EN BANC

[G.R. No. L-24447. June 29, 1968.]

THE PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES , plaintiff-appellant, vs. WILLY

OBSANIA , defendant-appellee.

Solicitor General for plaintiff-appellant.

Maximo V. Cuesta, Jr. for defendant-appellee.

SYLLABUS

1. REMEDIAL LAW; COMPLAINT OR INFORMATION; ALLEGATION OF LEWD DESIGN IN

CRIME OF RAPE NOT NECESSARY. — In a complaint for rape, it is not necessary to allege
"lewd design" or "unchaste motive". To require such averment is to demand a patent
superfluity. Lascivious intent inheres in rape and the unchaste design is manifest in the
very act itself - the carnal knowledge of a woman through force or intimidation, or when the
woman is deprived of reason or otherwise unconscious, or when the woman is under
twelve years of age.
2. ID.; ID.; SUFFICIENCY OF COMPLAINT OR INFORMATION IN THE CRIME OF RAPE. —
The complaint here satisfies the requirements of legal sufficiency of an indictment for
rape. It unmistakably alleges that the accused had carnal knowledge of the complainant by
means of violence and intimidation. The trial court erred in dismissing the case on the
proffered ground that the complaint was defective for failure to allege "lewd design".
3. CONSTITUTIONAL LAW; DOUBLE JEOPARDY: REQUISITES. — In order that the
protection against double jeopardy may inure in favor of an accused, the following
requisites must have obtained in the original prosecution: (a) a valid complaint or
information; (b) a competent court; (c) the defendant had pleaded to the charges; and (d)
the defendant was acquitted, or convicted, or the case against him was dismissed or
otherwise terminated without his express consent.
4. ID.; ID.; WAIVER OF DOUBLE JEOPARDY; DISMISSAL WITH EXPRESS CONSENT OF
DEFENDANT CONSTITUTES WAIVER. — When the case is dismissed with the express
consent of the defendant, the dismissal will not be a bar to another prosecution for the
same offense because his action in having the case dismissed constitutes a waiver of his
constitutional right or privilege, for the reason that he thereby prevents the court from
proceeding to the trial on the merits and rendering a judgment of conviction against him.
5. ID.; ID.; PROVISIONAL DISMISSAL WITH EXPRESS CONSENT OF DEFENDANT;
SALICO CASE. — Where a criminal case is dismissed provisionally not only with the
express consent of the accused but even upon the urging of his counsel, there can be no
double jeopardy under Section 9, Rule 113, if the indictment against him is revived by the
fiscal. This decision subscribes substantially to the doctrine on waiver established in
Salico.
6. ID.; ID.; ESTOPPEL; WHEN DEFENDANT ESTOPPED FROM PLEADING DOUBLE
JEOPARDY. — When the trial court dismisses a case on a disclaimer of jurisdiction, upon
the instigation of the accused, the latter is estopped on appeal from asserting the
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 jurisdiction of the lower court in support of his plea of second jeopardy.
7. ID.; ID.; ESTOPPEL AND WAIVER; SIMILARITIES. — A dismissal, other than on the
merits, sought by the accused in a motion to dismiss, is deemed to be with his express
consent and bars him from subsequently interposing the defense of double jeopardy on
appeal or in a new prosecution for the same offense.
8. ID.; ID.; RULE ON ESTOPPEL SHOULD BE MAINTAINED; REASONS. — This Court
forthrightly stated that the rule of estoppel applied in the Acierto case should be
maintained because: (1) It is basically and fundamentally sound and just; (2) It is in
conformity with the principles of legal ethics, which demand good faith of the highest
order in the practice of law; (3) It is well settled that parties to a judicial proceeding may
not, on appeal, adopt a theory inconsistent with that which they sustained in the lower
court; and (4) The operation of the principle of estoppel on the question of jurisdiction
seemingly depends upon whether the lower court actually had jurisdiction or not.
9. ID.; ID.; DOCTRINE ON WAIVER IN SALICO CASE NOT IMPLIEDLY ABANDONED. —
We cannot agree that this Court in Bangalao impliedly abandoned the Salico doctrine on
waiver. Bangalao was decided solely on the question of jurisdiction. This Court, after
holding that the lower tribunal had jurisdiction, decided outright to repress the appeal by
the Government on the ground of double jeopardy without considering whether the
appealed order of dismissal was issued with or without the express consent of the
accused because it was granted upon his instigation through a motion to dismiss.
10. ID.; ID.; ID.; SALICO DOCTRINE ON DISMISSAL OF CRIMINAL CASE ON
DEFENDANT'S MOTION REPUDIATED. — But said ruling is not controlling, having been
modified or abandoned in subsequent cases wherein this Court sustained the theory of
double jeopardy despite the fact that the dismissal was secured upon motion of the
accused.
11. ID.; ID.; INAPPLICABILITY OF WAIVER AND ESTOPPEL; DISMISSAL CONSIDERED
AS ACQUITTAL. — In Diaz, Abaño, Tacneng and Robles like in Cloribel, the dismissals
therein, all sought by the defendant, were considered acquittals because they were all
predicated on the right of a defendant to a speedy trial and on the failure of the
Government to prosecute. Therefore, even if such dismissals were induced by the accused,
the doctrines of waiver and estoppel were obviously inapplicable for these doctrines
presuppose a dismissal not amounting to an acquittal.
12. ID.; ID.; CASE AT BAR COMPARED WITH CLORIBEL AND CASES CITED THEREIN. —
Here the controverted dismissal was predicated on the erroneous contention of the
accused that the complaint was defective and such infirmity affected the jurisdiction of
the court a quo and not on the right of the accused to a speedy trial and failure of the
government to prosecute. The appealed order of dismissal in this case now under
consideration did not terminate the action on the merits, whereas in Cloribel and in other
related cases the dismissal amounted to an acquittal because the failure to prosecute
presupposed that the Government did not have a case against the accused, who, in the
first place, is presumed innocent.
13. ID.; ID.; REQUIREMENTS OF WAIVER AND ESTOPPEL. — Application of the two
sister doctrines of waiver and estoppel requires two sine qua non conditions: first, the
dismissal must be sought or induced by the defendant personally or through his counsel;
and second, such dismissal must not be on the merits and must not necessarily amount to
an acquittal.
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 DECISION

CASTRO , J : p

Before us for review, on appeal by the People of the Philippines, is an order, dated January
8, 1965, of the Court of First Instance of Pangasinan dismissing, upon motion of the
defense, an indictment for rape against Willy Obsania.
On November 22, 1964, barely a day after the occurrence of the alleged crime, Erlinda
Dollente, the 14-year old victim, and her parents, Ciriaco Dollente and Carmelita Lureta, filed
in the municipal court of Balungao, Pangasinan a complaint for rape with robbery, 1
alleging.
"That on or about 21st day of November 1964, at around 2:00 to 3:00 in the
afternoon, particularly in sitio Cawakalan, barrio of Capulaan municipality of
Balungao, Province of Pangasinan, Philippines and within the jurisdiction of the
Honorable Court, the said accused Willy Obsania, armed with a dagger, by means
of violence and intimidation, willfully, unlawfully and feloniously did then and
there have carnal knowledge of the complainant Erlinda Dollente, against her will
and on the roadside in the ricefields at the abovementioned place while she was
alone on her way to barrio San Raymundo."

After the case was remanded to the Court of First Instance of Pangasinan for further
proceedings, the assistant provincial fiscal filed an information for rape against the
accused, embodying the allegations of the above complaint, with an additional averment
that the offense was committed "with lewd designs".
The accused pleaded not guilty upon arraignment, and forthwith with his counsel moved
for the dismissal of the case contending that the complaint was fatally defective for failure
to allege "lewd designs" and that the subsequent information filed by the fiscal which
averred "lewd designs" did not cure the jurisdictional infirmity. The court a quo granted the
motion and ordered dismissal of the action, ruling that "the failure of the complaint filed by
the offended party to allege that the acts committed by the accused were with 'lewd
designs' does not give this Court jurisdiction to try the case." From this order, the fiscal
brought the instant appeal.
Two issues are tendered for resolution, namely: first, are "lewd designs" an indispensable
element which should be alleged in the complaint? and, second, does the present appeal
place the accused in double jeopardy?
Both must be answered in the negative.
The accused, in his motion to dismiss, as well as the trial judge, in his order of dismissal,
rely basically on the ruling in People vs. Gilo (L-18202, April 30, 1964). In that case which
involved a prosecution for acts of lasciviousness, this Court, in passing, opined that "lewd
design" is
". . . an indispensable element of all crimes against chastity, such as abduction,
seduction and rape, including acts of lasciviousness . . . an element that
characterizes all crimes against chastity, apart from the felonious or criminal
intent of the offender, and such element must be always present in order that they
may be considered in contemplation of law."

Nothing in the foregoing statement can be reasonably interpreted as requiring an explicit

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 allegation of "lewd design" in a complaint for rape. We hold in no uncertain terms that in a
complaint for rape it is not necessary to allege "lewd design" or "unchaste motive," for to
require such averment is to demand a patent superfluity. Lascivious intent inheres in rape
and the unchaste design is manifest in the very act itself — the carnal knowledge of a
woman through force or intimidation, or when the woman is deprived of reason or
otherwise unconscious, or when the woman is under twelve years of age. 2

It is clear that the complaint here satisfies the requirements of legal sufficiency of an
indictment for rape as it unmistakably alleges that the accused had carnal knowledge of
the complainant by means of violence and intimidation. We therefore hold that the trial
judge erred in dismissing the case on the proffered grounds that the complaint was
defective for failure to allege "lewd design" and, as a consequence of such infirmity, that
the court a quo did not acquire jurisdiction over the case. The error of the trial judge was in
confusing the concept of jurisdiction with that of insufficiency in substance of an
indictment.
We come now to the more important issue of double jeopardy. The accused maintains that
"assuming, arguendo, that the argument is right that the court a quo has jurisdiction, the
appeal of the Government constitutes double jeopardy.
An appeal by the prosecution in a criminal case is not available if the defendant would
thereby be placed in double jeopardy. 3 Correlatively, Section 9, Rule 117 of the Revised
Rules of Court provides:
"When a defendant shall have been convicted or acquitted, or the case against
him dismissed or otherwise terminated without the express consent of the
defendant, by a court of competent jurisdiction, upon a valid complaint or
information or other formal charge sufficient in form and substance to sustain a
conviction, and after the defendant had pleaded to the charge, the conviction or
acquittal of the defendant or the dismissal of the case shall be a bar to another
prosecution for the offense charged, or for any attempt to commit the same or
frustration thereof, or for any offense which necessarily includes or is necessarily
included in the offense charged in the former complaint or information."

In order that the protection against double jeopardy may inure in favor of an accused, the
following requisites must have obtained in the original prosecution: (a) a valid complaint or
information; (b) a competent court; (c) the defendant had pleaded to the charge; and (d)
the defendant was acquitted, or convicted, or the case against him was dismissed or
otherwise terminated without his express consent.
The complaint filed with the municipal court in the case at bar was valid; the court a quo
was a competent tribunal with jurisdiction to hear the case; the record shows that the
accused pleaded not guilty upon arraignment. Hence, the only remaining and decisive
question is whether the dismissal of the case was without the express consent of the
accused.
The accused admits that the controverted dismissal was ordered by the trial judge upon
his motion to dismiss. However, he vehemently contends that under the prevailing
jurisprudence, citing People vs. Bangalao, et al. (94 Phil. 354, February 17, 1954), People
vs. Labatete (L-12917, April 27, 1960), People vs. Villarin (L-19795, July 31, 1964), People
vs. Cloribel (L-20314, August 31, 1964), an erroneous dismissal of a criminal action, even
upon the instigation of the accused in a motion to quash or dismiss, does not bar him from
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 pleading the defense of double jeopardy in a subsequent appeal by the Government or in a
new prosecution for the same offense. The accused suggests that the above-enumerated
cases have abandoned the previous ruling of this Court to the effect that when a case is
dismissed, other than on the merits, upon motion of the accused personally or through
counsel, such dismissal is to be regarded as with the express consent of the accused and
consequently he is deemed to have waived 4 his right to plead double jeopardy and/or he
is estopped 5 from claiming such defense on appeal by the Government or in another
indictment for the same offense.
This particular aspect of double jeopardy — dismissal or termination of the original case
without the express consent of the defendant — has evoked varied and apparently
conflicting rulings from this Court. We must untangle this jurisprudential maze and fashion
out in bold relief a ruling not susceptible of equivocation. Hence, a searching extended
review of the pertinent cases is imperative.
The doctrine of waiver of double jeopardy was enunciated and formally labelled as such
for the first time in 1949 in People vs. Salico, supra, with three justices dissenting. 6 In that
case, the provincial fiscal appealed from the order of the trial court dismissing, upon
motion of the defendant made immediately after the prosecution had rested its case, an
indictment for homicide, on the ground that the prosecution had failed to prove that the
crime was committed within the territorial jurisdiction of the trial court, or, more
specifically, that the municipality of Victorias in which the crime was allegedly committed
was comprised within the province of Negros Occidental. Rejecting the claim of the
accused that the appeal placed him in double jeopardy, this Court held that the dismissal
was erroneous because the evidence on record showed that the crime was committed in
the town of Victorias and the trial judge should have taken judicial notice that the said
municipality was included within the province of Negros Occidental and therefore the
offense charged was committed within the jurisdiction of the court of first instance of the
said province. In ruling that the appeal by the Government did not put the accused in peril
of a second jeopardy, this Court stressed that with "the dismissal of the case by the court
below upon motion of the defendant, the latter has not been in jeopardy," and "assuming
arguendo that the defendant had been already in jeopardy in the court below and would be
placed in double jeopardy by the appeal, the defendant has waived his constitutional right
not to be put in danger of being convicted twice for the same offense." Mr. Justice
Felicisimo Feria, speaking for the majority, reasoned that
". . . when the case is dismissed with the express consent of the defendant, the
dismissal will not be a bar to another prosecution for the same offense; because,
his action in having the case dismissed constitutes a waiver of his constitutional
right or privilege, for the reason that he thereby prevents the court from
proceeding to the trial on the merits and rendering a judgment of conviction
against him."

The Salico doctrine was adhered to and affirmed in People vs. Marapao (85 Phil. 832,
March 30, 1950), Gandicela vs. Lutero (88 Phil. 299, March 5, 1951), People vs. Pinuela, et
al. (91 Phil. 53, March 28, 1952), Co Te Hue vs. Encarnacion (94 Phil. 258, January 26,
1954), and People vs. Desalisa (L-15516, December 17, 1966).
In Marapao, the defendant was indicted for slight physical injuries in the municipal court of
Sibonga, Cebu. After the prosecution had rested its case, a continuance was had, and when
trial was resumed, the court, upon motion of the defense, ordered the case dismissed for
failure of the prosecution to appear. However, the court reconsidered this order upon
representation of the fiscal who appeared moments later, and ordered the defense to
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 present its evidence. The accused moved to set aside the latter order on the ground that it
placed him on double jeopardy. Acceding to this motion, the court dismissed the case.
Subsequently, the accused was charged in the Court of First Instance of Cebu with the
offense of assault upon a person in authority, based on the same facts alleged in the
former complaint for slight physical injuries. Again, upon motion of the accused, the trial
court dismissed the new indictment on the ground of double jeopardy. From this order, the
prosecution appealed. In upholding the appeal of the Government, this Court observed that
although the information for assault necessarily embraced the crime of slight physical
injuries for which the accused was indicted in the justice of the peace court.
". . . it appears that the appellee was neither convicted nor acquitted of the
previous charge against him for slight physical injuries, for that case was
dismissed upon his own request before trial could be finished. Having himself
asked for such dismissal, before a judgment of conviction or acquittal could have
been rendered, the appellee is not entitled to invoke the defense of double
jeopardy . . ."

In Gandicela, this Court had occasion to reiterate the Salico ruling:

"But where a defendant expressly consents to, by moving for, the dismissal of the
case against him, as in the present case, even if the court or judge states in the
order that the dismissal is definite or does not say that the dismissal is without
prejudice on the part of the fiscal to file another information, the dismissal will
not be a bar to a subsequent prosecution of the defendant for the same offense.
(People vs. Ylagan, 58 Phil. 851; People vs. Salico, 84 Phil. 722)."

And in denying the motion for reconsideration led by the accused in that case, this
Court held:
"According to Section 9 of Rule 13, if a criminal case is dismissed otherwise than
upon the merits at any stage before judgment, without the express consent of the
defendant, by a court of competent jurisdiction, upon a valid complaint or
information, and after the defendant has pleaded to the charge, the dismissal of
the case shall be definite or a bar to another prosecution for the same offense;
but if it is dismissed upon the petition or with the express consent of the
defendant, the dismissal will be without prejudice or not a bar to another
prosecution for the same offense, because, in the last case, the defendant's
action in having the case dismissed constitutes a waiver of his constitutional
right not to be prosecuted again for the same offense."

In Pinuela, as in Salico, the prosecution had presented its evidence against the defendant,
and the trial court, upon motion of the accused, dismissed the criminal action for lack of
evidence showing that the crime charged was committed within its territorial jurisdiction.
On appeal by the Government, this Court found that the evidence showed otherwise and,
like in Salico, the majority rejected the plea of double jeopardy interposed by the accused
on the ground that his virtual instigation of the erroneous dismissal amounted to a waiver
of his right against a second jeopardy.

In Co Te Hue, it was the theory of the petitioner that the charge of estafa filed against him
having been dismissed, albeit provisionally, without his express consent, its revival
constituted double jeopardy which bars a subsequent prosecution for the same offense.
This claim was traversed by the Solicitor General who contended that considering what
had transpired in the conference between the parties, the provisional dismissal was no bar
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 to the subsequent prosecution for the reason that the dismissal was made with the
defendant's express consent. This Court sustained the view of the Solicitor General, thus:
"We are inclined to uphold the view of the Solicitor General. From the transcript of
the notes taken at the hearing in connection with the motion for dismissal, it
appears that a conference was held between petitioner and the offended party in
the office of the fiscal concerning the case and that as a result of that conference
the offended party filed the motion to dismiss. It also appears that as no action
has been taken on said motion, counsel for petitioner invited the attention of the
court to the matter who acted thereon only after certain explanation was given by
said counsel. And when the order came the court made it plain that the dismissal
was merely provisional in character. It can be plainly seen that the dismissal was
effected not only with the express consent of the petitioner but even upon the
urging of his counsel. This attitude of petitioner, or his counsel, takes this case
out of the operation of the rule."

In essence, this Court held that where a criminal case is dismissed provisionally not
only with the express consent of the accused but even upon the urging of his counsel,
there can be no double jeopardy under Section 9, Rule 113, if the indictment against him
is revived by the scal. This decision subscribes substantially to the doctrine on waiver
established in Salico.
The validity and currency of the Salico doctrine were intimated in the recent case of People
vs. Fajardo (L-18257, June 30, 1966), and six months later were reaffirmed in People vs.
Desalisa, supra.
In Fajardo, this Court, through Mr. Justice Querube Makalintal, observed:
"The record does not reveal that appellees expressly agreed to the dismissal of
the information as ordered by the trial Judge or that they performed any act which
could be considered as express consent within the meaning of the rule. While they
did file a motion asking that the case be quashed, or that a reinvestigation thereof
be ordered, the court granted neither alternative. What it did was to order the
prosecution to amend the complaint. This order was in effect a denial of the
motion to quash, and it was only after the prosecution failed to amend that the
court dismissed the case on that ground. Consequently, even under the theory
enunciated in some decisions of this Court (People vs. Salico, etc.) that if a valid
and sufficient information is erroneously dismissed upon motion of the
defendant he is deemed to have waived the plea of double jeopardy in connection
with an appeal from the order of dismissal, appellees here are not precluded from
making such plea."

To paraphrase, had the dismissal been anchored on the motion to dismiss, the
defendants would not have been entitled to protection against double jeopardy.
Then in Desalisa, this Court, in a unanimous decision penned by Mr. Justice Jesus Barrera,
held that
". . . The ruling in the case of Salico, that the act of the defendant in moving for
the dismissal of the case constitutes a waiver of the right to avail of the defense
of double jeopardy, insofar as it applies to dismissals which do not amount to
acquittal or dismissal of the case on the merits, cannot be considered to have
been abandoned by the subsequent decisions on the matter." (Emphasis
supplied)

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 xxx xxx xxx
". . . an appeal of the prosecution from the order of dismissal (of the criminal
complaint) by the trial court will not constitute double jeopardy if (1) the
dismissal is made upon motion, or with express consent of the defendant, and (2)
the dismissal is not an acquittal or based upon consideration of the evidence or
of the merits of the case; and (3) the question to be passed upon by the appellate
court is purely legal; so that should the dismissal be found incorrect, the case
would have to be remanded to the court of origin for further proceedings, to
determine the guilt or innocence of the defendant." (Emphasis supplied)

The doctrine of estoppel in relation to the plea of double jeopardy was first enunciated in
Acierto which held that when the trial court dismisses a case on a disclaimer of
jurisdiction, upon the instigation of the accused, the latter is estopped on appeal from
asserting the jurisdiction of the lower court in support of his plea of second jeopardy. The
doctrine of estoppel is in quintessence the same as the doctrine of waiver: the thrust of
both is that a dismissal, other than on the merits, sought by the accused in a motion to
dismiss, is deemed to be with his express consent and bars him from subsequently
interposing the defense of double jeopardy on appeal or in a new prosecution for the same
offense.
In Acierto, the defendant was charged before a United States court-martial with having
defrauded the Government of the United States, through falsification of documents, within
a military base of the United States in the Philippines. The challenge by the accused
against the jurisdiction of the military tribunal was brushed aside, and he was convicted.
On review, the verdict was reversed by the Commanding General who sustained Acierto's
position on the ground of lack of jurisdiction. Subsequently, he was convicted of estafa
and falsification based on the same facts by the Court of First Instance of Rizal. On appeal
to this Court, he claimed former jeopardy in the court-martial proceedings, asserting that
the military court actually had jurisdiction. In a unanimous 7 decision, this Court, through
Mr. Justice Pedro Tuason, ruled:
"This is the exact reverse of the position defendant took at the military trial. As
stated, he there attacked the court-martial's jurisdiction with the same vigor that
he now says the court-martial did have jurisdiction; and thanks to his objections,
so we incline to believe, the Commanding General, upon consultation with, and
the recommendation of, the Judge Advocate General in Washington, disapproved
the court-martial proceedings.
xxx xxx xxx
"Irrespective of the correctness of the views of the Military authorities, the
defendant was estopped from demurring to the Philippine court's jurisdiction and
pleading double jeopardy on the strength of his trial by the court-martial. A party
will not be allowed to make a mockery of justice by taking inconsistent positions
which if allowed would result in brazen deception. It is trifling with the courts,
contrary to the elementary principles of right dealing and good faith, for an
accused to tell one court that it lacks authority to try him and, after he has
succeeded in his effort, to tell the court to which he has been turned over that the
first has committed error in yielding to his plea." (Emphasis supplied)

The Acierto ruling was reiterated in People vs. Amada Reyes, et al., (96 Phil. 927, April 30,
1955); People vs. Reyes, et al., (98 Phil. 646, March 23, 1956); People vs. Casiano (L-
15309, February 16, 1961), and People vs. Archilla (L-15632, February 28, 1961).
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 The defendants in People vs. Amada Reyes, et al., were charged as accessories to the
crime of theft committed by their brother, Anselmo, the principal accused. The latter
pleaded guilty to simple theft and was sentenced accordingly. The former pleaded not
guilty and subsequently filed a motion to quash on the ground that being brothers and
sisters of the principal accused, they were exempt from criminal responsibility for the acts
charged against them in the information. Thereupon, the prosecution moved to amend the
information so as to allege that the defendants profited from the effects of the crime. In
view of this development, counsel for the defendants moved to withdraw their motion to
quash and objected to the proposed amendment which sought to change materially the
information after plea without the consent of the accused. Without acting on the petition
to withdraw the motion to quash, the trial court denied the motion of the prosecution on
the ground that the proposed amendment would substantially affect the fundamental
rights of the accused who were exempt from liability under the information because of
their relation to the principal culprit. Then the prosecution moved for the dismissal of the
case against the alleged accessories with reservation to file a new information. The court
ordered the dismissal without ruling on the reservation. Subsequently, a new information
was filed virtually reproducing the previous one except that now there was an added
allegation to intent to gain. The lower court quashed the new information upon motion of
the accused on the ground of double jeopardy. On appeal by the prosecution, this Court,
thru Mr. Justice J.B.L. Reyes, held that the plea of double jeopardy was erroneously
sustained because
"In the first place, the accused-appellees herein filed a motion to quash on the
ground that they incurred no criminal liability under the facts alleged in the
information in the preceding case, No. Q-972, and the trial court instead of
allowing the withdrawal of the motion to quash, virtually sustained the same
when it denied the fiscal's motion to amend, thereby forcing the latter to dismiss
the case; hence, it can not be held that the former case was terminated without
the express consent of the accused. Secondly, the defendants themselves
showed that the information in the previous case was insufficient to charge them
with any criminal offense, in view of their relationship with the principal accused;
and it is well established doctrine that for jeopardy to attach, there must be an
information sufficient in form and substance to sustain a conviction. Lastly, the
herein accused having successfully contended that the information in the former
case was insufficient to sustain a conviction, they cannot turn around now and
claim that such information was after all, sufficient and did place them in danger
of jeopardy of being convicted thereunder. If, as they formerly contended, no
conviction could be had in the previous case, they are in estoppel to contend now
that the information in the second case places them in jeopardy for the second
time. Their case comes within the spirit of the rule laid down in People vs. Acierto
. . ."

Again, in People vs. Reyes, et al., supra, this Court, speaking thru Mr. Chief Justice Paras,
reiterated the Acierto ruling, thus:
"Where the complaint or information is in truth valid and sufficient, but the case is
dismissed upon the petition of the accused on the ground that the complaint or
information is invalid and insufficient, such dismissal will not bar another
prosecution for the same offense and the defendant is estopped from alleging in
the second information that the former dismissal was wrong because the
complaint or information was valid."
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 In this particular case, upon motion of the defendants, the trial court dismissed the
information because it did not allege the use of violence, notwithstanding the fact that
the offense charged was coercion under Article 287 of the Revised Penal Code. On
appeal, however, this Court ruled that the dismissal was erroneous because "although
the offense named in the information is coercion, it does not necessarily follow that the
applicable provision is the rst paragraph, since the second paragraph also speaks of
'coercions'. Inasmuch as the recitals in the information do not include violence, the
inevitable conclusion is that the coercion contemplated is that described and penalized
in the second paragraph."
We come now to the case of People vs. Casiano. In this case the accused was charged
with estafa in a complaint filed with the justice of the peace court of Rosales, Pangasinan.
The accused waived her right to preliminary investigation and the record was accordingly
forwarded to the Court of First Instance of Pangasinan where the provincial fiscal filed an
information of "illegal possession and use of false treasury or bank notes." Upon
arraignment the defendant pleaded not guilty. Subsequently, the defense filed a motion to
dismiss on the thesis that there had been no preliminary investigation of the charge of
illegal possession and use of false treasury or bank notes, and that the absence of such
preliminary investigation affected the jurisdiction of the trial court. The motion was
granted on the ground that the waiver made by the defendant in the justice of the peace
court did not deprive her of the right to a preliminary investigation of an entirely different
crime. On appeal to this Court, it was held that the dismissal was erroneous because the
allegations of the information filed in the Court of First Instance were included in those of
the complaint filed in the justice of the peace court where the defendant had already
waived her right to a preliminary investigation. On the question of whether the appeal
placed the defendant in double jeopardy, this Court, thru Mr. Chief Justice (then Associate
Justice) Concepcion, observed that the situation of Casiano was identical to that of the
accused in Acierto
". . . were she to plead double jeopardy in this case, for such plea would require
the assertion of jurisdiction of the court of first instance to try her and that the
same erred in yielding to her plea therein for lack of authority therefor. In the
language of our decision in the Acierto case, it is immaterial whether or not the
court a quo had said authority. It, likewise, makes no difference whether or not the
issue raised by defendant in the lower court affected its jurisdiction. The fact is
that she contested its jurisdiction and that, although such pretense was
erroneous, she led the court to believe that it was correct and to act in accordance
with such belief. The elementary principles of fair dealing and good faith demand,
accordingly, that she be estopped now from taking the opposite stand in order to
pave the way for a plea of double jeopardy, unless the rule of estoppel laid down
in the Acierto case is revoked. As a matter of fact, said rule applies with greater
force to the case at bar than to the Acierto case, because the same involved two
(2) separate proceedings before courts deriving their authority from different
sovereignties, whereas the appeal in the case at bar is a continuation of the
proceedings in the lower court, which like this Supreme Court, is a creature of the
same sovereignty. In short, the inconsistency and impropriety would be more
patent and glaring in this case than in that of Acierto, if appellant herein pleaded
double jeopardy in this instance."

This Court then forthrightly stated that "the rule of estoppel applied in the Acierto case
should be maintained, because
"1. It is basically and fundamentally sound and just.
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 "2. It is in conformity with the principles of legal ethics, which demand good
faith of the highest order in the practice of law.
"3. It is well settled that parties to a judicial proceeding may not, on appeal,
adopt a theory inconsistent with that which they sustained in the lower court.
xxx xxx xxx

"4. The operation of the principle of estoppel on the question of jurisdiction

seemingly depends upon whether the lower court actually had jurisdiction or not.
If it had no jurisdiction, but the case was tried and decided upon the theory that it
had jurisdiction, the parties are not barred on appeal, from assailing such
jurisdiction, for the same 'must exist as a matter of law, and may not be conferred
by consent of the parties or by estoppel' (5 C. J.S. 861-863). However, if the lower
court had jurisdiction, and the case was heard and decided upon a given theory,
such, for instance, as that the court had no jurisdiction, the party who induced it to
adopt such theory will not be permitted, on appeal, to assume an inconsistent
position — that the lower court had jurisdiction. Here, the principle of estoppel
applies. The rule that jurisdiction is conferred by law, and does not depend upon
the will of the parties, has no bearing thereon."

Twelve days after Casiano, this Court, in People vs. Archilla, supra, invoked anew the
doctrine of estoppel. In this case Alfreda Roberts, together with Jose Archilla, was charged
with bigamy. After pleading not guilty, Roberts, through her counsel, filed a motion praying
that the complaint be quashed with regard to her on the ground that the facts alleged
therein did not constitute the offense charged for failure to aver that "insofar as Alfreda
Roberts is concerned, her marriage to Jose Luis Archilla was her second marriage . . ." On
appeal, the prosecution contended that the trial court erred in granting the motion to
quash, because the complaint was sufficient and at least charged the accused as an
accomplice. The defendant maintained that even if that were true, the quashing of the
information amounted to her acquittal which prevented the prosecution from taking the
said appeal as it would place her in double jeopardy. Mr. Justice Felix Bautista Angelo,
writing for the majority, ruled that the trial court erred, and proceeded to emphasize that
the accused
". . . cannot now be allowed to invoke the plea of double jeopardy after inducing
the trial court to commit an error which otherwise it would not have committed. In
other words, appellee can not adopt a posture of double dealing without running
afoul with the doctrine of estoppel. It is well-settled that the parties to a justiciable
proceeding may not, on appeal, adopt a theory inconsistent with that which they
sustained in the lower court (Williams vs. McMicking, 17 Phil. 408; Molina vs.
Somes etc.). Consequently, appellee is now estopped from invoking the plea of
double jeopardy upon the theory that she would still be convicted under an
information which she branded to be insufficient in the lower court."

The accused in this case now before us nevertheless insists that the Salico doctrine and
"necessarily analogous doctrines" were abandoned by this Court in Bangalao, Labatete,
Villarin and Cloribel.
In Bangalao, the complaint filed by the victim's mother alleged that the rape was
committed "by means of force and intimidation" while the information filed by the fiscal
alleged that the offended party was a "minor and demented girl" and that the defendants
"successively had sexual intercourse with her by means of force and against the will of
Rosita Palban." After the accused had pleaded not guilty, the defense counsel moved for
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 the dismissal of the case on the ground that the trial court lacked jurisdiction to try the
offense of rape charged by the fiscal since it was distinct from the one alleged in the
complaint which did not aver that the victim was a "demented girl". The lower court
sustained the motion and dismissed the case for lack of jurisdiction. On appeal by the
prosecution, this Court held that the trial judge erred in dismissing the case for lack of
jurisdiction, but ruled, however, that the appeal could not prosper because it placed the
accused in double jeopardy.
"As the court below had jurisdiction to try the case upon the filing of the
complaint by the mother of the offended party, the defendants-appellees would
be placed in double jeopardy if the appeal is allowed."

After mature analysis, we cannot agree that this Court in Bangalao impliedly abandoned
the Salico doctrine on waiver, Bangalao was decided solely on the question of jurisdiction.
This Court, after holding that the lower tribunal had jurisdiction, decided outright to repress
the appeal by the Government on the ground of double jeopardy without considering
whether the appealed order of dismissal was issued with or without the express consent
of the accused (this aspect of double jeopardy not being in issue). Hence, the ruling in
Salico — that the dismissal was with the express consent of the accused because it was
granted upon his instigation thru a motion to dismiss — was not passed upon in Bangalao.
A case of striking factual resemblance with Salico is People vs. Ferrer (100 Phil. 124,
October 23, 1956). In this case, after the prosecution had rested, the accused filed a
motion to dismiss on the ground that the territorial jurisdiction of the trial court had not
been established. Acting on this motion, the lower court dismissed the case. The
prosecution appealed. This Court found that the evidence on record, contrary to the finding
of the trial court, amply proved the jurisdiction of the lower tribunal. However, without the
defendant interposing the plea of double jeopardy, this Court held that "the Government
however meritorious its case cannot appeal the order of dismissal without violating the
right of the defendant not to be placed in double jeopardy." Again, like in Bangalao, this
Court did not consider the nature of the dismissal — whether it was with or without the
express consent of the defendant.

The accused in the case at bar avers that the Salico doctrine was formally and expressly
abandoned in People vs. Labatete, supra. In the latter case, the trial court, upon motion of
the defendant, dismissed the original information for estafa on the ground that it did not
allege facts constituting the offense charged. The information recited that the accused
had contracted a loan from the complainant, giving as security the improvements and
products of his property (a piece of land), without averring that the said property, which
was allegedly mortgaged by the accused to the Rehabilitation Finance Corporation, formed
part of the security. Consequently, the fiscal filed an amended complaint alleging that the
accused also gave as security the land in question, which the later mortgaged to the
damage and prejudice of the complaining creditor. This amended information was also
dismissed upon motion of the defendant on the ground of double jeopardy. This Court, in
sustaining the appealed order of dismissal, held:
"If the amended information were to be admitted, the accused will be deprived of
his defense of double jeopardy because by the amended information he is sought
to be made responsible for the same act of borrowing on a mortgage for which he
had already begun to be tried and acquitted by the dismissal of the original
information."
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 xxx xxx xxx
". . . the trial court found that the accused could not be found guilty of any offense
under the information. The judgment entered was not one of dismissal but of
acquittal, and whether the judgment is correct or incorrect, the same constitutes a
bar to the presentation of the amended information sought to be introduced by
the fiscal." (Emphasis supplied)

In not applying the Salico doctrine, this Court, through Mr. Justice Alejo Labrador,
expounded:
". . . The judgment of the trial court (in People vs. Salico) was in fact an acquittal
because of the failure on the part of the fiscal to prove that the crime was
committed within the jurisdiction of the court. The judgment was in fact a final
judgment of acquittal. The mere fact that the accused asked for his acquittal
after trial on the merits (after the prosecution had rested its case) is no reason for
saying that the case was 'dismissed' with his express consent and he may again
be subjected to another prosecution."

From the above-quoted statement, it is clear that what in Salico was repudiated in
Labatete was the premise that the dismissal therein was not on the merits and not the
conclusion that a dismissal, other than on the merits, sought by the accused, is deemed to
be with his express consent and therefore constitutes a waiver of his right to plead double
jeopardy in the event of an appeal by the prosecution or a second indictment for the same
offense. This Court, in Labatete, merely pointed out that the controverted dismissal in
Salico"was in fact an acquittal." Reasoning a contrario, had the dismissal not amounted to
acquittal, then the doctrine of waiver would have applied and prevailed. As a matter of fact
we believe with the majority in Salico that the dismissal therein was not on the merits and
therefore did not amount to an acquittal:
"If the prosecution fails to prove that the offense was committed within the
territorial jurisdiction of the court and the case is dismissed, the dismissal is not
an acquittal, inasmuch as if it were so the defendant could not be again
prosecuted for the same offense before a court of competent jurisdiction; that it is
elemental that in such case the defendant may again be prosecuted for the same
offense before a court of competent jurisdiction."

Granting, however, that the Salico doctrine was abandoned in Labatete, it was resurrected
in Desalisa. Moreover, Labatete never mentioned the doctrine of estoppel enunciated in
Acierto which had been repeatedly reaffirmed.
To bolster his contention that the Salico doctrine has been dropped from the corpus of our
jurisprudence, the accused cites People vs. Villarin, supra. Here the accused appealed to
the Court of First Instance his conviction in the inferior court for acts of lasciviousness
with consent. After conducting the preliminary investigation, the fiscal charged the
accused with corruption of minors. Villarin pleaded not guilty, and before the case could be
heard, his counsel filed a motion to dismiss on the ground that the information did not
allege facts constituting the crime charged. Acting on this motion, the trial court
dismissed the case. On appeal by the prosecution, this Court, thru Mr. Justice Felix Angelo
Bautista, held that the dismissal was erroneous, but that this error
". . . cannot now be remedied by setting aside the order of dismissal of the court a
quo and by remanding the case to it for further proceedings as now suggested by
the prosecution considering that the case was dismissed without the express
consent of the accused even if it was upon the motion of his counsel, for to do so
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 would place the accused in double jeopardy. The only exception to the rule on the
matter is when the dismissal is with the consent of the accused, and here this
consent has not been obtained."(Emphasis supplied)

Villarin gives the impression, as gleaned from the above statement, that this Court therein
sustained the plea of double jeopardy on the ground that the dismissal was without the
express consent of the defendant as it was ordered "upon the motion of his counsel" and
not upon motion of the defendant himself. This conclusion is rather unfortunate and must
be rectified, for the settled rule is that the acts of counsel in a criminal prosecution bind his
client. Thus, in People vs. Romero (89 Phil. 672, July 31, 1951), this Court held categorically
that
"The fact that the counsel for the defendant, and not the defendant himself
personally moved for the dismissal of the case against him, had the same effect
as if the defendant had personally moved for such dismissal, inasmuch as the
act of the counsel in the prosecution of the defendants cases was the act of the
defendant himself, for the only case in which the defendant cannot be
represented by his counsel is in pleading guilty according to Section 3, Rule 114,
of the Rules of Court." (Emphasis supplied)

On this consideration alone, we cannot agree with the accused in the case at bar that this
Court in Villarin intended to abandon the Salico ruling. Had the motion to dismiss filed by
Villarin's counsel been considered as one made by the defendant himself, as should have
been done, the Villarin case should have been resolved consistent with the doctrine of
waiver in Salico and/or that of estoppel in Acierto.
As a final citation in support of his theory, the accused in the case at bar invokes People
vs. Cloribel, supra, where this Court, in sustaining the plea of double jeopardy interposed by
the defendants, stated inter alia:
"In asserting that Criminal Case No. 45717 may still be reinstated, the petitioner
adopts the ruling once followed by this Court to the effect that a dismissal upon
the defendant's own motion is a dismissal consented to by him and,
consequently, will not be a bar to another prosecution for the same offense,
because, his action in having the case dismissed constitutes a waiver of his
constitutional right or privilege, for the reason that he thereby prevents the court
from proceeding to the trial on the merits and rendering a judgment of conviction
against him. (People vs. Salico, 84 Phil. 722) But, this authority has long been
abandoned and the ruling therein expressly repudiated.
"Thus, in the case of People vs. Robles, G.R. No. L-12761, June 29, 1959, citing
People vs. Bangalao, L-5610, February 17, 1954; People vs. Diaz, L-6518, March
30, 1954; People vs. Abaño, L-7862, May 17, 1955; and People vs. Ferrer, L-9072,
October 23, 1956, We said:

'. . . In reaching the above conclusion, this Court has not overlooked
the ruling in People vs. Salico, 47 O.G. 4765, to the effect that a dismissal
upon defendant's motion will not be a bar to another prosecution for the
same offense as said dismissal was not without the express consent of
the defendant, which ruling the prosecution now invokes in support of its
appeal; but said ruling is not now controlling, having been modified or
abandoned in subsequent cases wherein this Court sustained the theory of
double jeopardy despite the fact that the dismissal was secured upon
motion of the accused. (Italics supplied.)

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 "Also, the rule that a dismissal upon defendant's motion will not be a bar to
another prosecution for the same offense as said dismissal is not without the
express consent of the defendant, has no application to a case where the
dismissal, as here, is predicated on the right of a defendant to a speedy trial
(People vs. Tacneng, et al., G.R. No. L-12082, April 30, 1959.)" (emphasis
supplied)

The above statements must be taken in the proper context and perspective. As previously
explained, Bangalao, Ferrer, and even Labatete, did not actually abandon the doctrine of
waiver in Salico (and not one of the said cases even implied the slightest departure from
the doctrine of estoppel established in Acierto). In Diaz, Abaño, Tacneng and Robles which
are cited above, like in Cloribel, the dismissals therein, all sought by the defendants, were
considered acquittals because they were all predicated on the right of a defendant to a
speedy trial and on the failure of the Government to prosecute. Therefore, even if such
dismissals were induced by the accused, the doctrines of waiver and estoppel were
obviously inapplicable for these doctrines presuppose a dismissal not amounting to an
acquittal.
This Court, through Mr. Justice Marceliano Montemayor, held in People vs. Diaz (94 Phil.
714, March 30, 1954):
"Here the prosecution was not even present on the day of trial so as to be in a
position to proceed with the presentation of evidence to prove the guilt of the
accused. The case was set for hearing twice and the prosecution without asking
for postponement or giving any explanation, just failed to appear. So the
dismissal of the case, though at the instance of defendant Diaz may, according to
what we said in the Gandicela case, be regarded as an acquittal" (italics supplied)

A similar result was reached by this Court, thru Mr. Justice Sabino Padilla, in People vs.
Abaño (97 Phil. 28, May 27, 1955), in this wise:
"After a perusal of the documents attached to the petition for a writ of certiorari,
we fail to find an abuse of discretion committed by the respondent judge. He took
pains to inquire about the nature of the ailment from which the complaining
witness claimed she was suffering. He continued the trial three times, to wit: on
27 May, 1 and 12 June. The defendant ,was entitled to a speedy trial. When on 15
June, the last day set for the resumption of the trial, the prosecution failed to
secure the continuance thereof and could not produce further evidence because
of the absence of the complaining witness, the respondent judge was justified in
dismissing the case upon motion of the defense . . . The defendant was placed in
jeopardy for the offense charged in the information and the annulment or setting
aside of the order of dismissal would place him twice in jeopardy of punishment
for the same offense." (italics supplied)

Then in People vs. Tacneng (L-12082, April 30, 1959), Mr. Justice Pastor Endencia,
speaking for a unanimous Court; stressed that
". . . when criminal case No. 1793 was called for hearing for the third time and the
fiscal was not ready to enter into trial due to the absence of his witnesses, the
herein appellees had the right to object to any further postponement and to ask
for the dismissal of the case by reason of their constitutional right to a speedy
trial; and if pursuant to that objection and petition for dismissal the case was
dismissed, such dismissal amounted to an acquittal of the herein appellees which
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 can be invoked, as they did, in a second prosecution for the same offense."
(emphasis supplied)

And this Court proceeded to distinguish the case from People vs. Salico, thus:
"We are fully aware that pursuant to our ruling in the case of People vs. Salico, 45
O.G. No. 4, 1765-1776, and later reiterated in People vs. Romero, L-4517-20, July
31, 1951, a dismissal upon defendant's motion will not be a bar to another
prosecution for the same offense as said dismissal was not without the express
consent of defendant. This ruling, however, has no application to the instant case,
since the dismissal in those cases was not predicated, as in the case at bar, on
the right of a defendant to a speedy trial, but on different grounds. In the Salico
case, the dismissal was based on the ground that the evidence for the
prosecution did not show that the crime was committed within the territorial
jurisdiction of the court which, on appeal, we found that it was, so the case was
remanded for further proceedings; and in the Romero case the dismissal was due
to the non-production of other important witnesses by the prosecution on a date
fixed by the court and under the understanding that no further postponement at
the instance of the government would be entertained. In both cases, the right of a
defendant to a speedy trial was never put in issue." (emphasis supplied)

The gravamen of the foregoing decisions was reiterated in People vs. Robles (L-12761,
June 29, 1959) where the trial court, upon motion of the defendant, dismissed the case on
the ground that the failure of the prosecution to present its evidence despite several
postponements granted at its instance, denied the accused a speedy trial. In rejecting the
appeal of the Government, this Court held:
"In the circumstances, we find no alternative than to hold that the dismissal of
Criminal Case No. 11065 is not provisional in character but one which is
tantamount to acquittal that would bar further prosecution of the accused for the
same offense."

In Cloribel, the case dragged for three years and eleven months, that is, from September
27, 1958 when the information was filed to August 15, 1962 when it was called for trial,
after numerous postponements, mostly at the instance of the prosecution. On the latter
date, the prosecution failed to appear for trial, and upon motion of the defendants, the
case was dismissed. This Court held "that the dismissal here complained of was not truly a
'dismissal' but an acquittal. For it was entered upon the defendants' insistence on their
constitutional right to speedy trial and by reason of the prosecution's failure to appear on
the date of trial." (italics supplied.)
Considering the factual setting in the case at bar, it is clear that there is no parallelism
between Cloribel and the case cited therein, on the one hand, and the instant case, on the
other. Here the controverted dismissal was predicated on the erroneous contention of the
accused that the complaint was defective and such infirmity affected the jurisdiction of
the court a quo, and not on the right of the accused to a speedy trial and the failure of the
Government to prosecute. The appealed order of dismissal in this case now under
consideration did not terminate the action on the merits, whereas in Cloribel and in the
other related cases the dismissal amounted to an acquittal because the failure to
prosecute presupposed that the Government did not have a case against the accused,
who, in the first place, is presumed innocent.
The application of the sister doctrines of waiver and estoppel requires two sine qua non
conditions: first, the dismissal must be sought or induced by the defendant personally or
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 through his counsel; and second, such dismissal must not be on the merits and must not
necessarily amount to an acquittal. Indubitably, the case at bar falls squarely within the
periphery of the said doctrines which have been preserved unimpaired in the corpus of our
jurisprudence.
ACCORDINGLY, the order appealed from is set aside. This case is hereby remanded to the
court of origin for further proceedings in accordance with law. No costs.
Concepcion, C.J., Reyes, J.B.L., Dizon, Makalintal, Zaldivar, Sanchez, Angeles and Fernando,
JJ., concur.
Footnotes

1. During the preliminary investigation, the municipal court, at the instance of the defense
counsel and without any objection from the private prosecutor, issued an order dated
December 12, 1964 deleting the third paragraph of the complaint with respect to the
charge of robbery.
2. See article 335 of the Revised Penal Code.

3. Section 2, Rule 118, Revised Rules of Court.

4. Doctrine of waiver established in People vs. Salico (84 Phil. 722, October 13, 1949).

5. Doctrine of estoppel enunciated in People vs. Acierto (92 Phil. 534, January 30, 1953).

6. Chief Justice Ricardo Paras (then Associate Justice) dissented together with Justices
Cesar Bengzon and Marceliano Montemayor.

7. Justices Paras, Bengzon and Montemayor, who dissented in Salico, concurred in the
Acierto ruling.

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