Equivalent Stresses

* Equivalent stresses σV :
There is a 3–dimensional stress behaviour in an arbitrary
part.

Experimental data have been received from a tension

specimen (1-dimensional stress behaviour).

The equivalent stress is used to compare 3-dimensional stress

behavior with the 1-dimensional stress behaviour of the
tension test.

Different strength hypotheses have been developed.

 Equivalent Stresses

* Equivalent stresses σV :

Normal stress hypothesis :

Assumption : The maximum normal stress value is

responsible for the material load

σV = σ1

Used for : brittle materials (and, for fatigue

analysis, ductile also)
 Equivalent Stresses (von Mises)

* Equivalent stresses σV :

von Mises stress hypothesis :

(named after Huber (1872-1950), v. Mises (1883-1953) and Hencky (1885-1951))

Assumption : The material load is characterized by

the energy which is used for the change
of the shape without a change in the
volume of the part
Plane Stress:

σV = [ σ12 + σ22 - σ1σ2 ]½ = [ σx2 + σy2 - σxσy + 3 τxy2 ]½

* Used for : ductile materials

 Equivalent Stresses (Tresca)

* Equivalent stresses σV :

Shear stress hypothesis : (1864 described by H.Tresca)

Assumption : The material load is characterized

by the maximum stress value.

Plane Stress: τMax = ½ (σ1 - σ2 ) => σV = σ1 - σ2

σV = [( σx - σy)2 + 4 τxy2 ]½
 Assessing Stresses on an FEA Model

Ratio of Principals or Biaxiality Ratio:

σ2
ae =
σ1

* Stress state can be characterised by ratio of principal stresses

and their orientation (angle).
* If orientation and ratio are fixed, loading is proportional.
* Otherwise, loading is non-proportional
* Biaxiality analysis:

ae = -1: Pure Shear

a = +1: Equi-Biaxial
e

a = 0: Uni-axial
e
 Example: Near Proportional Loading

Strain(UE) S131A.DAC
1301
Sample = 409.6
Npts = 9446
Max Y = 1301
Min Y = -392.3
-392.3
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Seconds

Strain(UE) S131B.DAC
121.1
Sample = 409.6
Npts = 9446
Max Y = 121.1
Min Y = -284.3
-284.3
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Seconds

Strain(UE) S131C.DAC
2663
Sample = 409.6
Npts = 9446
Max Y = 2663
Min Y = -298.7
-298.7
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Seconds
 Example: Near Proportional Loading
* The left plot indicates that the ratio of the principal stresses is
nearly fixed at approximately 0.4, especially if the smaller
stresses are ignored.
* The right plot shows that the orientation (φp) of the principal
stresses is more or less fixed.
* This is effectively a proportional loading (these calculations
assume elasticity).
S131.ABS S131.ABS
Strain Strain
UE UE

Tim e ra ng e : 0 s e c s to 2 3 .0 6 s e c s Tim e ra ng e : 0 s e c s to 2 3 .0 6 s e c s
5000 5000

4000 4000

3000 3000

2000 2000

1000 1000

0 0

-1000 -1000
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 -50 0 50
Screen 1 Screen 1
B ia xia lity R a tio (N o units) Ang le (D e g re e s )

Biaxiality ratio vs. σ1 Orientation of σ1 vs. σ(range)

 Example: Non-Proportional Loading
GAGE 1X( uS) GAGE103.DAC
161.4
Sample = 200
Npts = 3.672E4
Max Y = 161.4
Min Y = -81.32
-81.32
0 50 100 150

GAGE 1Z( uS) GAGE102.DAC

559.5
Sample = 200
Npts = 3.672E4
Max Y = 559.5
Min Y = -274.6
-274.6
0 50 100 150

GAGE 1Y( uS) GAGE101.DAC

716.2
Sample = 200
Npts = 3.672E4
Max Y = 716.2
Min Y = -651
-651
0 50 100 150

Screen 1

GAGE1.ABS GAGE1.ABS
Stress Stress
MPa MPa

Time range : 0 secs to 183.6 secs Time range : 0 secs to 183.6 secs
200 200

100 100

0 0

-100 -100

-200 -200
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 -50 0 50
Biaxiality Ratio (No units) Screen 1 Screen 1
Angle (Degrees)

Both the ratio and orientation of s1 and s2 vary considerably: non-proportional loading.
 Effect of Multiaxiality on Plasticity,
Notch Modelling and Damage Modelling

Increasing
φp ae Difficulty
(and Rarity)

Uniaxial φp constant a= 0 OK

Proportional
φp constant -1 < a < +1 ??????
Multiaxial

Non-Proportional
φp may vary a may vary Tricky
Multiaxial

Decreasing
Confidence
Stress State Characterization
 Multi Axial Stress States

Elastic Biaxiality Ratio Principal Stress Angle

σ2
ae =
σ1
φp
S131.ABS S
1 3
1 .AB
S
Strain S
train

Uni-axial Uni-axial
UE UE

Time range : 0 secs to 23.06 secs Timerange: 0secsto23.06secs

5000 5
000

4000 4
000

3000 3
000

2000 2
000

1000 1
000

0
0

-
1 0
00
-1000 -
5 0 0 5
0
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1
Screen1
Screen 1 Angle(Degrees)
Biaxiality Ratio (No units)

Uni-axial φp = const ae =0


Prop multi-axial φp = const − 1 < ae < 1 = const


Non-proportional φp = may vary ae may vary
What is “Maximum Absolute Principal” Stress
and “Signed Von Mises”

Time 0 1 2 3 4 Max range

Max 100 -100 200 -200 500 -200 to 500

Principal = 700
Min 50 -150 -500 -250 -10 -500 to 50
Principal = 550
Max. Abs 100 -150 -500 -250 500 -500 to 500
Principal = 1000
 Nodal or Element Averaging?

Average of
Element 1 Element 2 stresses for all 4
elements at this
node
Element 3 Element 4

Nodal values for stress

can either be ‘as is’ or
averaged between
adjacent elements. Element stresses are
normally at internal
Unaveraged nodal results are usually positions in the element
preferred, but the choice of averaged and so usually
nodal is often a reasonable compromise underestimate peak
values.
Multiple Vibration Inputs and Derivation of the
Appropriate Stresses For a Fatigue Analysis
 Vibration Fatigue in the Frequency Domain:

Transfer Functions on component Features

axes

–  Multi input loads

–  Correlation effects using Cross PSD’s

–  Resolution of stresses onto Principal planes

–  Calculation of response PSD using TF’s and input PSD’s

–  Calculate fatigue life from PSDs

Rainflow histogram and
fatigue life calculated by
MSC.Fatigue

2
Input
PSD [A] 4 5 6
1 3
Transfer 5

Function [B]
1 2 3
2 4 6
5
Output
PSD [C]
Transfer Functions rotated on to 1 3 4 6

Principal planes by MSC.Fatigue
Response PSD’s calculated by

MSC.Fatigue

 One Degree of Freedom System
with One Random Load Input

Sinusoidal F
force with
amplitude F
time Sinusoidal Force
and frequency w

Mass M

Transfer 4.0

function Stiffness K
1.0

T 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 Damping C
frequency
ω
Stress at base σ
The amplitude of the stress σ is found by:

σ = T ⋅F
Two Degree of Freedom System with Two Partially
Correlated Random Load Inputs
 Transfer Function is Calculated
at 6 Component Stresses

6 Component stresses at output node

Sxx
Syy Axial Stresses
y
Szz

Input I1 Sxy x
Syz Shear Stresses z
Sxz
Global coordinate axis
 Possible Rotation of the Principal Stresses
Caused By Multiaxial Loading

Output P2
Output P1 Principal stress axis

Multiple
Input I1 input Uniaxial
Output O2 stress state
loading
in members

Input I2 Output O1 Principal stress axis

Different input load positions result in Different input load positions do not affect
changes in the direction of the principle stress the direction of the principle stress axis in
axis in an element. an element.
 Rotation of the Principal Stresses
Caused By Differential Damping

Input I1 Output O2

Input I1 ϕ
Output O2

Output O1 Output O1

The principle stress axis will oscillate periodically

due to differential damping between O 1 and O2.
Also the transfer function becomes non-linear
 Visualization of the Principal Stress
Vector on the Surface of a Component

Biaxial stress
vector σ along
1 the surface
0.8
0.6 0
0.4 0.2 ⎡i ⎤
k 0.4 j
σ = ⎢⎢ j ⎥⎥
0.2 0.6
0 0.8
0 0.2 1
0.4 0.6 0.8 1 ⎢⎣k ⎥⎦
i

Surface
element
 Stress Response Vector For a Component
with NO Differential Damping

j
σ Amplitude A

time ) i
σ(t time
ψ

Apply a unit sinusoidal load and
record the output
The locus of the principal
stress vector σ is seen to map
a straight line through vector
space.
The output stress varies sinusoidally
with the same frequency as the input
load. The amplitude A is obtained
from the modulus of the vector and
the phase angle ψ by the argument.
Stress Response Vector For a Component
with Differential Damping

σ
Mean Direction Vector

j Angle of
spread θ

time i

Apply a unit sinusoidal load and
record the output
The locus of the principal
stress vector σ is seen to map
an ellipse through vector
space as the i and j
components are out of phase.
The mean direction of the
vector and the angle of
spread are obtained from
equations derived later
Rotation of the Principal Stresses
Caused By Multiaxial Loading

Bending mode

Torsional mode

Input load

Vertical input results in combined torsion and bending in the shaft. The
direction of the principle stress axis will vary with frequency as the load
excites each mode separately
Geometrical constraint helps us a lot!
Or, Why Multi Axial Stresses Usually Are
Not a Problem

Area of high
directional
variation
Typical Shaker Table Problem
Principal Stresses from Transfer With Arrow Length Normalized
Function Analysis By Stress Magnitude
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