Xenon Xenon is a chemie clement with symbol Xe and atomic 1 54. It is a colorless, dense, odorless noble gas found 91 Although reactive, xenon ean undergo a few chemical e Earth's at wosphere in trace amounts erally ons such asthe formation of xenon wexalluoroplatinate, the synthesized" noble gas compound to be Xenon is used in flash lampst"l and are lamps," and as a general anesthetic!"®! The first excimer laser design used a xenon dimer molecule (Xe,) as the lasing medium," and ne earliest laser designs used xenon flash lamps as mps"8 Xenon is used to search for hypothetical weakly 18 massive particles" and as the propellant for jon thrusters in spacecraft. ‘Naturally occurring xenon consists of eight stable isotopes More than 40 unstable xenon isotopes undergo radioactive and the isotope ratios of xenon are an important tool for studying the early history of the Solar System!" Radioactive xenon-135 is produced by beta decay from jodine-195 (a product of nuclear fission), and is the most fieant (and unwanted) neutron absorber in nuclear Contents History Characteristics Occurrence and production Isotopes ‘Compounds Haldes (Oxides and oxohalides (Other compounds Clathrates and excimers Applications lumination and Gas-discharge lamps Medical ‘Anesthesia Xenon, «Xe ‘A xenon-fled discharge tube glowing light biue General properties Pronunciation /zenonf (ZEn-0n) ‘risen 2 (ZEE-non) Appearance colorless gas, exhibiting a blue glow when placed in an electric field Standard atomic weight (A, sansa) Xenon in the periodic table 191.2096) BeBe iodine = xenon. Atomic number (2) 54 Group ‘group 18 (noble gases) Period period 5 Element category noble gas, Block block Electron [Kr] 441° 562 5p ‘configuration Electrons per shell 2, 8, 18, 18, 8 Physical properties Phase at STP Melting point gas 161.40 K (-111.75°C, 169.15 °F)Neuroprotectant Sports doping maging Surgery NMR spectroscopy Other Precautions See also References External links ‘enon was diseovered in England by the Seottish chemist William Ramsay and English chemist Mortis Travers in September 1898, shortly after their discovery of the elements Krypton and neon, ‘They found xenon in the residue left over from evaporating components of liquid air PMI) Ramsay suggested the name xenon for this gas from the Greek word Zévov [xenon], neuter singular form of Séveg [xenos}, meaning ‘foreign(e:), ‘strange(), ot ‘guest 951271 In 1902, Ramsay estimated the proportion of xenon in the Earth's atmosphere to be one part in 20 million.?8! During the 1930s, American engineer Harold Edgerton began exploring strobe light technology for high speed photography. This led him to the invention of the xenon flash lamp in which light is generated by passing brief electric current through a tube filed with xenon gas. In 1934, Edgerton was able to generate flashes as brief as one microsecond with this method {2190 Im 1999, American physician Albert R. Behnke Jr. began exploring the causes of "drunkenness" in deep-sea divers. He tested the effects of varying the breathing mixtures on his subjects, and discovered that this caused the divers to perceive a change in depth. From his results, he deduced that xenon gas could serve as an anesthetic, Although Russian toxicologist Nikolay V. Lazarev apparently studied xenon anesthesia in 1941, the first published report confirming xenon anesthesia was in 1946 by American medical researcher John H. Lawrence, who experimented fon mice. Xenon was first used as a surgical anesthetic in 1951 by American anesthesiologist Stuart C, Cullen, who successfully used it with two patients.) Boiling point 165.051 K (~108.099 162.578 °F) Density (at STP) 5.894 g/L when liquid (at) 2.942 giom®t4l ‘Triple point 161.405 K, 81.77 kPal®l Critical point 289.733 K, 5.842 MPal®l Heat of fusion 2.27 kiimol Heat of 12.64 kstmol vaporization Molar heat 21.0118 Jmol-K) capacity Vapor pressure P(Pa) 1 10 100 1k 10k 100k MT) 93 92 103 7 137 165 Atomic properties Oxidation states 0, +1, +2, +4, +6, +8 (rarely more than 0; a weakly acidic oxide) Electronegativity Pauling scale: 2.6 Ionization 431: 1170.4 kslmal energies 2nd: 2048.4 ksmol ‘rd: 3099.4 kalo} Covalent radius 1409 pm Vander Waals 218 pm radius Spectral lines Other properties Crystal structure face-centered cubic ec) i Speed of sound —_ gas: 178 ms"? ligule: 1090 mis ‘Thermal 5.65x10°$ WimK) ‘conductivity Magnetic ordering diamagnetic”! Magnetic ~43.9:10°8 mmol (298 Ky! susceptibility‘Unre, roplati, ed, Used esther st las Xeno) mass foun he iso the | pros ind ots nd s85 Xenon ani the GASNumber 7840-6353 “ Lend History ase were for a Discovery and Wiliam Ramsay and Morris Or eral ne tet ieolation Travers (1898) considered tobe pas Main eotopes of xenon chemically inet gg bur Hae (ie) Decay Pro- stannic and notable 9 tape dance mode duet form Xe wou T2y9 0.005% stable Bl wiowever, while 25x ym teen e = teaching at the University of Xe 0.080% stable British Wxe | om 363450 © 127 Cohimbia, Nel - Bartlett discovered that the gas platinum hexafluoride '"Xe 1.910% _ (ere) was « powerful oxidizing agent that could oxidize tnyg g.aoire state cnygen as (02) to form dlxygeny! heraftooroplatinate | (Os{PeFLT.F since Op and xenon have almost the same "Xe | 4.071% =— Ast ionization peti, Rat reed ht patna gy 2506] sable hesaflusie might slo beable to oxidize xenon, On March 23, 1962, he mine the two gas and paced the int MK 900%) sale now compound of a noble 4 AENO_g yy gyn cs hexafluoroplatinate. I" partlett thought its composition “. to be Xe"[PtFe]", but later work revealed that it was "Ke 10.496% 5) 14h Bo cs probably a mixture of various xenon-containing 13549 syn salts.°4195194 Since then, many other xenon compounds ~ have been discovered!" ia addition to some compoundsof "Xe 8.857% pyesxtO"¥" BB Ba the noble gases argon, krypton, and radon, including argon fluorokydride (HATE),°8 kzypton difluoride (KEF,)/°9149 and radon fluoride’! By 1971, more than 80 xenon ‘compounds were known.(2i¢3) In November 1989, IBM scientists demonstrated a technology capable of manipulating individual atoms. The program, called IBM in stoms, used a scanning tunneling microscope to arrange 35 individual xenon atoms on a substrate of chilled exystal of nickel to spell out the three letter company initalism. It was the frst time atoms had been precisely positioned. on a la surface 4) red thant Characteristies—~ Xenon has atomic number 54; that is, its nucleus contains 54 protons. At standard temperature and pressure, pure xenon ‘gas has a density of 5.761 kg/m®, about 4.5 times the density of the Earth’s atmosphere at sea level, 1.217 kg/m®, Asa liquid, xenon has a density of up to 3.100 g/mL, withthe density maximum occurring at the triple point.) Liquid xenon has a high polarizability due to its large atomic volume, and thus is an excellent solvent. It can dissolve hydrocarbons, biological molecules, and even water”! Under the same conditions, the density of slid xenon, 3.640 g/m’, is greater than the average density of granite 2.75 g/em®1 Under gigapasals of pressure, xenon forms a metallic phase!)