ELE B7 Power Systems

Engineering

Power System Components’ Modeling

Power System Components
ELE B7

 The main components of a power system are

generators, transformers and transmission lines.
 In this lecture, we shall discuss the models of these
components that will be used subsequently in power
system studies.

Slide # 1
 ELE B7

Section I: Transmission Lines

Slide # 2
 Transmission lines- CONSTRUCTION ELE B7

 Three-phase conductors, which

carry the electric current;
 Insulators, which support and
electrically isolate the conductors;
 Tower, which holds the insulators
and conductors;
 Foundation and grounding; and
 Optional shield conductors, which
protect against lightning

Slide # 3
 Transmission lines- VOLTAGE LEVELS ELE B7

 Overhead Transmission lines (OTL) are operating at different

voltage levels:
 Distribution: 6.3, 11, 13.8, 22, 33, 69 kV
Supplies residential and commercial customers
 Subtransmission: 69, 110, 132 kV
Interconnection between substations and large
industrial customers
 Transmission: 132, 220, 400 kV
Interconnection between substations, power
plants
 EHV transmission: 500, 735, 765 kV
Interconnection between systems
Transco 220 KV
 UHV (experimental): 1200, 1500 kV
Slide # 4
Transmission Line- TYPES OF CONDUCTORS ELE B7

 Transmission line conductors can be made of copper or aluminum

 However, aluminum conductors have completely replaced copper
for overhead lines because of the much lower cost and lighter
weight of an aluminum conductor compared with a copper
conductor of the same resistance.
 Symbols identifying different types of aluminum
conductors are as follows:

AAC all-aluminum conductors Aluminum outer strands

2 layers, 30 conductors
AAAC all-aluminum-alloy conductors
ACSR aluminum conductor, steel-reinforced
Steel core strands,
ACAR aluminum conductor, alloy-reinforced 7 conductors

ACSR
Slide # 5
 Transmission Line- PARAMETERS ELE B7

 A transmission line has four parameters :

 Resistance,
 Inductance,
 Capacitance, and
 Conductance.

 The conductance, exists between conductors or between

conductors and the ground, accounts for the leakage current at
the insulators of overhead lines and through the insulation of
cables.
 Since leakage at insulators of overhead lines is negligible, the
conductance between conductors of an overhead line is usually
neglected.

Slide # 6
Transmission Line Parameters-RESISTANCE
ELE B7

 It is very well known that the dc resistance of a wire is given by:

where ρ is the resistivity of the wire in Ω - m, l is the length in

meter and A is the cross sectional area in m2
 The line resistance increases by:
 Stranding
 Temperature
 Skin effect
 AC resistance higher than DC
 Accurate value from Tables

Slide # 7
 Transmission Line Parameters-RESISTANCE
ELE B7

Example:
A three-phase overhead transmission line is designed to deliver 190.5MVA at 220kV over a
distance of 63km, such that the total transmission line loss is not to exceed 2.5% of the rated
line MVA. Given the resistivity of the conductor material to be 2.84*10-8 ohm-meter.
Determine the required conductor diameter and the conductor size. Neglecting power loss
due to corona and insulator leakage and other reactive loss.
Solution:
The total transmission line loss is:
 * l 2.84  10 8 * 63  10 3
PLoss  190.5 * 2.5%  4.7625 MW A 
R 6.35
190.5( MVA ) A  2.81764  10 4 m 2
IL   500 A
3 ( 220 kV )
d  1.894 cm  0.7456 in  556 ,000cmil
PLoss  3 * I L 2 * R
1 in = 1000 mils
4.7625 MW 1 cmils = sq mil
R 2
 6.35 
3( 500 ) Slide # 8
 Transmission Line Parameters-INDUCTANCE
ELE B7

• The inductance per phase of 3-phase equilateral spaced solid

conductors is given by:
7 D
L  2  10 (ln ) H / m
where, r D D
r
D is the distances between the conductor
r   r e 1 / 4, and r is the radius of the conductor D

• For inequilaterally spaced conductors, the inductance per phase is:

7
Deq
L  2  10 ln H /m
r
where,
Deq  3 D12 D23 D31

Slide # 9
 Transmission Line Parameters-INDUCTANCE
ELE B7

• The inductance per phase of 3-phase stranded conductors is:

GMD
L  2  10 7 ln H /m
GMR
where,
- GMD is the Geometrical Mean Distance
- GMR is the Geometrical Mean Radius D31 D23
• The inductance per phase of 3-phase D12
bundled conductors is:
GMD
L  2  10 7
ln H /m GMD  Deq  3 D12 D23 D31
GMR

GMR  2 Ds  d GMR  3 Ds  d 2 GMR  1.091 4 Ds  d 3

d
d
d d d
d
d
d Slide # 10
 Transmission Line Parameters-INDUCTANCE
ELE B7

• Transposition:
When the conductors of a three-phase line are not spaced
equilaterally, the flux linkages and the inductance of each phase are
not the same. A different inductance in each phase results in
unbalance circuit.
Balance of the three phases can be restored by exchanging the
positions of the conductors at regular intervals along the line as shown
below
Pos.1 Cond. a Cond. c Cond. b

D12 D12 D12

Pos.2 Cond. b Cond. a Cond. c
D31
D23 D23 D23
Pos.3 Cond. c Cond. b Cond. a

Such an exchange of the conductor positions is called transposition.

Slide # 11
Transmission Line Parameters-INDUCTANCE
ELE B7

Slide # 12
 Transmission Line Parameters-CAPACITANCE
ELE B7

• Capacitance of a Three-Phase Transposed Line:

2 o
Cn  F /m
ln( Deq / r ) Phase a

GMD  Deq  3 D12 D23 D31 Phase

c
Phase
b

• Capacitance of Three-Phase Bundled Line:

2 o
Cn  F /m
d
Dsb  2 r  d
ln( Deq / D bS ) d
d

where,  rd
3
Dsb 2 d

 ε0=8.85×10-12 d

Dsb  1.091 r  d
4 3
 r is the equivalent radius of the conductor
d d

Slide # 13
 Transmission Line Parameters-CAPACITANCE
ELE B7

EXAMPLE:
A 400kV, 60Hz, three phase with bundled conductor line, two sub-conductors per-phase
as shown in the Figure. The center to center distance between adjacent phases is 12 m and
distance between sub-conductors is 45 cm. The radius of each sub-conductor is 1.6 cm.
Find the capacitance per phase per km.

D31
D12 D23

a a’ b b’ c c’

d d d
SOLUTION:

D bS  r  d  1.6  45  8.485cm  0.08485m

NOTE
Deq  3 Dab Dac Dbc  3 12 *12 * 24  15.119m Use r  for L

2 o Use r for C

Cn  b
 0.0107 F / km
ln( Deq / D S ) Slide # 14
Section II: Transmission Line
Performance
Transmission line representation ELE B7

 Series impedance

z  r  j x  / mi Z  z  R j X 

 Shunt admittance

y  g  j b S / mi Y  y  G  j B S

 G is almost always ignored

 R is sometimes ignored for analysis purposes (loss-
less line), but never in the real world!
Slide # 16
Transmission line models ELE B7

Short line (up to 50 miles long)

IS IR
+ Z + Ignore shunt
VS VR admittance
– –

Medium-length line model (50-150 miles long)

IS IR
+ Z +
Nominal 
VS ½Y ½Y VR circuit

– –

Slide # 17
Two-Port Network- ABCD parameters ELE B7

 ABCD parameters
IS IR
+ +
Two-port VR
VS
–
Network –

VS  AVR  BI R VS   A B  VR 

I S  CVR  DI R
or  I   C D   I  (1)
 S   R

 Applies to linear, passive, two-port networks

 A, B, C and D depend on transmission line parameters

Slide # 18
ABCD Parameters – Example 1 ELE B7

IS IR

 Find the ABCD parameters + Z +

for the nominal  circuit ½Y ½Y

VS VR

– –

KVL equation:
 Y VR   YZ 
VS  VR  Z  I R    VS  1   VR  Z I R ( 2)
 2   2 
KCL equation:
Y Vs Y VR  Y 2Z   YZ 
IS    IR 
 I S  Y  
 VR  1  I R (3)
2 2  4   2 
By inspection,
YZ  YZ 
A  D  1 pu, B  Z , C  Y 1   S
2  4 
Slide # 19
ABCD Parameters ELE B7

 Series impedance Z: A  D  1, B  Z , C 0

 Shunt admittance Y: A  D  1, B  0, C Y S

 Why use ABCD?

– Easier than circuit analysis for hand calculations
– Easier to concatenate elements
IS IR IS IR
+ + + +
VS
 A1
C
 1
B1 
D1 
 A2
C
 2
B2 
D2 
VR  VS
 A1
C
 1
B1   A2
D1  C2
B2 
D2 
VR

– – – –

Slide # 20
ABCD Parameters – Example 2 ELE B7

A 345 kV transmission line has z = 0.05946 + j0.5766 /mi, y =

7.3874×10-3 S/mi and  = 222 mi. Calculate:
a) ABCD parameters, assuming nominal  circuit model
Z  z  13.2  j128 , Y  y  j1.64  103 S

A  D  1  YZ  0.895110.69 pu, B  Z  128.6884.11 

2

C  Y 1  YZ
4
  1.554  10 3
90.33 S
b) Receiving-end no-load voltage
VS  AVR  BI R IR  0

VS 345 3
VR    222.5  0.69 kV
A 0.895110.69
VR LL  385.4 kV (12% above nominal)
Slide # 21
The long transmission line ELE B7

 Impedance and admittance parameters are

distributed rather than lumped
 At 60 Hz, effects of distributed parameters are
significant for long lines (>150 miles)

 Need a new model to accurately represent “long”

transmission lines
1. Derive exact model for a generic transmission line
represented as a two-port network (ABCD matrix)
2. Determine relationship to nominal  model

Slide # 22
The long transmission line ELE B7

 The exact network equations in ABCD format:

cosh( ) Z c sinh( ) 
 S 
V  V R 
 I    sinh(  ) cosh( )  I 
 S  R
 Zc 
where ,
cosh( ) Z c sinh(  ) 
A B   
C   sinh( )
 D  cosh( ) 
 Zc 
  zy m 1 (propagati on constant)
z
Zc   (character istic impedance)
y
Slide # 23
The long transmission line ELE B7

 Relationship to nominal  circuit model:

 cosh(   ) Z c sinh(   ) 
V S    V R 
 I    sinh(   )
Exact network equations
cosh(   )   I R 
 S Zc in ABCD format
 
 Y 'Z ' 
1 Z'
V S   2  V R  Equivalent  circuit equations
I     Y 'Z ' Y ' Z ' I  (Z’ and Y’ are the series
 S  Y '1   1   R impedance and shunt
  4  2 
admittance of the equivalent
Y' tanh(   2 )  circuit that models the
Z '  Z c sinh(   ),  terminal behavior exactly)
2 Zc
 In terms of the “usual” Z = z and Y = y:
sinh(   ) Y ' Y tanh(   2 )
Z ' Z and 
 2 2  2
Slide # 24
The long transmission line – Example 3 ELE B7

 For the line in Example 2, calculate:

a. Propagation constant and characteristic impedance
z
  zy  2 . 069  10  3  87 . 06  m 1 , Zc   280 . 11   2 . 94 
y

b. Equivalent  circuit parameters

sinh(   )
Z' Z  1 . 2422  84 . 32  ( 4 % lower )

Y ' Y tanh(   2 )
  0 . 8346  10  3  89 . 9 
2 2  2
Y '  1 . 6693  10  3  89 . 9  ( 2 % higher )

Slide # 25
Loadability ELE B7

 Power transfer capability of a transmission line may

be limited by any one of the following:

1. Conductor temperature & sag requirements

2. Voltage profile
3. Stability considerations
4. Real power losses
5. Reservation requirements

Slide # 26
Temperature / sag limitations ELE B7

 Operate within conductor or insulator temperature

rating
– Heat gain (I2R, other heat sources)
– Heat dissipation (wind, conduit)
– Summer vs. winter ratings; continuous vs. emergency
ratings

 Meet minimum sag requirements

– Heat causes conductors to stretch, which reduces ground
clearance for overhead lines
 For most short transmission lines, temperature / sag
limitations dictate transfer capability
Slide # 27
Voltage profile ELE B7

 Voltage regulation (typically, VR  10%)

V R NL  V R FL VS
VR %    100 , VR NL 
V R FL A

 Operating range
0 .95  V R  1 .05 pu and 0 .95  V S  1 .05 pu

 Voltage profile is a consideration for all lines

Slide # 28
Stability considerations ELE B7

 Steady-state stability limit PMAX

For a loss-less 3-phase line (R=G=0),

Real Power
ignoring distributed effects:
V RV S
P  PS  PR  sin  ,   V  V
X s R

0 30 60 90 120 150 180

V RV S V RV S 
PMAX  or PMAX 3 3
X X
– For  > 90o, synchronism between sending and receiving end cannot
be maintained
– Lines are operated at  < 35o to prevent transient instability during
system disturbances

 Long lines are typically stability-limited

Slide # 29