, value is 0 ， 1 ， 2 and 3.
 CC (Chase combining ） combination: Retransmission and new transmission RV
are same, then HARQ combination ， if there is more than one retransmission ，
the CC can combination only when retransmission RV and new transmission RV
have the same value.
 IR combination: when retransmission and new transmission RV are not equal
,then the HARQ can combine.
Inc
Summa
ry
 Cell Search Procedure
 Downlink Transmission
 SIB
 RACH Procedure
 Uplink Transmission
 HARQ Procedure
Inc
“HAPPY LEARNING”
MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

www.mcpsinc.com
Inc

An Overview of The LTE Physical Layer Part I

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

An Overview of The LTE Physical Layer Part I

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

LTE Physical Layer Procedure

Physical Cell Identities

DwPTS and Location of PSS and SSS

72 subcarriers (d.c. not included)

 Find physical layer cell ID

 Find physical layer cell ID group

6 RBs – 72 subcarriers = 1.4 MHz

(minimum LTE Bandwidth)

PBCH and the Master Information Block

1) DL channel quality measurements

1) Too many signals reduce the DL capacity

Like CPICH (Common Pilot Channel) in UMTS

*Normal CP (cyclic prefix) assumed

Shift = 0 Shift = 1 Shift = 5

Antenna port 0 Antenna port 1

Reference signal Unused symbol

 Detectable without the knowledge of system Bandwidth

 Low system overhead & good coverage

 MIB (Master Information Block) content:

 PBCH uses QPSK only

 One MIB sent in 40 ms (repetition pattern)

 1920 bits or 1728 bits are to be transmitted for normal or extended CP

 4 OFDM-symbol durations x 72 RE's are used

 -> 4 x 72 = 288 symbols per radio frame

one radio frame = 10 ms

Repetition Pattern of PBCH = 40 ms

 The eNodeB is broadcasting the Reference Signals (like CPICH in UMTS)

 The UE is performing measurements on Reference Signals

 Based on the measurements the UE is generating the CQI

 The CQI is transmitted to the eNodeB

 UE Proposes eNB an optimum MCS so BLER is on target

2. PUCCH Physical Uplink Control Channel (or PUSCH)

(CQI based on DL reference signals

2 bits Rate 1/16 32 bits 32 bits QPSK

PCFICH resource elements

 Tree-based aggregation with 1, 2, 4, 8 CCE

Resource Allocation Type 0, 1 and 2

 The UE is sleeping most of the time to save battery power

 The UE wakes up periodically to listen to the PDCCH to see if there is some

 The actual paging channel PCH is sent on PDSCH

 Use the available Resource Elements

 Allocation is signalled by PDCCH

 Also used for:

 SIBs (System Information Block) of the

Resource Allocation Type 2:

MIB: Master Information Block

SIB 2 SIB 3 SIB 4 SIB 11

MIB SIB1 SIB2 SIB3 SIB4 SIB5

BCCH BCCH BCCH

BCH DL-SCH DL-SCH

TTI= 40 TTI=80 TTI= 160 TTI= 320

PBCH PDSCH PDSCH

SIB 2 • - Access barring information

SIB 3 • Cell-reselection information that is common for intra-frequency, inter-frequency and/or

SIB 5 • Inter-frequency cell re-selection like E-UTRAN related information

SIB 7 • - Information relevant only for cell re-selection to the GERAN

SIB 9 • - Home eNodeB identifier

SIB 10 • - Earthquake and Tsunami Warning System (ETWS) primary notification

SIB 11 • - Earthquake and Tsunami Warning System (ETWS) secondary notification

PHICH resource elements

 The random access procedure takes two distinct forms:

2. PDSCH Physical Downlink Shared Channel

3. PUSCH Physical Uplink Shared Channel