Peace,

Conf
li
ctandManagement(
DS:
2101)
.SUZA,
2017.

THESTATEUNI
VERSI
TYOFZANZI
BAR
SUZA
SCHOOLOFNATURALANDSOCI
ALSCI
ENCES

DEPARTMENTOFSOCIALSCI
ENCES
DEVELOPMENTSTUDI
ESUNIT

COURSE
PEACE,
CONFLI
CTANDDEVELOPMENT
(
DS2101)
MODULEPREPAREDBY
MWALIM N.ISSA MADS
Mot
herl
and of Zanzi
bar

Thi
smanualexamineskeyissuesindev el
opmentwit
hspecifi
cfocusonAfr
ican
Piece,
Confl
ictandDevel
opment .Themanuali sessent
ial
lyprepar
edf
or
undergraduatest
udent
s

Pr
epar
ed,
Compi
ledandEdi
tedOct
ober
,2017.
mwal
im22g@mai
l.
com

TheSt
ateUni
ver
sit
yofZanzi
bar
,SUZA

By:Mwal
im N.I
ssa MADSNovember
,
 Peace,
Conf
li
ctandManagement(
DS:
2101)
.SUZA,
2017.
S/No CONTENT PAGE
3. TOPI C1:DEFI NI TI ONOFI MPORTANTCONCEPTS 4
4. Def initionoft er ms: Peace, Conf li
ct,Dev elopment ,Conf l
i
ctresoluti
onandmanagement……… 4
5. TOPI C2:TYPESOFCONFLI CTS 5
6. Relat ionshi pConf l
ict ,Dat aConf li
ct,Int er estConf li
ct,
St r
uctur
al Confli
ct&Val
ueConfl
ict 5
7. TOPI C3:GENERALCOMMONCAUSESANDRELATI ONSOFCONFLI CT 6
8. Gener al commoncausesofconf l
icts 6
9. Conf l
ictr elat ionpar ties 6
10. TOPI C4:DI SPUTES, SIGNSANDSTAGESOFCONFLI CT 6
11. Disput es( Differ enceofOpi ni on) 7
12. Signsofconf lict 7
13. Stagesofconf lict 7
14. TOPI C5:CONFLI CTTHEORI ES 8
15. Classi cal Conf lictTheor y 8
16. Moder nConf lictTheor y 8
17. TOPI C6:FACTORSI NFLUENCI NGTHEEMERGENCEOFCONFLI CTS 9
18. Struct ur al Fact ors 9
19. Per sonal Fact or s 9
20. Organi zat ional conf licts 9
21. CausesofOr gani zat ional Conf licts 9
22. TOPI C7:EFFECTSOFCONFLI CTS 10
23. Posi tiveef fect sofconf l
icts 10
24. Negat iveef fect sofconf li
cts 11
25. Exampl esoft heact ual costofconf licts 11
26. Oppor tuni t
yCosti nmeasur ingcostofconf li
cts 12
28. Themat i
cCostofConf li
ctRepor tsonmeasur ingcostofconf l
icts 12
29. TOPI C8:UNDERSTANDI NGCONFLI CTANDCONFLI CTMANAGEMENT 13
30. Conf l
ictmanagement   13
31. Whyi ti si mpor tantt ol ear nmor eaboutconf li
ctandconf l
ictmanagement ? 14
32. TOPI C9:CONFLI CTRESOLUTI ON 14
33. Meani ngofConf lictResol ution 14
34. Theor iesandModel sofConf l
ictResol ution 15
35. Dual concer nmodel ofconf lictresol ut i
on 15
36. Av oidanceconf li
ctst y l
e 15
37. Yieldingconf lictst yle 15
38. Compet iti
veconf l
ictst yle 16
39. Cooper at i
onconf lictst y
le 16
40. Conci l
iat ionconf l
ictst yle 16
41. Cul tural -basedandcounsel ingski l
lsi nconf li
ctr esoluti
on 16
42. Cul ture- based 16
43. Counsel ing 17
44. Howmi ghty ousel ecty ourconf l
ictmanagementst yl
e? 17
45. Howmi ghti ndi v i
dual student sappl yt hisi nfor
mat i
ont oimprov ethei
rconf
li
ctmanagementski
l
ls? 18
46. Conf l
ictr esol ut ionpr ocess 19
47. StagesofConf li
ctResol utionPr ocess/ St epsf orConf li
ctResoluti
on 19
48. Conf l
ictResol ut ionSki ll
s 20
49. Successf ulconf l
ictr esol ut i
onabi lit
ies 21
50. Heal thyandunheal thyway sofmanagi ngandr esolvi
ngconf l
ict 21
51. Fourkeyconf li
ctr esol uti
onski l
ls 22
52. Tips/ Gui delinesf ormanagi ngandr esol v ingconf l
ict 22
53. Managi ngandr esol v ingconf li
ctbyl ear ninghowt oli
sten 23
54. Conf l
ictr esol ut ioni nAf ri
ca 23
55. Democr atizat ions 24
56. Economi cTr ansf or mat i
on 25
57. Leader shi p 25
58. Regi onal i
ntegr at i
on 26
59. Ther oleofr eligi oni nconf lictresol ut i
onandsoci aldevelopment 26
60. TOPI C10:PEACEANDDEVELOPMENT 28
61. Relat ionshi pbet weenpeaceanddev el opment 28
62. Measur ementofDev elopmentandPov er t
y -TheHumanPov er
tyIndex(
HPI) 28
63. Mul tidimensi onal Pov ertyI ndex( MPI ) 29
64. Gener al summar y 30
65. Rev iewquest i
ons 31
66. Ref erencedReadi ngs 33
67. Appendi ces 34

TheSt
ateUni
ver
sit
yofZanzi
bar
,SUZA

By:Mwal
im N.I
ssa MADSNovember
,
 Peace,
Conf
li
ctandManagement(
DS:
2101)
.SUZA,
2017.

COURSENAME:PEACE,
CONFLI
CTANDDEVELOPMENT CODE:
DS2101
Cour seDescripti
on
Thiscour seseekst ointr
oducetost udent
st hemeani ng,impor
tanceandtheneedforconfli
ct
resoluti
onandmanagementf ortheeffect
ive,effi
cientandsust
ainabl
edevel
opment.Students
areintroducedt othebasicconceptsofpiece, conf
lict
,confl
i
ctr
esolut
ionandmanagementf or
social-
economi c,pol
it
icalandenvir
onmental change.
Cour
seObj
ect
ives
Gener
alObj
ect
ive:
Thegeneralobj
ectiv
eofthecourseistogi
veanov erviewofthetheoret
icalfoundationofpiece
andconfl
ictindevelopmentanddiscussit
spr act
icalrel
evancefordevelopingcount r
ies.The
cour
semai nlyfocusesonpr ovi
dingpracti
calappliedskill
saswel lasanal y
ticaltoolsfor
eval
uat
ingcompar ati
vedevel
opmentexperi
ences.
Speci
fi
cObj
ect
ives:
Speci
fi
call
y,student sshoul dhav eattai
nedsuffici
entknowl edge;
 Topr ovidest udentswi thconcept ualunder standingofi mportantt er
ms;pi ece,confl
i
ct,
confl
ictresolutionanddev elopment.
 To enabl e studentscr i
ti
callyexami ne the t y
pesofconf l
i
cts,and t hose commonl y
avai
lableint hei
rsoci eti
es.
 Toenabl estudent sunder standthemaj orcausesofconf l
i
ctsandt heef f
ects.
 To enabl est udentst o understand confli
ctr esoluti
on processesand t heirpracti
cal
appli
cationinAf r
icaandt oenhancehumanwel l-
beingandi nt
ernationaldevelopment.
 Toenabl estudent st ounder st
andpracticalconf l
ictsmanagementi ntheirsociet
ies.
 Tounder standt her elat
ionshipbetweenconf l
i
ct ,
pieceanddev elopment .

COURSECONTENT
i
.Def
ini
ti
onofter
ms:
•Peace •Conf
li
ctManagement Conf
li
ctDecay
•Confl
i
ct •Conf
li
ctresol
uti
on Conf
li
ctFl
ight
•Devel
opment Confl
ictPeak Conf
li
ctFi
ght

ii
.Ty pesofconf l
icts
ii
i.Gener alcommoncausesandr elat
ionsofconflict
iv.Disputes, signsandst agesofconflict
v.Conf l
i
ctTheor ies
vi.Causesofconf li
cts
v
ii.EffectsofConf li
cts
vi
ii
.Conf l
i
ctManagement
ix.Conf l
i
ctResol uti
on
x.Conf l
i
ctr esolutioninAf r
ica
xi.Relati
onshi pbet weenConf li
ct,
PeaceandDev elopment
xii
.Measur ementofDev elopment
TOPIC1: DEFI NI TIONOFI MPORTANTTERMS
a)PeaceI sast ateofbalanceandunderst andi
ngi
ny oursel
fandbet
weenot
her
swher
erespecti
s
gai
nedbyt
heaccept
anceofdi
ff
erences,t
oler
anceper
sist
s.Conf
li
ctsar
eresol
vedt
hroughdi
alogue,
TheSt
ateUni
ver
sit
yofZanzi
bar
,SUZA

By:Mwal
im N.I
ssa MADSNovember
,
 Peace,
Conf
li
ctandManagement(
DS:
2101)
.SUZA,
2017.
people'
sri
ghtsarerespect
edandt
hei
rvoi
cesar
ehear
d,andev
ery
onei
satt
hei
rhi
ghestpoi
ntof
sereni
tywi
thoutsoci
alt
ensi
on.
b)Conf
li
ct
 Conf licti sast at eofdi scor dcausedbyt heact ualorper ceivedopposi tionofneeds,v aluesand
int erest s.
 Aconf lictexi stswhent wopeopl eorgr oupsofpeopl ewi sht ocar ryoutact swhi char emut ual
ly
inconsi stent .
Aconf li
ctcanbei nter nal( wi t
hinonesel f)orext ernal( bet weent woormor ei ndividuals).Conf li
ctasa
conceptcanhel pexpl ai nmanyaspect sofsoci all ifesuchassoci aldi sagr eement ,conf l
ictsof
i
nt er ests, andf i
ght sbet weeni ndividual s, groups, oror gani zat i
ons.
Inpol it
icalt erms, "conf l
ict "canr efert owar s, rev olutionsorot herst r
uggl es, whi chmayi nvolvetheuse
off or ceasi nt het er m ar medconf l
ict .Wi thoutpr opersoci alar rangementorr esol uti
on,conf lictsin
soci alset ti
ngscanr esul ti nst ressort ensionsamongst akehol ders.Whenani nterper sonalconf li
ct
doesoccur ,itsef fecti sof tenbr oadert hant woi ndi vi
dual sinv olvedar e, andcanaf fectmanyassoci ate
i
ndi v idual sandr elat ionshi ps, i
nmor eorl essadv erseandsomet imesev enhumor ousway .
Peaceandconf li
ctr esear chassumet hat :
i) conf li
ct sar et heexpr essi onofopposi ngi nt erest s
ii) conf li
ct sar echar acteristicf ormoder nsoci et i
es
iii) conf li
ct sar eendemi c( common)i nmoder nsoci eties
c)Dev elopment :Isapr ocessdi rect edatout comesencapsul atingi mpr ov edst andar dsofl i
v i
ngand
great ercapaci tyf orsel f
-rel iancei neconomi est hatar et echni cal l
ymor ecompl exandmor edependent
ongl obal int egrat i
ont hanbef ore( Kingsbur yetal .,2004)
Indicat or sofdev elopmenti ncl ude:
 Lev elofGr ossDomest icPr oduct( GDP)and  Li feExpect ancy
GrossNat ionalPr oduct( GNP)al soknownPer  Li teracyRat e
Capi tal Income.  Empl oy mentOppor t
uni t
ies
 I nfantMor t
al i
tyRat e  Lev el ofSoci al ameni ti
es( serv i
ces)
 Bi rthRat e  Deat hRat eet c…….
d)Conf li
ctmanagement : Itreferst ot hel ong- term managementofi ntract ableconf li
cts.
e)Conf lictResol ut ion:Conf li
ctr esol ut ion i
sconcept ualizedast hemet hodsandpr ocessesi nv olv
ed
i
nf aci l
itatingt hepeacef ul endi ngof  conf li
ct.
f)Conf lictPeak:Thi si st hest ateofconf l
ictwher ebyi tr eachedati tsmaxi mum poi nt.I
ti si nthis
stagewher etheconf li
cti snear lyt owar .Iti st hest ageofconf li
ctinwhi chbot hpar tiesar ereadyor
willingt of ightf rom eachot hert osat i
sf yt heirneedsf orcef ully.
g)Conf lictDecay :Thi si st hest ageofconf li
ctwher ebyi thasr esolv edornotr esol vedbuti tshowst o
decease.Conf li
ctdecaycanoccuri nt hef oll
owi ngt hreesi tuationsorenv i
ronment s:
a)Resol v
edbysomeone
b)Thedi sappear anceoft heconf li
ct ingissueort hingor
c) Fearorf eel ingoff ai l
ur e/breakdownorl etdownofoneorbot hpar tiesoft heconf li
ct.
h)Conf lictFi ght :I st hest ateofengagi ngi nsear chf oref fect i
vesol utionofapar t
icularconf l
ict.Itis
thef i
ght ingf orr esol v i
ngaconf l
icti nanappr opr iatet echni que.
i)Conf lictf li
ght :I tist hest ateofav oi dancewi t hconf li
ctr esol uti
on.I tist hest at einwhi chsomebody
orgr oupofpeopl eescapi ngonengagi ngi nt her esolut ionofapar t
icularconf lict
.
j
)Heal thycompet i
tion:I ti scompet i
tiont hatl eadst oi mpr ov et heexi stingst ateofser v i
ce,product i
on
oruni tyi nt heor gani zat i
onorcommuni ty.
k)Unheal thycompet iti
on:I tiscompet i
tiont hatl eadst odamaget heexi stinggoodst ateofser vi
ce,
product ionoruni tyi nt heor ganizat ionorcommuni ty.
1.Questionfordi
scussion: Di fferenti
atebetween: a)Conf
li
ctandwar b)Peaceand
devel
opment
c)Conf l
i
ctpeakandConf li
ctdecay c)Heal t
hycompet it
ionandUnhealthycompeti
ti
on d)Confli
ctfightand
Confli
ctfl
ight
TOPI C2: TYPESOFCONFLI CTS
Byev al
uati
ngconf li
ctsaccor dingt otheirsourceofemer gence,wecani denti
fyf
ivetypesor
categoriesofconf li
cts.I
nt hisregar dwecanal sobegintodet erminethecausesofaconf lict
TheStat
eUniver
sit
yofZanzibar,
SUZA By:Mw al
im N.I
ssa MA DSNovemb er
,
Page4 2017.
 Peace,
Conf
li
ctandManagement(
DS:
2101)
.SUZA,
2017.
anddesi
gnr
esol
uti
onstr
ategi
esthatwil
lhav
eahi
gherpr
obabi
l
ityofsuccess.Thef
oll
owi
ng
aret
hefi
vei
mpor
tantt
ypesofconfl
i
cts:
1. Relati
onshipConf l
icts
Relati
onship confl
icts occur because of t he pr esence of str
ong negat ive emotions,
mispercepti
ons orst ereotypes,poorcommuni cation ormi scommuni cati
on,orr epeti
ti
ve
negativ
ebehav ior
s.Rel ationshipprobl
emsof tenfueldi sput
esandl eadt oanunnecessar y
escalat
ingspiralofdest ructi
veconf l
i
ct.Supporti
ngt hesaf eandbal ancedexpr essi
onof
perspecti
vesandemot i
onsf oracknowledgment(notagreement)isoneef fect
iveapproachto
managi ngrel
ati
onal confli
ct.
2. DataConfli
cts
Dataconf l
i
ctsoccurwhenpeopl el ackinformati
onnecessaryt omakewi sedecisions,ar e
misinfor
med,disagreeonwhi chdat aisr el
evant,i
nter
pretinf
ormat i
ondif f
erent
ly,orhav e
compet i
ngassessmentpr ocedures.Somedat aconfl
i
ctsmaybeunnecessar ysincet heyar e
causedbypoorcommuni cat
ionbetweent hepeopl einconfl
i
ct.Ot herdat
aconf li
ctsmaybe
genuineincompati
bili
ti
esassociatedwi thdat acoll
ecti
on,i
nterpretat
ionorcommuni cat
ion.
Mostdat aconf
li
ctswillhave"dat
asol ut
ions."
3.I nterestConf l
icts
Int
erestconf li
ctsar ecausedbycompet i
tionov erper ceivedi ncompat ibleneeds.Conf l
ictsof
i
nterestr esultwhenoneormor eoft hepar tiesbel ievet hati nor dertosat isfyhi sorherneeds,
the needsand i nterests ofan opponentmustbe sacr if
iced.I nterest-based conf l
i
ctwi ll
commonl y be expr essed i n posi t
ionalt erms.I nt erest-based conf li
cts may occurov er
substant i
vei ssues( suchasmoney ,phy si
calr esour ces, ti
me, etc.
);procedur alissues( theway
thedisput eist ober esolved);andpsy chologicali ssues( per ceptionsoft r
ust ,fairness,desire
forpar t
icipation,respect,etc.).Forani nterest-baseddi sputet ober esolved,par tiesmustbe
assistedt odef ineandexpr esst heirindividuali nterest ssot hatal loft hesei nt erestsmaybe
j
ointlyaddr essed.I nterest-
basedconf li
cti sbestr esol vedt hrought hemaxi mi zingi ntegrati
on
ofthepar t
ies'respectiveinter
est s,positi
vei ntent i
onsanddesi redexper ientialout comes.
4.St r
ucturalConfl
ict
s
Externalf
orcescausest r
uct ur
alconfl
ictstothepeopleindispute( argument /quarrel)
.Limited
physicalr
esourcesoraut horit
y,geogr
aphicconstrai
nts(dist
anceorpr oximity),ti
me( tooli
ttl
e
ortoomuch) ,organi
zati
onalchanges,andsof or
thcanmakest ructuralconf l
ictseem l i
kea
cri
sis.Itcanbehel pf
ult oassistpar t
iesinconfli
cttoappr eciatet heext ernalf orcesand
constrai
ntsbearingupont hem.Struct
uralconfl
i
ctswill
oftenhavest r
ucturalsolutions.
5.ValueConf licts
Valueconf li
ctsar ecausedbyper cei
vedoract uali ncompatibl
ebel i
efsy stems.Valuesare
beliefsthatpeopleuset ogivemeani ngt othei
rlives.Valuesexplainwhati s"good"or"bad,
"
"ri
ght "or"wrong,""just"or"unjust.
"Dif
feri
ngv al
uesneednotcauseconf l
ict.Peopl
ecanl i
ve
toget herinhar monywi t
hdi ffer
entvaluesy st
ems.Val uedisputesar i
seonl ywhenpeopl e
attemptt oforceonesetofv al
uesonot hersorlaycl ai
mt oexclusivevaluesy st
emst hatdo
notal l
ow fordi vergentbeliefs.Itcan,howev er,behel pfulto supporteach par t
ici
pant'
s
expr essi
onoft hei
rv aluesandbel i
efsf
oracknowl edgmentbyt heot herpart
y .

TOPI C3:GENERALCOMMONCAUSESANDRELATI ONSOFCONFLICT

3.1Gener
alcommoncausesofconf l
icts
Causesorsour cesofor ganizati
onalconf l
ictcanbemanyandv ar
ied.Themostcommon
causesar
et hefoll
owing:
scarcit
yofr esources(f
inance,equipment ,f
aci
li
ti
es,
etc)
diff
erentatti
tudes,val
uesorper ceptions
disagreement saboutneeds,goals,pr i
ori
ti
esandint
erests
TheSt
ateUni
ver
sit
yofZanzi
bar
,SUZA By:Mwal
im N.I
ssa MADSNovember
,
Page5 2017.
 Peace,
Conf
li
ctandManagement(
DS:
2101)
.SUZA,
2017.
poorcommunicati
on
poor,
badorinadequateorgani
zati
onalstr
ucture
l
ackofteamwork( worki
nginindi
vi
duallyorgroupwi
sei
nani
nst
it
uti
on.
l
ackofclar
it
yinrolesandresponsi
bil
it
ies
2.Quest i
onf ordi scussi on:
 Di scusswi thexampl eshoweachoft heabov ecausesofconf lictsoper ates.
 Pr oposeef fect i
v eandsust ainabl eway st omi nimi zesuchcausesofconf li
cts.
3.2Conf lictrel at i
onpar ties
a)Conf li
ctwi thini ndiv idual( intr
aper sonal conf l
ict)
Peopl ehi msel forher selfcanr eachast ateofconf lictcausedbyt heact ualorper ceived
opposi tionofconf li
ct i
ngneeds,v aluesori nt erests.Thi scanbecausedbyt hef ailureof
prior i
tizingonei mpor t
anti ssuet oonesel famongmor et hanoneal ternat i
v eani ndividualhas.
Itmayeconomi c,soci al,pol iti
cal ,culturalorenv ir
onment alopt ions.Thi si st hemostper sonal
phy sical effect ivethanal l other s.
b)Conf li
ctbet weeni ndi v i
dual( i
nter per sonalconf lict )
Peopl ehav edi fferentst ylesofcommuni cat ion,ambi t i
ons,pol i
ticalorr eli
gi ousv i
ewsand
differentcul tur albackgr ounds.I nourdi ver sesoci ety ,t hepossi bil
ityoft hesedi f
ferences
l
eadi ngt oconf lictbet weeni ndiv idualsi sal way st her e, andwemustbeal ertt opr event i
ngand
resol vingsi t
uat i
onswher econf lictar i
ses.
c)Conf li
ctwi thinagr oupofpeopl e( int ra-gr oupconf li
ct)
Wi thinoneor gani zat i
onort eam, conf l
ictcanar isef r
om t hei ndi vi
dualdi f
fer encesorambi ti
ons
ment ioned ear lier;orf r
om compet it
ion bet ween sub- groupsorsect ions.Al ll eader sand
member soft heor gani zat ionneedt obeal ertt ogr oupdy nami cst hatcanspi l
lov eri nto
conf lict.
d)Conf li
ctbet weengr oupsofpeopl e( inter -groupconf l
ict)
Whenev erpeopl efor m gr oups, theyt endt oemphasi zet het hingst hatmaket hei rgr oup" better
than"or" di f
fer entf rom"ot hergr oups.Thi shappensi nt hef ieldsofspor t,cul ture,r eli
gionand
thewor kpl aceandcansomet i
meschangef r om heal thycompet iti
ont odest ruct i
v econf l
ict.
TOPI C4: DI SPUTES, SI GNSANDSTAGESOFCONFLI CT
1. Di sput es( Dif f
er enceofOpi nion)f orconf li
ct s
Especi allyi nt hewor kplace,t womai nt ypesofdi sput eshav ebeennot ed( althought heset wo
typesmayal sohappeni not hersi tuations) .Thesear e:
" Disput eofr ight",wher epeopl eorgr oupsar eent itledbyl aw,bycont ract ,bypr ev i
ous
agr eementorbyest ablishedpr act i
cet ocer tainr ights.Di sput esofr i
ghtwi l
lf ocusonconf li
ct
i
ssuessuchasempl oy mentcont r
act s,l egal l
yenf or ceabl emat tersoruni later alchangesi n
accept edorcust omar ypr actices.Di sput eofr ightsi s,t her efore,usual l
yset tl
edbyl egal
deci sionorar bitr
at i
onandnotbynegot i
at ion.
" Disput esofi nterest ",wher et heconf l
ictmaybeamat t
erofopi nion,suchaswher eaper son
orgr oupi sent i
tl
edt osomer esour cesorpr ivil
eges( asaccesst opr oper ty,bet t
erwor king
condi t
ions, etc) .Becauset herei snoest abl ishedl aworr i
ght, adi sputeofi nter estwi llusual l
y
besol v edt hr oughcol lect ivebar gainingornegot iati
on.
2. Si gnsofconf l
ict
a)Si gnsofconf li
ctinanor gani zat i
on
Int he or gani zat i
on l eader s and member s shoul d be al ertt o signs ofconf li
ctbet ween
colleagues, sot hatt heycanbepr oact i
vei nr educi ngorr esol vingt heconf li
ctbyget t
ingt ot he
rootoft hei ssue.Ty pical signsmayi ncl ude:
col
leaguesnotspeaki
ngtoeachotherori
gnori
ngeachot
her
contr
adict
ingandbad-mout
hingoneanother
del
iberat
elyunder
mini
ngornotco-oper
ati
ngwitheachot
her
,tot
het
eam downf
all
.
b)Si
gnsofconf l
ictbet weengroupsofpeople
Si
milar
ly,leadersandmember scani dent
if
ylatentconfl
ictbet
weengroupsofpeopleinthe
TheStateUni
versi
tyofZanzi
bar
,SUZA By:Mwali
m N.I
ssa MADSNovember,
Page6 2017.
 Peace,
Conf
li
ctandManagement(
DS:
2101)
.SUZA,
2017.
organi
zat
ion ort
he communi
tyand pl
an act
ion bef
oret
he conf
li
ctbecomes open and
destr
ucti
ve:
cl
iquesorf
acti
onsmeet i
ngtodiscussi
ssuesseparat
ely
,whent heyaff
ectthewhol
eorgani
zati
on.
onegroupbei
ngleftoutoforgani
zi
nganeventwhichshouldincl
udeev er
ybody.
groupsusi
ngthreateni
ngslogansorsymbolstoshow t hattheirgr
oupi sri
ghtandtheother
sare
wr
ong.
3. St
agesofconf l
ict
Thehandli
ngofconf l
i
ctrequi
resawarenessofit
sv ar
iousdev el
opmentalstages.I
fleadersi
n
thesit
uat
ioncanidenti
fytheconfl
i
ctissueandhowf arithasdev el
oped,t
heycansomet i
mes
solvei
tbefor
eitbecomesmor eseri
ous.Typi
cal
stagesinclude:
Pot
ent
ialf
orconf
li
ctexi
sts-i
not
herwor
dsi
tiswher
epeopl
erecogni
zet
hatl
ackofr
esour
ces,
di
v er
sit
yofl anguageorcul turemaypossi bler esul
ti nconfli
ctifpeoplear enotsensi t
ivet othe
di
v er
sit
y.
Latent(dormant)confli
ct–i tiswher eacompet i
tivesit
uationcoul
deasil
yspi l
loverintoconfl
ict-e.
g.
atapoliti
calral
lyorinthewor kplacewheretherear eobviousdif
fer
encesbet weengr oupsofpeople.
Ope nconfli
ct-Thiscanbet riggeredbyanincidentandsuddenl ybecomer ealconfl
ict.
Aftermathconf li
ct-t hesituat i
onwher eapar ti
cularproblem mayhav ebeenr esol
vedbutt he
potenti
alforconfl
ictsti
llexi
sts.Infactt
hepotentialmaybeev engreat
erthanbef or
e, i
foneper sonor
groupperceivesit
selfasbeingi nvol
vedinawi n-
losesi t
uati
on.
(
NB:I
nbr
iefseeappendi
x3atpage38)
Howt obuildteamwor kandco-operati
onsoast ominimizet hepossi bi
li
tyofemergenceof
confl
ict
Teamwor kandco- operat
ionareessentialinanor gani
zationwhi chai mst obeeffecti
veand
eff
ici
ent,andnotl ikel
ytobedi v
idedbyconf lict
ingfactions( groups).Thebestt eamwor k
usual
lycomesf r
om hav i
ngashar edv i
sionorgoal ,sot hatl eadersandmember sar eall
commi tt
edt othesameobj ecti
vesandunder standt heirr
ol esinachi evi
ngthoseobjecti
ves.
Importantbehaviorsin achi
eving teamwor k and mi ni
mi zing potenti
alconfl
ictincl
ude a
commi tmentbyteam member sto:
Shar
einf
ormati
onbykeepingpeopleinthegroupup-
to-
dat
ewit
hcurr
enti
ssues.
Expr
essposi
ti
veexpect
ati
onsabouteachot her.
Empowereachother-publi
clycr
edit
ingcoll
eagueswhohaveper
for
medwel landencour
agi
ngeach
ot
hert
oachi
ever
esul
ts.
Team-bui
l
d-bypromot
inggoodmoral
eandpr
otect
ingthegr
oup'sreput
ati
onwithout
siders.
Resol
veaconfl
ictini
tspotent
ialst
age-bybr i
ngingdif
fer
encesofopi ni
onintot heopenand
f
aci
l
itat
ingr
esol
uti
onofconf
li
cts.
Quest
ionsf
ordi
scussi
on:
3.Withexampl esexplainthef actorsthatcanmi ni
mi zeriseofconf l
ict
si nourcount r
y.
4.Ifyouwi l
lbesel ectedasal eaderofacer t
aininsti
tut i
on;explainhowyoucan
effecti
vel
ypr eventthefrequentoccur renceofconf l
ict
si nyourinst i
tuti
on.
TOPI C 5:CONFLI CTTHEORI ES
Conf l
ictt heories 
ar e perspect i
ves i n 
sociology  and socialpsy chology  
thatemphasi ze the
social,polit
ical,ormat erialinequal ityofa  socialgr oup,t hatcr i
tiquet hebr oadsocio-
poli
ti
cal
system,ort hatother wi
sedet ractf rom structuralf unct i
onalism  and i
deological 
conser
vati
ves.
Conf l
icttheor i
esdr aw at tentiont opowerdi ff
er entials,suchas  classconf li
ct,andgenerall
y
contrasthistoricall
ydomi nanti deologies.Itisther eforeamacr olev elanal
y si
sofsociet
y.
1. Classical(Soci
al)Conf l
ictTheory
KarlMar xi sconsideredthe'fat her'ofsocialconfl
icttheory.Thetheoryseessoci alli
feasa
compet i
tionandf ocusesont hedi st
ribut
ionofresources,powerandinequali
ty.
Socialconfli
cttheoryisamacr o- ori
entedparadigm i
nsociologythatvi
ewssociet yasanar ena
ofinequal i
tythatgener at
esconf li
ctandsoci alchange.Keyel ementsinthi
sper spect
iveare
thatsocietyisst r
ucturedinwayst obenefitafewatt heexpenseoft hemaj or
ity,andf act
ors
TheStat
eUniver
sit
yofZanzi
bar
, SUZA By:Mwal i
m N.I
ssa MADSNovember ,
Page7 2017.
 Peace,
Conf
li
ctandManagement(
DS:
2101)
.SUZA,
2017.
suchasr
ace,sex,cl
ass,andagear
eli
nkedt
osoci
ali
nequal
it
y.Tosoci
alconf
li
ctt
heor
ist
,iti
s
allaboutdominantgroupversusminor i
tygroupr el
ations.
ClassicalConf
li
ctTheoryholdsthatsocialorderismai nt ai
nedbydomi nat
ionandpower ,
rat
her
thanconsensusandconf ormity
.Accor dingtoconf l
ictt heory,thosewithwealt
handpowert ry
toholdont oitbyanymeanspossi ble,chief
lybysuppr essingt hepoorandpower l
ess.Conf
li
ct
theoryalso ascri
besmostoft hef undament aldev elopment sin human hist
ory,such as
democr acyandci vi
lri
ghts,tocapitali
sticattemptst ocont rolthemassesr atherthantoa
desireforsoci
alorder
.
2. Moder n(Cont empor ary)Conf li
ctTheor y
Mi l
ls,C.Wr i
ght  hasbeencal l
edt hef ounderof  
moder nconf l
icttheor y.I nMi l
ls'
sv i
ew,soci al
structuresar ecreat edthroughconf l
ictbetweenpeopl ewi t
hdi ffer
ingi nt er
estsandr esour ces.
Individual sandr esources,i nturn,ar ei nfl
uencedbyt hesest ructuresandbyt he" unequal
distri
but ionof  power  
andr esourcesi nt hesoci ety."
 The powerel i
te ofAmer icansoci ety,( i
.e.
,
the mi l
it
ar y–indust r
ialcompl ex)had " emer ged f r
om t hef usion oft hecor porateel i
te, t
he
Pent agon,andt he executiv ebranch  ofgov ernment ."Mi ll
sar guedt hatt heinterestsoft hese
eli
tewer eopposedt ot hoseoft hepeopl e.Het heorizedt hatt hepol iciesoft hepowerel ite
woul dr esul ti
n" increasedescal ationofconf l
ict,product i
onof  weaponsofmassdest ruct i
on,
andpossi bl
yt heanni hi
lationoft hehumanr ace.
Inunder standingmoder nconf li
ctt heory,compet i
ti
onbet weensoci alclassespl aysakeypar t
.
Thef ollowi ngar efourpr imar yassumpt i
onsofmoder nconf l
icttheor y:
1.Compet i
tion:Compet i
ti
onov erscar cer esources( money ,leisure,sexualpar tners,and
soon)i satt hehear tofallsoci alrelati
onshi ps.Compet iti
onr at herthanconsensusi s
char acteristi
cofhumanr elat i
onships.

2.Struct uralinequali
ty:I
nequali
ti
esinpowerandr ewardar ebuil
tintoallsoci
alst
ructures.
Individuals and gr oups thatbenefi
tf rom anypar ti
cularstructure st
ri
vet o see it
mai ntained.
3.Rev olution:Changeoccur sasar esultofconfli
ctbetweensoci alclass'scompet i
ng
i
nt erestsr atherthanthroughadaptati
on.Iti
softenabruptandr evoluti
onaryr
atherthan
evolut i
onar y.
4.War :Ev enwari sauni fi
erofthesocietiesi
nvolved,aswel laswarmaysetanendt o
whol esoci eties.
Femini
stt
heoryisanexampleofcontemporar
yconfli
cttheor
y.Femi
nisttheor
yv i
ewsthe
condi
ti
onofwomenasarisi
ngoutofasoci
al,
poli
ti
calandeconomi
cimbalancebetweenmen
andwomen;hence,
thest
ruggl
eofwomenforequal
it
y.
5.Wi
thexampl
esdi
scusst
heappl
icabi
li
tyofa)Cl
assi
calConf
li
ctTheor
yb)Cont
empor
aryConf
li
ctTheor
y
TOPI
C6:FACTORSANDCAUSESOFTHEEMERGENCEOFCONFLI
CTS
1. Fact
orsfort
heemergenceofconfl
ict
s
a) St
ruct
ural
Fact
ors(
Howtheconfl
i
cti
ssetup)
Author
it
yRelat
ionshi
ps(
Thebossandemployeesbeneathhi
m/her)
TheuseCommonResour ces(
Shar
ingt
hesamesecr etar
y)
GoalDif
fer
ences(Oneper
sonwantspr
oducti
ontoriseandother
swantcommuni
cat
iont
o
r
ise)
I
nterdependence( Acompanyasawhol ecan'
toperat
ewi
thoutot
herdepar
tment
s)
Juri
sdicti
onalAmbi gui
ti
es(Whocandi sci
pli
newhom)
Special
izati
on(Theexpertsi
nfi
elds)
Stat
usI nconsi
stencies(
Changeofleadershi
pposts)
b) Per
sonalFactor
s
Communi
cati
onbarri
ers •Conf
li
ctmanagementst
yle •
Cul
tur
aldi
ff
erences

TheSt
ateUni
ver
sit
yofZanzi
bar
,SUZA By:Mwal
im N.I
ssa MADSNovember
,
Page8 2017.
 Peace,
Conf
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ctandManagement(
DS:
2101)
.SUZA,
2017.
Emot
ions •
Per
cept
ion •
Per
sonal
i
ties
2.Sour cesofor ganizati
onal confli
cts
Ikedaetal.( 1998)obser vedthator ganizat
ionalconfl
ictinvolvesi nter
personalconfl
ictswith
coll
eaguesorsuper vi
sors,orintergr
oupconf l
ictswi
thindiff
erentsect i
onsofanor ganizati
on.
Therearetwoessent i
altypesofconf li
ctinorganizat
ions:ver
t i
cal andhor i
zontal
.
Vert
icalconf l
ictoccursingr oupsofdi f
ferenthi
erarchi
callev els,suchassuper v
isorsand
sal
esmen.
Hori
zont alconfli
ctoccursbet weeni ndivi
dualsofthesamel evel,suchasmanager sinthe
sameor ganizati
on.
I
nt hev er
t i
calconf li
ct ,differencesi nst at
usandpowerbet weengr oupsareingener allar
ger
t
hani nthehor izontal conf l
ictbecauset heseaspect st
endt oequalizeinequiv
alenthier
archi
cal
l
evels.Whenv erti
calconf l
ictt akespl acebet weenoper ati
onalwor ker
sandadmi ni
str
ati
on,
t
heirsourcesr efert o:
(i
) Psy chologi cal distance: wor kersdon’ tf eel i
nvolvedintheorganizat
ionandf eel
thattheirneedsar enotmet ;
(i
i)Powerandst atus: wor kersf eel power lessandal i
enated;
(i
ii)Diff
erencesi nv alueandi deology : t
hisdi fferencerepresentsunderl
yingbeli
efs
onobj ecti
vesandgoal sofanor ganizationand;
(i
v )Scarcer esour ces: disagreement sregar dingbenef i
ts,salar
yandwor kconditions.

6.Quest
ionf
ordi
scussi
on:
Wit
hexamplesexplai
nhow str
uctural,per
sonalandor
gani
zat
ionalf
act
orscani
nfl
uence
t
heemergenceofconfl
ict
sinoursocieti
es.

3.CausesofOr gani zat i

onal Conf li
cts
Inanysoci etyoror gani z ati
on, therearemanycausesofconf li
ct s;howev er,conf l
ictswi thinan
i
ndi vi
dualusual lyar isewhenaper soni suncer tainaboutwhatt aski sexpect edt odo,i fnot
clearl
ydef ined byt he super vi
sorort he per son i n char ge.Fur ther more,i ft he t asks of
i
ndi vi
dualswor kingasagr oupar enotcl earlydef inedbyt hemanagementt heywi l
lleadt o
mor econf licts.Conf l
ictsbet weeni ndi
v i
dual smayr esul tf r
om r ol e-
relatedpr essur es.Conf licts
woul dar i
sebet weeni ndividualsandgr oupsi fthegoal swer enotspeci fiedf ori ndividual s
withinagr oup.Addi t
ional l
y,accor di
ng t ot hel i
teratur e,t herear ei nnumer ableor i
ginsof
organizationaldi sput eandeachpr oducesi t
sownv arietyofef fects.I ngener al
,t herear esi x
maj orsour ces:
(i
)t hei nter personaldi sagreement sthatar i
sewhenoneper soni sexper iencingi ndiv i
dual
stress;
(i
i)thepr obl emsr esul t
ingf rom r oleconf l
ict,acondi ti
ont hatoccur swhent her ei sacl ashov er
one'sr olei ntheor gani zation;
(i
ii)
thepowerst ruggl est hatpi tpersonsandgr oupsagai nstoneanot hert oachi ev etheirown
selfi
shobj ectives;
(i
v )
themi sunder st andingsanddi sagreement sf rom di fferent i
at on,i
i .
e.t hecl ashest hatar ise
becausepeopl eappr oachcommonpr obl emsf r
om v erydi ff
er entor ientations;
(v)thei nterdependencer equirement sf orcol l
aborat ionwhi ch,i fnotext ensi v eandbal anced
betweent hepar ties,causecommuni cationandi nteract i
onbr eakdownswhi ch,i nt ur n,if
crit
ical,leadt omor ei ntensiveconf l
icts; and
(vi)
theext er nalpr essur esf r
om f orcesout sidet heent erpriset hatbr eedi nternalpr essur esas
thesy stem seekst oadaptbutnott odi sruptitsint ernal order .

TOPI
C7: EFFECTSOFCONFLI
CTS

TheSt
ateUni
ver
sit
yofZanzi
bar
,SUZA By:Mwal
im N.I
ssa MADSNovember
,
Page9 2017.
 Peace,
Conf
li
ctandManagement(
DS:
2101)
.SUZA,
2017.
Introduct ion:
Conf l
ictsar ei nevitablepar tofor gani zati
onall if
esi ncet hegoal sofdi fferentst akehol der s
suchasmanager sandst af f
sar eof teni ncompat i
ble.Conf l
ictisanunpl easantf acti nany
organi zat i
onasl ongeraspeopl ecompet eforj obs,r
esour ces, power ,recogni ti
onandsecur ity.
Organi zat i
onalconf l
ictcanber egar dedasadi sputet hatoccur swheni nterests,goal sor
valuesofdi ffer entindi vi
dual sorgr oupsar ei ncompat iblewi theachot her.Thi sresul tsint oa
situationwher ebyt heyf rustrateeachot heri nanat temptt oachi evet heirobj ectives.Conf l
ict
arisesi ngr oupsbecauseoft hescar ci
tyoff reedom, position, andr esour ces.Peopl ewhov alue
i
ndependencet endt or esisttheneedf ori nterdependenceand,t osomeext ent,conf ormi ty
withinagr oup.Peopl ewhoseekpowert hereforest r
uggl ewi thot hersf orposi tionorst at us
withint hegr oup.
Manager sr atedt heext entt owhi chconf li
ctpr oducesbot hposi ti
veandnegat i
veef fect s.
Resul tsi ndicat edt hatt heyr atedsev eralnegat i
veeffect ssi gnifi
cant l
yhi ghert hananyposi t
ive
effects.Howev er,virtuall
yal lmanager sr epor tedpersonal exper i
encesi nwhi chconf l
ictyielded
benef icialout comes.Theseandot herf indingssuggestt hatpr acticingmanager sper cei ve
conf l
ictashav i
ngt hepot ent i
altoy ieldposi tiveaswel lasnegat i
veef fects.Ar eviewofr ecent
l
iteratureonhumancogni tioni dent if
iedsev eralfactorst hatmaypl ayar olei ndet er
mi ning
whet herconf l
icty i
el dspr edomi nant lyposi ti
veornegat i
v eef fects.
1.Posi tiveandNegat i
veef f
ectsofconf li
ctscanbesummar i
zedasf ollows:
a)Posi
ti
veef
fect
sofconf
li
cts
Someoft heposi t
iveef f
ectsofconf l
ictsi
t uati
onsar e:by( Fil
l
ey,1975)
i
.Di ffusionofmor eser i
ousconf li
cts. 
Gamescanbeusedt omoder atetheat tit
udesofpeopl e
bypr ovidingacompet i
ti
vesituationwhi chcanl iberatet ensi
oni nt heconf licti
ngpar ti
es,as
wel lashav i
ngsomeent ert
ainmentv alue.I nor ganizationswher emember spar ti
cipatei n
decisionmaki ng,disput esareusual l
ymi norandnotacut east hecl osenessofmember s
moder atesbel li
gerentandasser t i
vebehav i
ourintomi nordisagreement s, whichmi nimizest he
l
ikelihoodofmaj orfights.
i
i.St imul ationofasear chfornew f actsorr esolutions. Whent wopar tieswhor especteach
otherf aceaconf li
ctsi t
uati
on,theconf li
ctr esolutionpr ocessmayhel pincl arif
yingt hef acts
andst i
mul atingasear chformut uall
yaccept ablesol utions.
i
ii.Incr easei ngr oupcohesi on( unit
yorsol i
dar i
ty)andper formance.  
Whent woormor e
partiesar ei nconf li
ct,theperfor manceandcohesi onofeachpar tyislikelyt oimpr ove.Ina
conf l
ictsi tuati
on,anopponent 'sposi t
ioni sev aluatednegat ively,andgr oupal legiancei s
stronglyr ei nforced,leadingtoincreasedgr oupeffor tandcohesion.
i
v.Assessmentofpowerorabi li
ty.
 I
naconf l
ictsituat i
on,therelativeabi l
i
tyorpoweroft he
partiesi nvol vedcanbei denti
fi
edandmeasur ed.
b)Negat
iveef
fect
sofconf
li
cts
Dest
ruct
ive(Adverse)effectsofconfli
ctsinclude:
i
.I mpediments/hindertosmoot hwor king,
i
i.Diminishi
ngactivit
yprocessandout put,
i
ii
.Obstructi
onsint hedecisi
onmaki ngpr ocess,and
i
v.Format i
onofcompet ingrelat
ionship/part
nerwi t
hint
heor
gani
zat
ion.
v.Lossofhumanandot heranimal l
i
fe.
vi
.Destructi
onofpr oper
tiesandenv i
ronment
Theover
allr
esultofsuchnegat
iveef
fect
sistoreduceempl
oyees'commi
tmentt
oor
gani
zat
ional
goal
sandeff
ici
ency(Ki
rchof
fandAdams,1982)
.
I
naddi
ti
on,
thewi
n-l
oseconf
li
cti
ngr
oupsmayhavesomeoft
hef
oll
owi
ngnegat
iveef
fect
s:

1.Di
ver
tti
meandener gyf
rom t
hemai
nissues.Changet
hedi
rect
iont
ovoi
dpassi
ngov
er
ar
easwithconf
li
cts.

TheSt
ateUni
ver
sit
yofZanzi
bar
,SUZA By:Mwal
im N.I
ssa MADSNovember
,
Page10 2017.
 Peace,
Conf
li
ctandManagement(
DS:
2101)
.SUZA,
2017.
2.Del
aydeci
si
ons.Thi
scausedbydi
ff
erencesofpr
ior
it
iesandneeds.

3.Cr
eat
e deadl
ocks(
bot
tl
eneck)

4.Dr
iveunaggr
essi
vecommi
tt
eemember
stot
hesi
del
i
nes

5.I
nter
fer
ewi
thl
i
steni
ng.I
tisl
i
keabar
ri
eracr
ossdev
elopment
.

6.Obst
ruct
/hi
nderexpl
orat
ionofmor
eal
ter
nat
ives

7.Decr
easeordest
roy
 sensi
ti
vi
ty(
wisdom/
int
ell
i
gence)

8.Causemember
stodr
opoutorr
esi
gnf
rom commi
tt
eesorcommi
tment
s.

9.Ar
ouseangert
hatdi
srupt
sameet
ingandmi
sunder
standi
ng.

10.I
nter
fer
ewi
th 
empat
hy(
under
stand)

11.I
ncl
i
neunder
dogs(
runner
-up)t
o sabot
age

12.Pr
ovoke 
(per
sonal
abuse)

13.Causedef
ensi
veness
7.Quest
ionf
ordi
scussi
on:
Conf
li
ctsar
eli
keakni
fewi
thbot
hshar
pedges.Wi
thvi
vi
dexampl
esdi
scuss.

2.Examplesoftheactualcostofconfli
cts
1.CostofConfl
icti
sat oolwhichattemptstocal culat
ethepr i
ceofconf l
icttothehumanr ace.
Theideai stoexaminet hi
scost ,notonlyi nt ermsoft hedeat hsandcasual t
iesandt he
economic costs borne by t he peoplei nvolved,but al so t he social,devel
opment al
,
envi
ronmentalandstrategi
ccost sofconf l
ict.Inmostcasesor gani
zationsmeasur eand
anal
yzetheeconomi candbr oaderdevel
opmentcost sofconf li
ct.Whil
et hi
sconv enti
onal
method ofassessing the impactofconf l
icti sf ai
rl
yi n-depth,itdoes notpr ovi
de a
comprehensi
veovervi
ewofacount r
yorregionembr oi
ledinconf l
ict.
Thecostofconf li
ctmet hodologyt akesi nt
oaccountdi fferentcost saconf l
ictgenerates,
i
ncluding economic,mi li
tary,envi r
onment al,socialand pol i
ti
calcost s.The appr oach
considersdir
ectcostsofconf l
i
ct ,
forinstancehumandeat hs,expendi ture,destr
ucti
onofl and
andphysi calinf
rastructure;aswel lasi ndir
ectcost sthati mpactasoci et
y,forinstance
migration,humil
iat
ion,gr owt hofext r
emi sm andl ackofci vilsociety.Theappr oachal so
exami nesthenei
ghbor i
ngcount ri
esi nv
olvedandassessest heimpactont hem aswellason
theint er
nati
onalcommuni ty.Somest udiesaremeasur ed on at hemat icbasis,ar ecent
exampl eofwhichisthewaront err
or–t houghinthiscasemostoft hest udiesaredonebyt he
Unit
edSt atesandexami nest hecost sbornespecif
icall
ybythem.
i
)Oppor
tuni
tyCosti
nmeasur
ingcostofconf
li
cts
Themostuni quefeat ur
eint heser eport
sist heoppor tuni
tycostofconf l
i
ct– t hatisthe
economicbenefi
tst hatcould hav ebeen accr ued had t herenotbeen conf l
i
ctsi nthese
countri
esorregi
ons.Accor di
ngt other eport
s,countriesi ntheMi ddl
eEastthatar edir
ectl
y
i
nvolvedinoraff
ectedbyt heIsrael
i-
Palesti
nianconf l
i
ct ,int
ernalst
rif
einLebanonandt heUS
i
nvasionofIr
aqhavel osta$12t ri
ll
i
on( in2006dol l
arval ue)i
noppor t
unit
ycostsfrom 1991to

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ateUni
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sit
yofZanzi
bar
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im N.I
ssa MADSNovember
,
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 Peace,
Conf
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ctandManagement(
DS:
2101)
.SUZA,
2017.
2010.I nthecaseofSr iLanka,ForeignDi rectInvest
ment( FDI)r
emainedstagnantduring
peri
odsofci vi
lwarandt hatnetFDIincreaseddur i
ngperi
odsofceasefire.I
n2004,Strat
egic
ForesightGroupstat
edt hatIndi
aandPaki stancouldachievegrowthratesof10% and7%
respecti
vel
y,prov
idedthereisnomaj orconf l
ict
,noglobalrecessi
onandef f
ect
iveresource
andpol i
ti
calmanagementinthefutur
e.
i
i)Themat
icCostofConf
li
ct
Report
sonmeasuri
ngcostofconf
li
ctsAf
ri
ca'
sMi
ssi
ngBi
ll
ions
Ar eportconduct edby3i nt
ernationalor ganizationsi n2007hi ghli
ghtedt heheavycostt o
developmenti nAf ri
ca,duet oensui ngconf lict
sinv ariouscountri
es.Ther eportconductedby
Oxfam I nternati
onal,theI nt
ernati
onalAct i
onNet workonSmal lArmsandSaf erwor ldstat
ed
that23Af ri
cancount r
ieswer einvolvedi nonef orm ofconf l
i
ctoranot herbetween1990and
2005.
Duringthese15y earsthecostofconf l
ictinAf ri
cawasequi v
alenttothefundsgr antedtothe
continenti ninternati
onalaidov ert hesameper iod–bot hconfli
ctsandai dfrom 1990-2005
amount edt o$284bi l
l
ion.Inotherwor ds,themoneyl ostinconfli
ctcouldhav ebeenusedi n
mor eef fecti
veway s,suchasaddr essingt heneedsofeducat i
on,cleanwat erandsanitati
on
andt hepr eventionofhar mfuldiseasei nAfricancount ries.
Otherf actsi ncludedi nt hereport:Onav erage,ar medconf li
ctshrinksanAf r
icannat i
on'
s
economyby15per cent.Confli
ctsar ecost ingAf ri
caneconomi esanav er
ageof$18bi ll
iona
year.Conf li
ctsi ncount r
iesli
keBur undiandRwandahav ecosttheirgovernmentsanannual
economi cl ossof37%and32%oft heirGDPr espectiv
ely .
i
i
i)Ther
ealcostandi
mpactofCi
vi
lConf
li
ctsI
ncl
ude:
1. Economi cI mpact s
 Dest ructi
onofI nf
r astr
ucture  Reducti
onofNat
ion'
sEconomi
c
 DiversionofPr oduct i
veAsset st
o Gr owth
Violence  LossofPri
vat
eAssetsand
 Capi t
al Fli
ght Investment
s
2. HumanCost s
 Deat hTol ls  Popul
ati
onDispl
acement
sand
 Target ingofCi vil
ians RefugeeFlow
3. Soci alTolls
Incr easedChi ldandAdul t  HealthProbl
ems
Mor talityRates  Destruct
ionofHealthand
 ReducedLi feExpect ancy Educat i
onSystems
Incr easedPhy sical andMent al  SpreadofInfect
iousDiseases
4. Pol it
icalI
nst abi l
it
y
Incr easedOppor t
uni ti
esforCorr
upt
ion  Pot
ent
ial
forAut
hor
it
ari
anRegi
mes
 ViolationsofHumanRi ghts

7.Quest
ionf
ordi
scussi
on:
Confl
ict
sinvol
vesocio-
economi
c,pol
it
icalandenvi
ronment
alcost
s(ef
fect
s).Wi
thvi
vi
d
examplessubst
anti
ate.

TOPI C8: UNDERSTANDI NGCONFLI CTANDCONFLI CTMANAGEMENT

I
nt r
oducti
on
Student
sandanygr oupofpeoplebri
ngdiff
erentideas,goals,val
ues,bel
iefsandneedst otheir
teamsandt hesediffer
encesareaprimarystr
engt hofteams.Thesedi f
ferencesinevi
tablylead
toconfl
ict
,ev enifthelevelofconfl
icti
slow.Si nceconfli
cti si
nevit
able,oneoft heway si n
whichorganizat
ionalmember scanhelpimpr ov
et heirabi
li
tiestofuncti
ononmul t
idi
scipli
nary
teamsistowor kwi ththem t
odev el
optheirunderstandi
ngofconf li
ctandt hei
rcapabili
ti
est o

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ateUni
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sit
yofZanzi
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im N.I
ssa MADSNovember
,
Page12 2017.
 Peace,
Conf
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ctandManagement(
DS:
2101)
.SUZA,
2017.
manageandr
esol
veconf
li
ct.
1.Conf l
ictmanagement  
I
tr eferstot helong-term managementofi nt
ractableconf l
icts.Iti
sthelabelfort
hevariet
yof
way sbywhi chpeopl ehandlegr i
evances-st andi ngupf orwhatt heyconsi
dertoberightand
againstwhatt heyconsi dert obewr ong.Thoseway si ncludesuchdi versephenomenaas
gossi p,ri
dicul
e,lynching,t
errori
sm,war fare,feuding,genoci de,l
aw,mediati
on,andavoidance.
Whi chf ormsofconf li
ctmanagementwi llbeusedi nanygi v
ensi t
uati
oncanbesomewhat
predictedandexpl ainedbyt hesocialstructur
e-orsoci algeomet ry-oft
hecase.
Confli
ctmanagementi sof tenconsi
deredtobedistinctfrom confli
ctresoluti
on.Inor derfor
actualconfl
i
cttooccur,thereshouldbeanexpressionofexcl usivepatt
erns,andt ellwhythe
confli
ctwasexpressedthewayi twas.Confli
cti
snotj ustaboutsimpleinapt ness,butisoft
en
connectedtoapr evi
ousissue.Thelatt
erref
erst
or esolvi
ngthedi sputetotheappr ovalofone
orbot hparti
es,whereast heformerconcernsanongoi ngpr ocessthatmaynev erhav ea
resol
ution.Neit
herisi tconsidered t
he same as confl
icttransformati
on,whi ch seekst o
refr
amet heposit
ionsoftheconfli
ctpart
ies.
2.Whatisconf l
ictandconf l
ictmanagement ?
a)Confli
ctmaybedef i
nedasast ruggleorcont estbet weenpeopl ewi t
hopposi ngneeds,
i
deas,bel
iefs,v alues,orgoals.Conf li
ctont eamsi sinevi
table;howev er,theresul
tsofconfl
ict
arenotpredet ermi ned.Confli
ctmi ghtescal ateandleadt ononpr oduct i
veresult
s,orconfl
ict
canbebenef iciallyresol
vedandl eadt oqual it
yfi
nalproducts.Ther efore,l
earni
ngtomanage
confl
i
ctisi ntegr alt oahi gh-performancet eam.Althoughv er
yf ew peopl egol ooki
ngf or
confl
i
ct,mor eof t enthannot,conf li
ctresul
tsbecauseofmi scommuni cati
onbetweenpeopl e
wit
hregardtot heirneeds,i
deas, beli
efs,goals,orval
ues.
b)Confl
ictmanagementistheprinci
plet
hatallconfl
i
ctscannotnecessaril
yberesol
ved,but
l
earni
ng how to manageconfli
ctscandecr easetheoddsofnonpr oducti
veaccel
erati
on.
Confl
i
ctmanagementi nvol
vesacquiri
ngskil
lsrel
atedtoconfli
ctresoluti
on,sel
f-
awareness
aboutconfl
ictmodes,conf l
i
ctcommuni cati
on ski
ll
s,and establi
shing a str
uct
uref or
managementofconfl
icti
nyourenvir
onment.
Not ethef ol
lowi
ngarer at
ionaletoconfl
ictmanagement
"Studentsdonotcomet oschoolwi t
hallthesoci alski
l
lst heyneedt ocol
laborat
eef f
ecti
vel y
wi t
hot hers.Theref
ore,teachersneedt ot eacht heappr opri
atecommuni cati
on,leader
shi p,
trust,
deci si
onmaking,andconf li
ctmanagementski l
lst
ost udentsandprovidethemot i
vation
touset heseskill
sinorderf orgroupstofunctionef f
ect
ively.
"Facult
ymustt akeresponsi
bility
tohelpst udentsandotherpeopl eworki
ngi ndi f
ferentf
iel
dsdev elopthei
rskil
lstoparti
cipate
onandl eadteams’goodper for
mance.

Whyitisimpor t
anttolearnmor eaboutconf l
ictandconfli
ctmanagement ?
Ifwecanl earntomanaget hi
shighlyprobabletostopemer genceofconf l
ict
s(weav er
age
fi
veconfli
ctsperday ),
thenwear elesssui t
abletopracti
cedestructi
vebehav i
orst
hatwi l
l
negati
vel
yimpactourt eam.
 Alt
hough conf l
i
ct may be mi sunderstood and unappr eci
ated,r esear
ch shows t hat
unresol
vedconfli
ctcanl eadtovi
olence.Thereforeconfl
i
ctmanagementi si
mpor t
ant
.
 Mostofususeconf l
ictskil
lsthatweobser vedgrowingup,unl esswehav emadea

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ateUni
ver
sit
yofZanzi
bar
,SUZA By:Mwal
im N.I
ssa MADSNovember
,
Page13 2017.
 Peace,
Conf
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ctandManagement(
DS:
2101)
.SUZA,
2017.
consci
ousefforttochangeourconfl
ictmanagementstyl
e.
 Someofusobser vedgoodconf l
ictmanagement,whileother
sobservedf aultyconfl
ict
management.
 Mostofushav ereasonst oi
mproveourconfl
ict
-managementski
ll
sforpeacef
ul soci
ety.
8.Questi
onfordiscussion:
I
tisver
yi mportantt
omanageconf l
ict
sbeforethei
remergence.Expl
ainhowyoucan
managet heri
seofconfl
ict
sinyourwor kor
ganizati
onsoastomakei tmoreproduct
ive?
Wit
hexampl esdiscusst
heimportanceofcult
ural-
basedandcounsel
ingski
ll
sinconfli
ct
r
esolut
ion.
TOPI C9: CONFLI CTRESOLUTI ON
Confli
ctr esolut
ion isconceptuali
zedast hemet hodsandpr ocessesinvolvedi nf aci
l
itat
ingthe
peacefulendi ng of  
confl
ict
.Of t
en,commi tt
ed group member s attemptt or esolve group
confl
ictsbyact ivelycommuni cati
nginformationaboutt heirconfl
ict
ingmot i
v esori deologi
es
totherestoft hegr oup(e.g.
,intenti
ons;reasonsforholdi
ngcer t
ainbeli
efs),andbyengagi ngin
coll
ecti
ve  negot
iation.Ult
imately,awi der angeofmet hodsandpr ocedur esf oraddr essi
ng
confl
ict exi st,i ncludi
ng but not l imit
ed t o,
 negotiati
on, medi ati
on, diplomacy , and
creat
ive peacebui l
ding.
Furthermore,theconceptofconf
li
ctr
esoluti
oncanbet houghttoencompasstheuseof
nonv i
olentresi
stancemeasur
esbyconfl
icted par
ti
esi
nanat t
emptto promot
eeffect
ive
resolut
ion.
Conf li
ctresolut ioni sanexpandi ngfieldofpr of essionalpr actice,bot hi ntheU. S.andar ound
thewor l
d.Theescal atingcost sofconf licthavei ncr easeduseoft hirdpar t
ieswhomayser ve
asconf l
ictspeci ali
stst or esolveconf l
icts.Infactr eliefanddev elopmentor gani zationshav e
added peace- building speci ali
stst ot heirteams.Many oft he maj ori nternat ionalnon-
gov ernment alor gani zat ionshav eseenagr owingneedt ohi repr act it
ionerst rainedi nconfl
ict
analy si
sandr esol ut i
on.Fur t
hermore,t hisexpansi onoft hef ieldhasr esul
tedi nt heneedf or
conf li
ctresolut i
onpr act i
ti
oner stowor ki nav ar i
et yofset ti
ngssuchasi nbusi nesses,cour t
systems,nonpr of i
tor gani zati
ons,gov ernmentagenci esandeducat i
onali nstitutionsser vi
ng
thr
oughoutt hewor lddoesci tethepr ocessofsol vingt hepr obl em ofconf li
ct si nAfri
ca
(Stedman, 1991) .
Ingener alt erms,conf lictpr eventi
oni nt heinter nationalar enar efer stoanyat temptbyt hird
partiestopr ev entt heout br
eakofv iolentconf l
ict( Stewar t,2003) .Conf l
ictpr ev enti
onisa
mul tif
acet ed,compl expr ocessr angingf rom long- term orst ruct uralpol i
cytopr omot estabi
lit
y,
toshor t-
t ermi ntensi v edi plomacyt or esolvedi sput es( “prevent ivedi plomacy ”)andci vi
l
ianor
militaryi ntervent i
on t o moni t
or and/ or cont rolt he ear l
y st ages of conf li
ct (“cr
isis
management ”).
I
talsorefer
stoat temptstostoptherecurr
enceofvi
olenceinconfl
i
ctzones(“
peace-
buil
ding”
or“post-
confl
i
ctr econstr
uct
ion/r
ehabil
it
ati
on”)
.Iti
sther ef
oreanactiv
itypr
imar
il
y,alt
hough
notexcl
usiv
ely,concernedwi
ththeperiodbefor
etheoutbreakofwar.
Confl
ictprevent
ioncov ersar angeofactivi
ti
esalsoassociatedwi thgat
heringinformationon
i
mpendi ngconfli
ct( “
earlywar ning”)
,aidtor eli
evetheef fectsofconf l
ict,sanct i
ons,and
humanitari
anint
erventi
on.Pr eventi
ngtherecurr
enceofviolencealsoincl
udesi ssuesofpeace-
bui
ldi
ngandpost -confl
ictrehabil
it
ati
on.I
tisbecauseconf l
i
ctpr eventi
oncoversv ari
ousst ages
ofthecy cl
eofconf l
ict
,( aswel lasthearbit
raryuseofmul t
iplesimil
arandi nterchangeable

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ateUni
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yofZanzi
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,SUZA By:Mwal
im N.I
ssa MADSNovember
,
Page14 2017.
 Peace,
Conf
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ctandManagement(
DS:
2101)
.SUZA,
2017.
t
erms)
,thatconf
usi
onconcer
ningpol
i
cyappl
i
cat
ionar
ises.

1.Theor
iesandModel
sofConf
li
ctResol
uti
on
i
)Dualconcer
nmodelofconf
li
ctr
esol
uti
on
Thedualconcernmodelofconf li
ctresoluti
onisaconcept
ualper
spect
ivethatassumes
i
ndivi
dual
s’pref
err
edmet hodofdeal i
ngwi thconf
li
cti
sbasedontwounderl
yi
ngt hemesor
di
mensions:
1.Aconcernforself(
i.
e. 
asser
ti
veness),and
2.Aconcernforother
s(i.
e. 
empathy).
Accordi
ngtothemodel ,groupmember sbalancet heirconcernforsatisfy
ingpersonalneeds
andinter
est
swi ththei
rconcernforsati
sfyingtheneedsandi nter
estsofot hersindifferent
ways.The inter
secti
on pointbetween these two di mensions ulti
matelyl ead indi
vi
dual s
towar
dsexhibiti
ngdiff
erentstyl
esofconf l
ictresoluti
on( Goldfi
en&Robbennol t,2007). 
The
dualmodeli denti
fi
es fiv
e conf
li
ctresol
ution styles/st
rategies t
hati ndiv
iduals may use
dependi
ngont
hei
rdi
sposi
ti
onst
owar
dpr
o-sel
for
 pr
o-soci
al 
goal
s.
i
.Avoi
danceconf li
ctst yl
e
Char acter
izedbyi nact
ionandpassivit
y, 
avoi
dance 
confli
ctst yl
eistypicall
yusedwhenan
i
ndiv i
dualhasr educedconcer nforthei
rownout comesaswel lastheout comesofothers.
Duringconf l
ict,theseav oi
dersadopta“ wai
tandsee”at ti
tude,oftenal l
owingconfl
ictto
phase out on i ts own wi t
hout any per sonal invol
v ement ( Bayazit & Manni x
,
2003) .
 Unfortunat ely,by negl
ecti
ng to address high-
conflictsit
uat i
ons,av oi
der
sr isk
all
owi ngpr oblemst ofest
eroutofcontrol
.
i
i
.Yieldi
ngconf l
ictstyle
Incontrast,y
iel
dingor“ accommodati
ng”conf l
i
ctst y
lesarecharacterizedbyahi ghconcern
forotherswhi l
ehav ingalowconcernforone’sownsel f
.Thispassi vepro-soci
alapproach
emer geswheni ndiv
idualsderi
veper
sonalsat i
sfacti
onf r
om meet ingt heneedsofot hers
andhav eagener alconcernf ormai
ntai
ningst able,posit
ivesoci alrelati
onshi
ps. 
When
faced wi t
h confli
ct,indi
vidual
swith ay i
eldi
ng conf l
i
ctst yl
et end t o gi
vei nt
o others’
demandsoutofr espectforthesoci
alrel
ati
onshi p(e.
g.,tomaintaingr oupunity)because
theybelievebeing“agreeablemaybemor eimpor t
antthanwinning”( Goldfi
en&Robbennol t,
2007) .

i
i
i.Compet i
ti
veconf li
ctst yle
Compet it
ive 
or“fighting”conf l
i
ctst yl
emaxi mizesindi
v i
dualasser
ti
veness(i
.e.
,concernfor
self
)andmi ni
mi zesempat hy( i
.e.,concernforot her
s).Groupsconsisti
ngofcompet it
ive
member sgener allyenj oyseekingdomi nati
onov erothers,andtypi
call
yseeconf l
i
ctasa
“winorlose”predi cament . 
Fighterstendt oforceotherstoaccepttheirper
sonalviewsby
empl oy
ing compet iti
v e,powert act
ics( e.
g.,argue;insult
;accuse;viol
ence)thatfoster
feel
ingsofinti
mi dation( Morri
ll
,1995) .
i
v.Cooper ati
onconf li
ctst
y l
e
Thi s char acterized by an act iv
e concern f or bot
h pr o-social and pr o-sel
f
behav ior.
 Cooper ati
on conf l
ictst
yleist
ypi
call
yused when an i ndivi
dualhas elevated
interestsint heirownout comesaswellasi ntheoutcomesofot hers.Duri
ngconf li
ct,
cooper atorscol l
aboratewi thother
sinaneff
orttofi
ndanami cabl
esol uti
onthatsatisfi
es
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sit
yofZanzibar,
SUZA By:Mwali
m N.I
ssa MADSNovember ,
Page15 2017.
 Peace,
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ctandManagement(
DS:
2101)
.SUZA,
2017.
allpar ti
esi nvolvedi nt heconf l
i
ct.Individual swi t
ht hi st y
peofconf lictstyletendt obe
highlyasser t
iveandhi ghlyempat heti
catt hesamet ime.Byseei ngconf li
ctasacr eati
ve
oppor tunity,collaboratorswi l
li
nglyi nvestt i
me and r esourcesi ntof indi
ng a “ win-wi
n”
solut i
on. Accordingt othelit
eratureonconf lictresolution,acooper at
iveconf li
ctresoluti
on
stylei sr ecommendedabov eallother s( Sternberg&Dobson,1987;Jar boe&Wi tteman,
1996)
v
.Conci li
ationconf lictst
yle
Conci li
ation or“ compr omising”conf li
ctst y l
ei st ypicalofi ndi
v i
dualswho possessan
i
nt ermedi ate-l
evelofconcer nforbot hper sonalandot her s’outcomes.Compr omisersv al
ue
[
3]
fairnessand, i
ndoi ngso, anti
cipatemut ualgi ve-and-takei nteract
ions.  Byaccept i
ngsome
demandsputf orthbyot hers,compr omi sersbel i
ev et hi
sagr eeablenesswi l
lencour age
other stomeethal f-
way ,thuspr omot ingconf li
ctr esol uti
on( vandeVl i
ert& Euwema,
1994) . 
Thi s conf li
ctst yl
e can be consi dered an ext ension of bot h“ yi
eldi
ng” and
“cooper at i
ve”strategi
es.
(Not eInbr i
efSeeAppendi x1page35)
2.Cul
tural
-basedandcounsel
ingski
ll
sinconf
li
ctr
esol
uti
on
i
.Cult
ural-based
Conf li
ctr esol utionasbot hapr ofessi onalpr acticeandacademi cfieldi shi ghlysensi tive
to cultur e.I nWest erncul t
ur alcont exts,suchasCanada  andt he UnitedSt ates,successf ul
conf li
ctr esol ution usual lyi nvol ves f osteri
ng communi cation among di sputant s,pr obl em
solv i
ng, anddr afti
ngagr eement st hatmeett heirunder lyi
ngneeds.I nthesesi tuations, conf li
ct
resolv ersof tent alkaboutf indingt he win-win soluti
on,ormut ual l
ysat isfyi
ngscenar io,f or
ever yonei nv olved ( Fisherand Ur y( 1981) ,
 Getting to Yes) .I
n manynon- West er n cultur al
cont ext s,such as  Afghani stan, Vietnam,and  China,i tis also impor tantt of i
nd " wi n-win"
solutions; howev er,get t
ingt herecanbev erydifferent.Inthesecont exts,directcommuni cat ion
bet ween di sput ant st hatexpl icit
lyaddr essest he issuesatst ake int he conf lictcan be
per ceivedasv eryrude, maki ngt heconf li
ctwor seanddel ayingresolution.Rat her,itcanmake
senset oi nv olv ereligious,tribalorcommuni tyl eaders,communi catedi ff
iculttruthsi ndirect ly
throughat hirdpar ty,andmakesuggest i
onst hroughst or
ies(Swami( 1992) ,
 Conf l
i
ctMedi ation
Acr ossCul tur es) .Intercult
ur alconf lictsar eof tent hemostdi fficulttor esolvebecauset he
expect ations oft he di sput ants can be v ery di f
ferent,and ther ei s much occasi on f or
misunder standi ng.
i
i.Counsel
ing
Whenper sonalconf l
i
ctl eadst o fr
ust rat
ion andl ossof effi
ciency ,
 
counseli
ng maypr ovetobe
ahel pfulantidote.Alt
houghf ew or ganizations canaffordt hel uxuryofhav ingpr ofessi
onal
counselorsont hestaff,givensomet rai
ni ng,manager smaybeabl etoperformt hisfuncti
on.
Nondi r
ectiv
ecounsel i
ng,or" li
steningwi thunder st
anding",i slitt
lemor ethanbei ngagood
l
istener-somet hi
ngev erymanagershoul dbe.
Somet imest hesimplepr ocessofbei ngabl et oventone'sfeelings-t hati
s,toexpresst hem to
aconcer nedandunder standingl i
stener,isenought orelievef rustr
ationandmakei tpossi
ble
forthef r
ustratedindi
vidualt oadv ancet oapr oblem-sol
v i
ngf rameofmi nd,betterabletocope
withaper sonaldi f
fi
cultythati saffectinghi swor kadversely.Thenondi r
ecti
veappr oachisone
effecti
vewayf ormanager stodeal wi thfrustratedsubordinatesandcowor kers.
9.Quest
ionf
ordi
scussi
on:
TheSt
ateUni
ver
sit
yofZanzi
bar
,SUZA By:Mwal
im N.I
ssa MADSNovember
,
Page16 2017.
 Peace,
Conf
li
ctandManagement(
DS:
2101)
.SUZA,
2017.
Wit
hexampl esdi
scusst
hei
mpor
tanceofcul
tur
al-
basedandcounsel
ingski
ll
sinconf
li
ct
r
esolut
ion.
3.Howmi ghty ousel ecty ourconf li
ctmanagementst y
le?
Ther ear et i
meswhenwehav eachoi cet oengagei norav oi daconf l
ict.Thef ol l
owi ngsi x
var i
abl esshoul dbeconsi der edwheny oudeci dewhet hertoengagei naconf li
ct.
i
.Howi nv est edi nther elat i
onshi par ey ou?
Thei mpor tanceoft hewor ki ng/ personalr elati
onshipof t
endict ateswhet hery ouwi llengagei n
aconf lict .Ify ouv aluet heper sonand/ ort her el
ati
onship,goingt hrought hepr ocessofconf l
i
ct
resol utioni simpor tant.
i
i.Howi mpor t anti sthei ssuet oy ou?
Ev eni ft her el at i
onshi pi snotofgr eatv aluet oyou,onemustof tenengagei nconf l
ictifthe
i
ssuei si mpor tantt oy ou.Forex ampl e,ift heissuei sabel ief,v alue,orr egul at
iont haty ou
bel i
ev ei norar ehi r
edt oenf or ce, thenengagi ngintheconf l
icti snecessar y.Ifther el
at i
onship
andt hei ssuear ebot hi mpor tantt oy ou, t
her eisanev enmor ecompel l
ingr easont oengagei n
theconf lict.
i
ii.Doy ouhav et heener gyf ort heconf l
ict?
Manyofussay ,“Ther ei snott imet odoal lthatIwantt odoi naday .
”Of tent heissuei snot
howmucht i
mei savai lablebuthowmuchener gywehav eforwhatweneedt odo.Ev enina
trackmeet ,runner sar egi venr ecov erytimebef oretheyhav et or unanot herr ace.Ener gy,not
ti
me, isbei ngmanagedi nt hesesi tuati
ons.
i
v .Ar ey ouawar eoft hepot ent i
al consequences?
Pr i
ort oengagi ngi naconf li
ct ,thinkingaboutant ici
patedconsequencesf r
om engagi ngi nthe
conf li
cti swi se.Forexampl e,t her emaybear i
skfory oursaf ety,ar iskf orjobl oss,oran
oppor tuni tyf orabet terwor kingr el
ati
onshi p.Manyt imespeopl ewi l
lengagei nconf li
ctand
thenbeshockedbyt heout comeorconsequenceofengagi ngi nt heconf li
ct.Thought ful
reflectionaboutt heconsequences,bot hposi ti
veandnegat i
v e,isusef ulbef oreengagi ngi nor
av oidingaconf lict.
v.Ar ey oureadyf ort heconsequences?
Af t
eranal yzing pot enti
alconsequences,det er
mine whet hery ou are prepared f ort he
consequencesofengagi ngi ntheconfli
ct.Forexampl e,oneempl oy eeanti
cipat
edaj obl ossif
shecont i
nuedt oengagei ntheconf l
i
ctshewashav ingwithherbossov erapar ti
cularissue.
Af t
ercar efulconsi deration,theempl oyeet houghtandbel i
evedst r
onglyenoughaboutt he
i
ssuet hatshedi dengagei ntheconfli
ctwi thherboss.Herannualcont ractwasnotr enewed
fort heupcomi ngy ear.Becauset hi
sindividualhadt houghtt hrought heconsequencesof
engagi ngint heconf li
ct,shewaspr eparedt obewi t
houtaj obforawhi l
eandabl etofi
nanci all
y
andemot i
onal l
yplanf orthisoutcome.Mostconsequencesofengagi nginconfli
ctarenott his
sev ere,butthisexampl eill
ustr
atesthevalueoft hi
nkingthroughconsequences.
vi.Whatar etheconsequencesi fyoudonotengagei ntheconfli
ct?
Toav oi
dlosingasenseofsel f,t
herear etimeswheny oumustengagei nconfl
ict
.Mostpeople
havecor evalues,i
deas,beli
efs,ormor al
s.Ifaper soni sgoingtosacr i
fi
ceoneoftheircore
bel
iefsbyavoi di
ngaconf l
i
ct,personallossofr espectmustbeconsi dered.I
nsuchcases,even
i
faper sonisnotexci tedaboutconf ronti
ngt heconf li
ct,onemustcar ef
ull
yconsiderthe
consequencesofev adi
ngt heconf l
ict
.Whent heper sonalconsequencesofturni
ngawayf r
om

TheSt
ateUni
ver
sit
yofZanzi
bar
,SUZA By:Mwal
im N.I
ssa MADSNovember
,
Page17 2017.
 Peace,
Conf
li
ctandManagement(
DS:
2101)
.SUZA,
2017.
t
heconf
li
ctout
wei
ghal
lot
herf
act
ors,
thenaper
sonusual
l
ymustt
akepar
tint
heconf
li
ct.
4. How mi ghti ndiv
idualst udents applyt hisi nformati
on t oimpr ovet hei
rconfl
ict
managementski ll
s?
Applyi
ngt hepr ecedi
ngi nformati
onaboutt hef i
vedi ff
erentmodesofconf l
i
ctmanagement,
factor
saf f
ectingmodel sofconf li
ctmanagement ,andpr ocessesforselectingoneormor e
approachestoconf li
ctinvolvesbothself
-awarenessandanawar enessoft heother
sinv
olv
ed
i
nt heconfli
ct.Intermsofsel f-
awareness,ref
lect
ingont hefol
lowingquestionswouldpr
ovi
de
usefuli
nformat i
oninselectinghowtoappr oachaconf li
ctsit
uation.
1.Am Iinconf l
ict?
2.Withwhom am Ii nconfl
ict
?
3.Whyam Imot i
vatedtoresol
vetheconfl
ict
?
4.Whatconf l
ictmodeam Igoi ngtouset omanagethisconfl
ict
?
Sinceconfli
ctinvolvesatleasttwopeople,i
mpr ovi
ngawarenessoftheotherpartyi
nvolvedi
n
aconfli
ctmi ghtalsobeusef ulinchoosi
nghowt oappr
oachaconf li
ctsi
tuat
ion.Ref
lecti
ngon
thefol
lowingquest ionsmightimproveawarenessoftheotherpart
yinvol
vedinaconfli
cti
on.
1.Whatisthenat ureoft heconf l
ict,
thatis, whati st heconf li
ctabout?
2.Whatmi ghtmot i
vatetheot herper son(s)i nvolvedt or esolvetheconfl
ict?
3.Whatconf l
ictmodesi st heotherper sonusi ng?
4.Howmi ghtIi nter
venet or esolve/managet heconf l
ict?
Learningmoreaboutconf li
ctal lowsgr eateri ntentional i
tyinselect i
ngaconf l
ictresponse.
Mostpeopl ehav esetr eactionst oconf l
icts.Byl earningmor eaboutpr inci
plesofconf l
ict
,
confli
ctmodes,andr efl
ecti
onont heabov equest i
ons,wecanbemor eint
entionalindeci ding
on a confl
ictr esponse.Gr eateri ntenti
onal i
tywi ll
sl i
kelyl ead to more effective confli
ct
management .Thef oll
owingexampl espr ovideaddi tionalsuggest ionsthatindividual
smi ght
usetoi mpr
ovet heirconfli
ctmanagementski ll
s.

 Skil
lsandabil
iti
es
•ValuesandEthics
5.Conf lictr esolut i
onpr ocess
Conf l
ictr esol ut i
on  i
sconcept ualizedast hemet hodsandpr ocessesi nv olvedi nf aci
l
itati
ngt he
peacef ulendi ng of  conf l
ict .Of ten,commi tted group member s attemptt or esolve gr oup
conf li
ct sbyact i
velycommuni catinginfor mat i
onaboutt heirconfli
ctingmot i
v esori deologies
tother estoft hegr oup( e.g.,intent i
ons; r
easonsf orhol dingcer t
ainbel iefs),andbyengagi ngi n
collect i
v e negot i
ation.Ul t
imat ely,awi der angeofmet hodsandpr ocedur esf oraddr essing
conf li
ct exi st,i ncl udi ng but not l imi ted t o, negot i
ati
on, medi ati
on, diplomacy , and
creat ive peacebui lding.
Thet erm  conf li
ctr esol uti
on  mayal sobeusedi nterchangeabl ywithdi sput er esol ut
ion,wher e
arbitrationandl i
tigat ionpr ocessesar ecr iti
callyinvol ved.Furthermor e,t heconceptofconf l
ict
resol ution can bet houghtt o encompasst heuseofnonv iol
entr esistancemeasur esby
conf li
ct edpar tiesi nanat temptt opr omot eef f
ectiver esoluti
on
6.St agesofConf lictResol uti
onPr ocess
Conf lict r esol ution i s a pr ocess t hat empower s peopl et o bui ld mut ually benef i
cial
rel
at ionshi psandt or esolveconf licteffectively.Thef ollowingar efivest epsmaybeef fectively
i
nv olv edi nconf li
ctr esol ution:
1.Sett heScene( Cr eat eanef fectiveAt mospher e)
2.Cl ar i
fyper cept i
ons( Gat herI nformat i
on)
TheSt at eUniversityofZanzi bar,SUZA By:Mwal im N.Issa MADSNovember ,
Page18 2017.
 Peace,
Conf
li
ctandManagement(
DS:
2101)
.SUZA,
2017.
3.Buil
dshar edposi ti
vepower( Agreet hePr oblem andmoder ate)
4.Gener at
eopt ions(Br ai
nstorm Possi bl
eSol utions)
5.Makemut ual benefi
tagr eement s( NegotiateaSol uti
on(s))
Based on t hese appr oaches,a st arti
ng poi ntf ordealing with conf l
icti stoidenti
fythe
overr
idingconf l
ictstyl
eempl oyedbyy ourself,
y ourteam oryouror ganization.
Overt i
me,peopl e'
sconf li
ctmanagementst y l
est endt omesh,anda" right
"wayt osolve
confl
ictemer ges.It'
sgoodt orecogni zewhent hi
sst y
lecanbeusedef fectivel
y,howevermake
surethatpeopl eunder standthatdi f
ferentst yl
esmaysui tdif
ferentsit
uat i
ons.
Lookatt hecircumst ances, andt hi
nkaboutt hest yl
ethatmaybeappr opriate.
Thenuset hepr ocessbel owtor esolvetheconf li
ct:
St
epOne:Sett
heScene(
sight
/pr
ospect
/vi
ew/
landscape/
out
look)
I
fappropriatetot hesituati
on,agreetherulesoftheI BRApproach(oratleastconsi derusing
theapproachy oursel
f.
)Makesur ethatpeopleunder st
andthattheconfli
ctmaybeamut ual
probl
em,whi chmaybebestr esolvedthroughdiscussionandnegoti
ationratherthant hrough
rawaggression.
I
fy ouareinv ol
v edintheconfli
ct,emphasizethef actthaty
ouar epresenti
ngy ourper cepti
on
oftheproblem.Useact ivel
ist
eningskill
stoensurey ouhearandunder st
andot her'
sposi ti
ons
andperceptionsby :
 Rest ate.
 Paraphr ase.
 Summar i
ze.
 Andmakesur ethatwheny outalk,y
ou'r
eusi nganadult
,asser
tiveapproachr atherthan
asubmi ssiveoraggressiv
est yl
e.
St
epTwo:Gat
herI
nfor
mat
ion(
col
lectandgr
oupt
hei
nfor
mat
ion)
Herey ouar etryingt ogett otheunder l
y i
nginterests,needs,andconcerns.Askf ortheother
person'sv iewpoi ntandconf ir
m t haty our especthi sorheropi ni
onandneedhi sorher
cooperationt osol v ethepr obl
em.
Trytounder standhi sorhermot ivati
onsandgoal s,andseehowy ouract
ionsmaybeaf fect
ing
these.
Also,t
ryt ounder standtheconf l
i
ctinobject i
veterms:
Isitaffecti
ngwor kper formance?Damagi ngthedel i
verytotheclient
?Disrupti
ngt eam work?
Hamper i
ngdeci si on-maki ng?andsoon.
 Besur etof ocusonwor kissuesandl eaveper sonali
ti
esoutofthediscussi
on.
 Li stenwi thempat hyandseet heconf li
ctfrom theotherperson'
spointofview.
 I dentifyissuescl ear l
yandconci sely.
 Use" I
"stat ement s.
 Remai nflexi bl
e.
 Cl arifyfeelings.
St
epThr
ee:Agr
eet
hePr
obl
em (
Agr
eet
hePr
obl
em andmoder
ate)
Thissoundsl ikeanobv i
ousst ep, butoft
endi f
ferentunder l
yi
ngneeds,int
erestsandgoal scan
causepeopl et oper cei
veproblemsv erydiff
erentl
y.You'llneedtoagreethepr obl
emst hatyou
aretry
ingt osolvebef oreyou'l
l f
indamut ual
lyacceptablesoluti
on.
Somet i
mesdi ff
erentpeopl ewi l
lseedi ff
erentbutinterl
ockingprobl
ems–i fy oucan'
tr eacha
commonper cept ionoft heprobl em,thenatt hev eryleast,youneedt ounder st
andwhatt he
otherpersonseesast heproblem.
StepFour :Gener ateoptions(Brainstorm PossibleSolutions)
Ifeveryoneisgoi ngt ofeelsatisfiedwithther esol
ution,itwil
lhel
pi feveryonehashadf air
i
nputingener atingsol ut
ions.Brainstorm possibl
esolutions,andbeopent oallideas,
includi
ng
onesy ounev erconsi der
edbef ore.
St
epFi
ve:Makemut
ualbenef
itagr
eement
s(Negot
iat
eaSol
uti
on(
s))
TheSt
ateUni
ver
sit
yofZanzi
bar
,SUZA By:Mwal
im N.I
ssa MADSNovember
,
Page19 2017.
 Peace,
Conf
li
ctandManagement(
DS:
2101)
.SUZA,
2017.
Byt hisstage,t heconfl
ictmayber esolv
ed:Bothsi desmaybet terunder st
andt heposi
tionof
theot her,andamut uall
ysat i
sfactor ysol
uti
onmaybecl eartoall
.
Howev eryoumayal sohaveuncov er edr
ealdif
ferencesbetweeny ourposit
ions.Thi si
swher e
at echniquel ikewin-winnegot i
ationcanbeusef ult ofi
ndasol uti
ont hat,atl eastt
osome
extent,satisf
ieseveryone.I
tist her oleofconfl
i
ctresoluti
onmanagert ocont r
ol acti
vel
y,wisel
y
andl ogicall
ytomobi li
zeinendi ngt heconfli
cti
nawi n-
winsy st
em.( Noteinbriefseeappendix2
page35)
Therear ethreeguidingprinci
plesher ei
nconfli
ctresoluti
on,whichar e:BeCal m,BePat i
ent,
andHav eRespect .
10.Quest i
onf ordi
scussion:
Usi
nganexampleofanyZanzi
barnat
ionalorr
egi
onalconfl
ict
,usest
epbyst
ept
oexpl
ain
howyoucanend(orr
esol
ve)theconf
li
cthighl
ysuccessf
ul.
7.Conf lictResol utionSki lls
i.Managi ngandResol vingConf licti naPosi ti
veWay
Conf licti sanor mal ,andev enheal thy ,par tofr elati
onshi ps.Af t
eral l,twopeopl ecan’ tbe
expect edt oagr eeonev erythingatal ltimes.Si ncerelati
onshi pconf lict
sar ei nev it
able,learning
todealwi tht hem i naheal t
hywayi scr ucial.Whenconf lictismi smanaged,i tcanhar mt he
relationshi p.Butwhen handl ed i nar espect f
uland posi tiv
e way ,conf li
ctpr ovides an
oppor tuni tyf orgr owt h, ultimat elyst rengt heni ngthebondbet weent wopeopl e.Byl earningt he
skillsy ouneedf orsuccessf ulconf lictr esol uti
on,youcankeepy ourper sonalandpr ofessional
relationshi psst rongandgr owi ng.
ii
.Thef undament alsofconf lictr esol ut ion
Conf lictar ises f rom di f
fer ences.I toccur s whenev erpeopl e di sagree ov ert heirv al
ues,
mot i
v ations, percept ions, ideas, ordesi res.Somet i
mest hesedi fferencesl ookt rivi
al,butwhen
aconf lictt rigger sst rongf eelings,adeepper sonalandr elationalneedi satt hecor eoft he
probl em -aneedt of eelsaf eandsecur e,aneedt of eelrespect edandv alued,oraneedf or
great ercl osenessandi ntimacy .
ii
i.Recogni zingandr esol v i
ngconf lict ingneeds
Ify ouar eoutoft ouchwi thy ourf eel i
ngsorsost ressedt haty oucanonl ypayat tentiont oa
li
mi tednumberofemot i
ons,y ouwon’ tbeabl etounder st andy ourownneeds.I fy oudon’ t
under standy ourdeep- seat edneeds, youwi l
lhav eahar dt i
mecommuni catingwi thother sand
stay i
ngi nt ouchwi thwhati sr eallyt roubl ingy ou.Forexampl e, coupl esof tenar gueaboutpet t
y
differences-t hewayshehangst het owel s,thewayhepar tshi shai r-rathert hanwhati sr eall
y
bot her ingt hem.I nper sonalr elationshi ps,al ackofunder st andingaboutdi fferingneedscan
resul tindi st ance, argument s, andbr eakups.
Inwor kpl aceconf l
icts,di ffer i
ngneedsar eof t
enatt hehear tofbi t
terdi sput es.Wheny oucan
recogni zet hel egi t
imacyofconf lictingneedsandbecomewi lli
ngt oexami net hem i nan
env ir
onmentofcompassi onat eunder standi ng,itopenspat hway st ocr eativepr oblem sol vi
ng,
team bui lding,and i mpr ov ed r elat ionshi ps.When y ou r esol ve conf li
ctand di sagr eement
quickl yandpai nlessly ,mut ual trustwi llflourish.
11.Quest ionf ordi scussi on:
Br
ief
lydescr
ibehoweachofthefoll
owingconf
li
ctr
esol
uti
onski
ll
shel
ptheconf
li
ctr
esol
uti
on
managertoendconf
li
ctshi
ghlysuccessf
ul:
i. Managi ngandResol vingConf li
ctinaPositi
veWay
ii
. Thef undament alsofconf l
ictresoluti
on
ii
i.Recogni zi
ngandr esolvingconflicti
ngneeds
8.Successf ulconfl
ictresolutionabil
iti
es
Successfulconfli
ctr
esol ut
iondependsony ourabi
li
tyto:
i
)Managest resswhi l
eremai ningalertandcal m.Bystayi
ngcal
m,y
oucanaccur
atel
yreadand
i
nterpr
etv er
bal andnonv er
bal communi cat
ion.

TheSt
ateUni
ver
sit
yofZanzi
bar
,SUZA By:Mwal
im N.I
ssa MADSNovember
,
Page20 2017.
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Conf
li
ctandManagement(
DS:
2101)
.SUZA,
2017.
i
i)Cont r oly ouremot ionsandbehav ior.Wheny ou’r eincontrolofy ouremot i
ons,youcan
communi catey ourneedswi thoutt hreatening, fri
ght ening,orpunishingot hers.
i
ii)Payat tentiontot hef eelingsbei ngexpr essedaswel lasthespokenwor dsofot her
s.
i
v )Beawar eofandr espect fulofdi f
fer ences.Byav oi
dingdisrespectf ulwordsandact i
ons,
youcanr esol vethepr obl em f aster.
9.Heal thyandunheal t
hyway sofmanagi ngandr esol vi
ngconf li
ct
Conf li
ctt ri
gger s strong emot ions and can l ead t o hurtf eelings,di sappointment,and
discomf or t.
When handl ed in an unheal thymanner ,itcan cause i r
reparabl erifts,resentments,and
breakups.
Butwhenconf l
i
ctisr esol v
edi naheal thyway ,itincr easesourunder st
andi ngofoneanot her,
buildst rust ,andst r
engt hensourr el ati
onshi pbonds.
i
)Unheal thyr esponsest oconf l
ictar echar acterizedby :
i
.Inabi li
tyt orecogni zeandr espondt omat tersofgr eatimportancet oot herperson
i
i.Expl osi ve,angr y
, hur t
ful ,
andr esent f
ul reactions
i
ii
.Thewi thdrawal ofl ove, resul t
ingi nreject i
on, i
solation,shaming, andf earofabandonment
i
v.Theexpect ationofbadout comes
v.Thef earandav oidanceofconf li
ct
i
i)Heal thyr esponsest oconf lictar echar acterizedby :
i
.Thecapaci tytor ecogni zeandr espondt oi mpor tantmat ter
s
ii
.Ar eadi nesst of orgiv eandf or get
i
ii
. Theabi li
tytoseekcompr omi seandav oidpuni shing
i
v.Abel iefthatresol utioncansuppor tthei nterest sandneedsofbot hpar ti
es
10.Fourkeyconfl
ictresolut
ionskil
ls
Theabi l
i
tytosuccessfull
ymanageandr esolv
econf l
ictdependsonf ourkeyskil
l
s.Toget
her
,
thesefourski
ll
sform af if
thskil
lthatisgreaterthanthesum ofi t
sparts:theabil
i
tyt
otake
confl
icti
nstri
deandr esol
vediff
erencesinway sthatbui
ldtrustandconfi
dence.
 Conf
li
ctr
esol
uti
onski
ll1:
Qui
ckl
yrel
ievest
ress
Thecapaci t
ytor emainr el
axedandf ocusedint ensesituati
onsisav it
alaspectofconf l
i
ct
resoluti
on.Ifyoudon’tknowhowt ostaycenteredandi ncontrolofyour
self,y
oumaybecome
emot ionall
yoverwhelmedi nchall
engi
ngsituati
ons.Thebestwayt orapi
dlyandreli
abl
yreli
eve
stressist hr
ought hesenses:sight
,sound,touch,tast
e,andsmel l.Buteachpersonresponds
differ
entlytosensoryinput,
soy ouneedtofindthi
ngst hataresoothi
ngtoy ou.
 Conf
li
ctr
esol
uti
onski
ll2:
Recogni
zeandmanageyouremot
ions.
Emot ionalawarenessi st hekeyt ounderstandingyoursel
fandother
s.Ifyoudon’tknowhow
youf eelorwhyy ouf eelthatway ,
youwon’ tbeabl et
ocommuni cat
eef f
ect
ivel
yorsmoot hover
disagreements.Althoughknowi ngyourownf eeli
ngsmayseem simple,manypeopleignoreor
tr
yt osedat estr
ongemot ionsli
keanger,sadness,andf ear
.Butyourabil
i
tytohandleconfli
ct
dependsonbei ngconnect edtothesefeelings.Ifyou’
reafrai
dofstrongemotionsori fyou
i
nsistonf indi
ngsol utionst hatar
estri
ctl
yr ati
onal,yourabi
li
tytof
aceandr esol
vedif
ferences
willbeimpaired.
 Conf
li
ctr
esol
uti
onski
ll3:
I
mpr
oveyournonver
balcommuni
cat
ionski
ll
s
The mosti mpor t
anti nf
ormati
on exchanged duri
ng confl
i
cts and argumentsi s oft
en
communicatednonv erball
y.Nonver
balcommunicati
onincl
udeseyecontact
,faci
alexpressi
on,
toneofvoice,posture,touch,andgestur
es.Wheny ou’r
einthemi ddl
eofaconf li
ct,payi
ng

TheSt
ateUni
ver
sit
yofZanzi
bar
,SUZA By:Mwal
im N.I
ssa MADSNovember
,
Page21 2017.
 Peace,
Conf
li
ctandManagement(
DS:
2101)
.SUZA,
2017.
closeatt
entiontotheotherper
son’
snonver
balsi
gnalsmayhel pyoufigur
eoutwhattheother
personisreall
ysaying,r
espondinawaythatbui
ldstrust,andgettot herootoft
heprobl
em.
Simplynonv er
balsignal
ssuchasacal mtoneofv oice,ar eassur
ingtouch,oraconcer
ned
facial
expressi
oncangoal ongwaytowar
ddefusi
ngaheat edexchange.
 Conf
li
ctr
esol
uti
onski
ll4:
Usehumorandpl
ayt
odealwi
thchal
lenges
You can av oi
d many conf r
ontati
ons and r esol
ve arguments and di sagreements by
communi cati
ngi napl ayf
ulorhumor ousway .Humorcanhel py ousayt hingst hatmi
ght
otherwisebediff
icul
ttoexpresswi t
houtcreat
ingaf l
ap.However,
it’
si mport
antt hatyoul
augh
withtheotherperson,notatthem.Whenhumorandpl ayareusedtor educetensionandanger
,
refr
amepr oblems,andputt hesituat
ionintoperspect
ive,t
heconfl
ictcanact uall
ybecomean
opportunit
yforgreat
erconnectionandinti
macy .
12.Quest
ionf
ordi
scussi
on:
Theabil
it
ytosuccessf
ull
ymanageandr
esol
veconf
li
ctdependsonf
ivepr
omi
nentkey
ski
ll
s.Di
scuss
11.Tips/Guideli
nesformanagingandr esolvi
ngconfli
ct
Managingandr esolvi
ngconfl
ictrequiresemot i
onalmaturi
ty,selfcont
rol
,andempat
hy.I
tcan
betri
cky,fr
ustrati
ng,andevenf r
ightening.Youcanensur ethatt hepr
ocessisasposi
ti
veas
possi
blebyst i
cki
ngtot hef
oll
owingconf l
ictr
esolut
iongui
delines:
 Maket her el ationshipy ourpr iori
ty.Mai ntaini
ngandst rengtheni ngt herelati
onship,rather
than“ winning”t hear gument ,shouldal way sbey ourf i
rstpr i
ority.Ber espectfuloftheot her
personandhi sorherv i
ewpoi nt .
 Focusont hepr esent .Ify ou’r
ehol dingont ooldhur tsandr esent ments,yourabi l
it
ytosee
ther ealit
yoft hecur rentsi t
uat i
onwi l
lbei mpai
red.Rat hert hanl ookingt ot hepastand
assigningbl ame, focusonwhaty oucandoi nthehereandnowt osolvethepr oblem.
 Picky ourbat tle.Conf l
ictscanbedr aining,soit’
simpor tantt oconsi derwhet hertheissuei s
reall
ywor t
hyofy ourt i
meandener gy.May beyoudon' twantt osur renderapar kingspacei f
you’vebeenci rcli
ngf or15mi nutes.Buti ftherearedozensofspot s,arguingov erasi ngle
spacei sn’twor thit.
 Bewi l
li
ngt of orgive.Resol v i
ngconf li
cti simpossibleifyou’ r
eunwi ll
ingorunabl etoforgive.
Resol ut
ionl iesi nreleasi ngt heur get opuni sh,whichcannev ercompensat ef orourlosses
andonl yaddst oouri njurybyf urt
herdepl etinganddr ai
ningourl i
ves.
 Know whent ol etsomet hinggo.I fy oucan’ tcomet oanagr eement ,agreet odisagree.It
takest wopeopl etokeepanar gumentgoi ng.Ifaconf li
cti sgoi ngnowher e, y
oucanchoose
todisengageandmov eon.
13.Quest ionf ordi scussi on:
Managi ngandr esolv i
ngconf l
ictr equiresemot i
onalmat ur i
ty,sel fcont r
olandempat hy.
Substant i
ate.
12.Managi ngandr esolvi
ngconf l
ictbylearninghowt ol
isten
Whenpeopl eareupset ,
thewor dst heyuser arelyconveytheissuesandneedsatt heheartof
theproblem.Whenwel i
stenf orwhati sf el
taswel lassaid,weconnectmor edeepl
ytoour
ownneedsandemot i
ons,andt othoseofot herpeople.List
eningint hi
swayalsostr
engthens
us,i
nformsus, andmakesi teasi erforotherst ohearus.
Tipsforbeingabet t
erli
stener :
 Listentothereasonst heot herper songivesforbeingupset .
 Makesur eyouunder standwhatt heot herpersonistel
li
ngy ou-f r
om hi
sorherpointof
vi
ew.
 Repeattheot herperson’swor ds,
andaski fyouhaveunder stoodcorr
ect
ly.

TheSt
ateUni
ver
sit
yofZanzi
bar
,SUZA By:Mwal
im N.I
ssa MADSNovember
,
Page22 2017.
 Peace,
Conf
li
ctandManagement(
DS:
2101)
.SUZA,
2017.
 Aski fany thingr emai nsunspoken, givi
ngt heper sont imet ot hinkbef oreanswer i
ng.
 Resi stt het empt ati
ont oi nterj
ectyourownpoi ntofv iewunt i
ltheot herper sonhassai d
everythingheorshewant st osayandf eelsthaty ouhav elistenedt oandunder stoodhi s
orhermessage.
13.Conf l
ictresol utioni nAf rica ( peace- makingandpeace- agr eement )
a)Theconceptofconf lictresol utioninAf ri
canper spect i
v es
Thepr ocessofsol vingt hepr oblem ofconf li
ctsi nAf r
icahascommonl ybeenr ef erredas
conf li
ctresol ution( Stedman,1991)ci t
edby( Mpangal a,2000) .Conf li
ctr esolutionsconst i
tute
shor t-
term andl ongt erm measur es.Short-
term measur esi ncludepr ocessofpeacemaki ng
and peace consol i
dation i n si t
uations ofv ioletconf l
icts.Long- term measur es i ncl
ude
processes of conf l
i
ct pr ev ention t hr
ough democr atization, equi table soci o-economi c
dev elopmentand r egionali ntegr at
ion.Shor t
-term measur es ar e cal l
ed r eacti
v e conf li
ct
prev enti
ont hati st akingmeasur esaf tert
heconf li
cthasal readybecomev iolet.Thel ong- t
erm
measur esar er egar dedaspr oact i
ve,thatarestepst akenbef oret heconf li
cthasescal ated.
Theconcept ualizat ionofconf lictresoluti
onont hebasi sont heshor t-term measur esr equires
clearper cept i
onsofconf l
ictsandst ateofpeace,andt hedi alecticalrelati
onshi pbet weent he
two.Conv entionalper cept i
onofconf li
ctshasof tentendedt ol ookatt hem from negat iv
epoi nt
ofv iew.

We hav e al ready obser ved how i nt he Regi on oft he Gr eatLakes ( RGLs)t he mi li

tar y
dictat orshi psofI diAmi ni nUgandaandHaby ari
manai nRwandahadt obeoust edt hr ough
armedst ruggl esf orf ewexampl es.
Simi larlyt hest at eofpeacewhi chi st hei mmedi ateobj ect iveoft heconf li
ctr esol ut i
onshoul d
notbesi mpl yper cei vedast heabsenceofv iolence.I tshoul dbeper cei vedast heabsenceof
bothv iolenceandunj ustsoci al ,economi candpol iti
calcondi ti
ons.Thi sshoul dt heref or emean
the pr esence of pol it
icalsecur ity,st abilit
y and pr ospect sf orequi table dev elopment ,
obser vanceofhumanr i
ght sandhumandi gni ty.Thi smeanst hatpeaceshoul densur et he
presenceofsecur ityfr om dangerandf r
om f ear .
i
.Democr at i
zat i
ons.
Ithasbeenar guedt hatoneoft heunder lyingf actorsf orconf licti nt heRGLsandAf ricaasa
whol ei shasbeenl ow- leveldev elopmenti ndemocr acyandt her eforeneeddemocr at ization
process.Democr at i
zat ionhasbeenachar act eristi
cf eat urei nAf ri
cadur i
ngt hel astt eny ear s
thati sf rom t hel ate1980st ot he1990s.I tent ai
lsst ruggl esoft hepeopl eofAf r i
caf or
democr acy and measur es bei ng t aken.One oft he mostconspi cuous f eat ur es oft he
democr atizat i
onpr ocesshasbeent her apidgr owt hofmul ti-par typol iticsandt heci vilsoci ety.
Wi t
ht heexcept i
onofUgandaandLi by awhi chhasadopt edanon- par typol i
t i
calsy stem,t he
restofAf ricancount rieshav egonei ntomul ti
-partism wi thpr oli
fer at i
onofmanypol itical
partiesi nsomeoft hecount ries.
The cur rentdemocr atizati
on pr ocess has gr eat l
yi nf luenced by t he model s ofl i
ber al
democr acyand whatwe mayr egar d as democr acyoft he popul armasses and soci al
democr acy .Li ber aldemocr acydev elopedi nWest er nEur opeandNor thAmer icaf r
om t he18th
tot he19th cent uriesar i
singoutoft hedev elopmentcapi talism andt her i
seoft hebour geoi se
class.Li ber aldemocr acyi scent r edar oundanumberofpr i
nci pleswhi chi ncludebasi chuman
freedomssuchasf reedom ofassoci ation,ofspeech,ofmov ement ,oft hepr essandof
participat ionandt hepr inciplesofhumanr i
ght s,t her ul
eofl awandt her elationshi pbet ween
theexecut ive,t hej udi ciaryt heandl egislatur e,t hepr incipl eofpar tyinstitut ionsandt he
cent ralit
yoft hepol iti
calandeconomi cent repr eneur shipofmar ketf or ces.Liber aldemocr acy
placesgr eatemphasi soni ndi vidual ism andi ndi viduall i
ber t y.Themai npr obl em wi thl i
ber al
democr acyi snotsomucht hepr inciplesbutt hemodei nwhi cht heyar eappl iedi nt he
democr aticpr actice.Li keAf ri
can democr acyl i
beraldemocr acyi sa st ate- cent red and i t
theref oreusesat op- downappr oach.
TheSt ateUni versit
yofZanzi bar ,
SUZA By:Mwal im N.I ssa MADSNovember ,
Page23 2017.
 Peace,
Conf
li
ctandManagement(
DS:
2101)
.SUZA,
2017.

Howev er,li
beraldemocr acyhasgr eatl
yinf l
uencedt hedemocr ati
zationpr ocessi nAf r
ica
parti
cularl
ygivent hest rongi nf
luenceofWest ernpower sandi nstit
utions,andt hepostcol d
warcondi ti
ons.Iti sarisingoutofsuchpr edomi nantposi ti
onofl iberaldemocr acyt hatthe
i
ntell
ectualdebateont hedemocr atizati
onpr ocessi nAf ri
cahasgi venr i
set othedev el
opment
oftheconcept sofdemocr acyoft hepopul armassesorpeopl ecent reddemocr acyandsoci al
democr acy.Democr acyoft hepopul armassespl acesdueemphasi sont heprincipl
esof
parti
cipati
on,empower mentoft hepeopl e,emanci pat i
on,socialmov ement sandt her ol
eof
civ
ilsociety
.Thismodelconst it
utesst ruggl
eagai nstliberaldemocr acyasi tputsemphasi son
the communi tyr athert han the i ndivi
dual,on peopl e-
centred rathert han state centred
democr ati
zati
on,and mass mov ementf rom bel ow r athert han t op-down appr oach in
democr ati
cpracti
ce.
14.Quest i
onfordi scussi on:
Eff
ectivedemocrati
zati
onisregar
dedasani mpor t
antprocessofmanagi ngt heemergence
ofconf li
ctsin any count
ry.With examples show how i neff
ecti
ve implementat
ion of
democr at
izat
ionhascausedtheemer genceofsocio-
economi c,pol
it
icalandenvir
onment al
confl
ictsinTanzani
a/Zanzi
bar.
b)Economi ctransf or
mat i
on,leadershipandr egionali nt
egrati
on
i
.Economi cTr ansfor
mat i
on
Theissueofeconomi ct r
ansformat i
ondemandsser iousconsiderati
onsinordert oensur elong
-t
erm andsustainabl esoluti
onst otheproblem ofet hnicconfl
icts.I
tisarguedt hatoneoft he
rootandunder l
yingcausesofet hnicconfli
ctint her egi
oni st henatureandchar acterof
underdevel
opedeconomi esandt hest ateofpov ertyamongt hepeopl ee. g.Bur undiand
Rwanda.
Duri
ngt hefi
rstdecadeandahal fofindependence, economi cgr owthinmostAf r
icancount ri
es
wasatanav erageof5percent ,whi chwasr ealizedi nsocialservicese.g.education,health
andinfrast
ructure.Howev er
,theeconomi ccr isi
si nAf ri
castartedinhalfoft he1970st ot he
1980s.
Economi cfai
luresinAf r
icahavebeenmadeev enworsebyt henatureandcharact
erofstates.
Forexampl et heest abli
shmentofanaut hor i
tar
ianone-partyandmi l
it
arystat
es,withthe
j
ustifi
cati
ont hattheywoul dfaci
li
tat
enati
onaluni t
yandf astersocio-
economicdevel
opment .
Butact ual
lyt hese state poorl
ymanaged t he economies wi t
ht endenci
es ofcorrupt
ion,
repatr
iat
ionofweal thabroad,andhighl
evelofmi l
it
aryspending.Forexample(Bal
l1991)ci
ted
by( Mpangala,200)poi ntedoutthatby1987,percentagesofmi li
taryspendi
ngintheannual
budgetsofcount ri
esoft heRGLSwer easf oll
ows:Keny aandRwanda12,Uganda15. 6,
Burundi12.7andTanzani a14.
3.
Whatshoul dbedonet oaddr
esssuchpr obl
ems?Wangwe( 1997)ident
ifiedtwoaspectswhich
werecr ucialforeffecti
veeconomicdevelopmenttheseinclude:Capacitybuil
dingi
nt er
msof
i
ndiv i
dualsandi nsti
tuti
onsthroughtraini
ngandt ransf
ormat i
onorr eformsasshor t-
ter
m
measur es whi l
et he long-t
erm measur es i
nvol
ve undertaki
ng agricultur
aland industr
ial
revolut
ions,regionaleconomicintegr
ati
ons,andestabli
shmentofdemocr ati
cdevel
opment al
statesinAf r
ica.
Mkandawil
e( 1995)has defined a democrat
ic dev
elopment
alstate as a st
ate whose
i
deologi
calunderpi
nni
ngsaredevel
opmentalandwhichseekstodepl
oyit
sadminist
rat
iveand
pol
i
tical
resourcestot
hetasksofeconomicdevel
opment.
A democr ati
cdev elopmentalstateistherefore,expect
edt ofulfi
l
lanumberoff unct
ions
i
ncluding:
 Ensur ethedev el
opmentofr eal
democr acy
 Faci l
it
atefastdev elopmentoftheeconomyandsoci alser
v i
ces
TheSt
ateUni
versit
yofZanzi
bar
,SUZA By:Mwali
m N.Issa MADSNovember
,
Page24 2017.
 Peace,
Conf
li
ctandManagement(
DS:
2101)
.SUZA,
2017.
 Shouldmakesur ethatthest andardofl
ivi
ngandt hewelfar
eoft hemajor
it
yofpeople
arelif
tedthroughpoli
ciesofequi t
yandsocial
just
ice.
 Shouldf i
ghtf orthedev elopmentofhumancent r
edselfr el
ianteconomywhi chis
subjectedtoSAPs.
 Shouldensur ethereducti
onandpossi bl
etheremov alofal
lformsofconf l
i
ctsandthus
buil
dsust ai
nablepeace,securit
yandnati
onalharmony .

i
i.Leader shi
p
Leadershipquali
ti
esshoul di ncludecommi t
mentt ot hebuildingofdemocr acyandef f
ecti
ng
soci
o-economi c development ,account abil
it
y,honest ,and t ransparency.Thr ough such
commi tmentsitisexpect edt opr ovi
decol l
ectiveleadershipwi t
hst r
ongl i
nkbet weent he
l
eader sandthepeopl e.I
tisalsoexpect edtocar ryoutthedev elopmentoft her esourcesofthe
regi
onf orthebenefitofther egion’
spopul at
ionsandi nthepr ocessf ightagainstal
lf or
msof
neo-coloni
ali
sm andpar rot
sm t endenciesinor dertodev el
opsel f-rel
i
antandhumancent er
ed
economi es.I
nthewhol eitisexpect edtoprovidet r
ansiti
onalmechani sm whichwi l
lensurethe
successofpol i
ti
calandsoci o-economictransiti
onsint heregion( Goanzalez,1997).
i
ii.Regionali ntegrat i
on
Regionali ntegr ati
oni st akenasanot herveryimpor tantphenomenoni nt hepr ocessofput ting
ethnicconf l
ictst ot heendi ntheRGLsandAf ricaasawhol e.Ithasbeenpoi ntedoutt hat
muchoft heSub- Sahar anAf ri
cafallswithi
nt heper i
pheryregionsoft hewor l
dchar acter izedby
economi cst agnat ion,t husr esulti
ngi ntoast ateofpol iti
calt urbul ence,war s,andunr est.
Regionalism i st hereforet hebestsol uti
onbecauset hehighert hel ev elofr egionnesst hel ower
thedegr eeofconf licts.Regionalintegrati
oni snecessar ybecausei tcaneaseet hnict ensions
existi
ngwi thint hest atebecauset hreatsofdomi nati
onbysomesmal lgr oupsov ersomest i
l
l
smal l
ergr oupswoul ddi sappear.Fur t
hermor e,conditi
onsf ort hesur vivalofwar l
ordsand
tyrantswoul ddi sappearast he“ ethnicbaseofsuchpowermonopol ieswoul dnol ongerbe
tenable”
.I naddi ti
ont osol vi
ngthepr oblem ofet hnicconfl
icts, r
egionali ntegrationi sal sov ery
cruciali
nor dert osol vet heproblem ofmar ginali
zationwithint hegl obal cont ext.
15.Quest ionf ordiscussi on:
Economictransfor
mati
on, l
eadershipandregi
onalint
egrat
ionar
eregardedasgoodt
oolsf
or
thedevel
opmentofanysoci ety,butontheotherhandtheycanpl
aygreatrol
eonput
ti
ngthe
soci
etyinendlessconf
li
cts.Discuss
c)Ther oleofr eli
gioni ncreati
ngpeaceandconf li
ctforsoci aldevelopment
What everelsei tmaybe,r el
igi
onisawayoft hi
nkingaboutt hewor ldandaboutr ealityint he
broadestsense.I tisf orthatreasonthatrel
igi
onhasar ol
et oplayindev elopment ,apr ocess
thatmustbeassi milatedintopeople’
sideasaboutt heirrel
at i
ontot hepastandt hef utureof
theirsocieties.In sub- Saharan Afri
ca,rel
igi
on arguabl ynow f orms the mosti mpor tant
connectionwi thther estoft heworld,aswehav earguedi nt hebookofWor ldsofPower .Not
onlydoesr eli
gionr emainakeyel ementi nthethinkingofmostAf r
icans,i tisi
ncr easingly
evidentinthepubl icrealm, i
ncludi
nginpoli
ti
cswi t
hsomegov er
nment sexplicitl
yst
at epubl i
cly
themselvesI slamist,andsomeheadsofst atepubli
clyclaimingt obebor n-
agai nChristi
ans.
Devel opmentpl annersandt heorist
sar efinal
lygivi
ngt houghtt ot her oleofr eli
gionasa
potent i
alagentofconf li
ctr esoluti
on and dev elopment.The Wor l
d Bank underJames
Wolf ensohndul yrecognizedt her oleofr el
igionasapot entialagentofdev el
opment ,andt his
viewi scur rent
lyr
eceivingat t
ent i
onf rom somel eadingEuropeandonori nst i
tut
ions.Butther e
areal sowr ongway soft hinkingaboutt her ol
eofr el
igi
oni ndev el
opment .Chr i
sti
anactivist
groupsi ntheUnitedSt at
es,f orexampl e,haveoftentakent oonar r
owav iewoft hereli
gious
factor,increasi
ngthepol i
ticaldanger sofsect ari
anpoli
ciesinacont inentt hatisthescenenot
onlyofdy namicChrist
ianmov ement s, butofIsl
amistandot herreli
giousgr oupsaswel l.

TheSt
ateUni
ver
sit
yofZanzi
bar
,SUZA By:Mwal
im N.I
ssa MADSNovember
,
Page25 2017.
 Peace,
Conf
li
ctandManagement(
DS:
2101)
.SUZA,
2017.
I
tseemsmostusef ult oconsidert hefut
ureofdev el
opmentinAf ri
cawi thi
nthescopeofa
widershiftawayf rom anar rowlyeconomi cpar adigm ofdevelopment ,andinfavorofa
broaderconceptthati ncl
udesar eli
giousorspir
itualdimensi
on,asthisisthewayinwhichthe
greatmajorit
yofAf ricans–j udgingf r
om allavail
ablemeasures,incl
udingopini
onpollsand
parti
cipat
ioninreli
giousr i
tual
s–t hinkabouttheirplaceinthelargerschemeofl i
fe.Thi
sis
bestseenaspar toftheUN’ shumandev el
opmentappr oach.
Accor di
ngt ot heUN Dev elopmentPr ogr amme,humandev elopmenti s“ aboutcr eatingan
environmentinwhi chpeopl ecandev elopt hei rful
lpot enti
alandl eadproduct i
ve,creati
velives
i
naccor dwi tht heirneedsandi nt er ests.”Thi sr ef
erst opeopl e’
sr esour
cesbey ondanypur el
y
mat eri
alandt echnocr ati
caspect .Logi cally,people’sasset sshoul dbeconsi deredinclusiv
eof
notonl yi nt
ell
ect ualandsoci alr esour ces,butal sospi ri
tualones,i fandwhent hesear e
availabl
e.Manymi ll
i
onsofAf r
icansbel ievet hatt hei
rsoci alrelati
onsext endnotj usttot hei
r
fri
endsandnei ghbor s,butalsoi ncl udet hespi ri
tsoft heirancestorsandot herspiri
tualbeings.
Theyi nvestti
meandener gyinmai ntainingt heser el
at i
onships,justast heydoi nkeepi ngup
thei
rconnect i
onswi thot herpeopl e.Thesear e“ spir
it
ualr esources,”whicht husf orm apar tof
thesocialnetwor ksv it
alfortrustandcooper ation.
Seriously,embracinghumandev el
opmenti mpliest aki
ngpeopl e’
swor ldvi
ewsser i
ouslyand
fol
lowi ngani ntegralappr oachint hedev el
opmentpr ocess.Reli
gionpr ovidesapower ful
mot ivati
onformanypeopl etoacttheway stheydo.I tequipsmanyoft hewor l
d’speoplenot
onl
ywi thmoralguidance, butal
sowi t
hthewi l
ltoimpr ovethei
rli
ves.Talkofther ol
eofr el
igi
on
i
ndev el
opmenti snotpr imari
lyamat t
erofi dentifyi
ngwhoshoul dr ecei
veai dhandout s,
whet hertheyareof fi
cial
si nsecul
arbureaucraci
esormember sofreli
giousnet works.Whatis
mor ei mport
antf orpol i
cy-makersi
smaki ngcont actwi threl
igi
ousnetwor ks,andl ear
ningto
thi
nkwi t
hthem.( StephenEl l
i
sandGer ri
eterHaar( 2007))

i
.Whataret
hetypi
calexampl
esofef
for
tstakensofarbyrel
igi
ous i
nst
it
uti
onst
ofost
er
conf
li
ctr
esol
uti
onandpeace-
maki
ngforvari
ous dev
elopments?
 Establ
i
shmentoff or
maland i nf
ormaleffecti
velear
ning i
nsti
tut
ions eg.Nurseri
es,
school
s,col
l
egesanduniv
ersi
ties.
 Establ
i
shmentofhealth ser
vice pr
ovi
sion cent
erseg.Clini
cs,hospit
als,t
radit
ional
medici
nesetc.

 Suppor
tingpeoplesf
acingf
requentandseri
ouspr
obl
emsorhazar
dsl
i
kef
ami
ne,
floods,
hunger
,war,dynamicbombs,orphans,
etc

 Runni
ngdif
fer
enti
ncomegenerati
ngact
ivi
ti
esandpl anseg.Fr
eer
eli
giouscont
ri
but
ions,
est
abl
ishi
ngofrel
i
giousshopsandot
herbusinessesetc

 Est
abl
i
shmentofnoni
nter
estbanki
ngsy
stemseg.PBZ,
NBC,
etc

 Est
abli
shmentofdif
fer
entor gani
zat
ions f
orguidance and counsel
i
ng i
n di
ffer
ent
dev
elopmenti
ssuesf
rom l
ocaltonati
onall
evel
s.Eg.BAKWATA, JUMAZA,KadhiCourt
,
CCDRT,et
c…….

i
i
.Whatar etypicalexampl esofconf l
ictsandunderdev el
opmentcausedbyt heinfl
uenceof
r
eligi
ousi nstit
ut i
onsandorf oll
owersinfl
uence?
 Frequenti ntr
aandi nter-
rel
igi
ousconfli
ctseg.……………………………………….
 Somer eligiousf undament ali
stsengageinterr
orism act
ivi
ti
eseg.………………
TheStat
eUniversi
tyofZanzibar
,SUZA By:Mwalim N.I
ssa MADSNovember,
Page26 2017.
 Peace,
Conf
li
ctandManagement(
DS:
2101)
.SUZA,
2017.
 Usi
ngmosttimei nl
earni
ngandt eachi
ngrel
igiousissuesandneglect
ingengagi
ngon
i
ncome generat
ing acti
vi
ties whi
ch are also reli
gions demands and rewarded
movement
sintheworldaftert
hedeath.

 Cor
rupt
ioni
ssuesar
erepor
tedt
ori
sei
ndi
ff
erentr
eli
gionsandi
ndi
ff
erentcor
neroft
he
wor
ldeg…….
.

 Prost
itut
ionandrappingi
salsoamongt hecommonact iv
iti
esappear
edt
orel
igi
ous
l
eadersand f r
ontli
nerst
hatcreateconfl
i
ctsand decl
i
nedev el
opmenti
ndif
fer
ent
rel
igi
ouscenter
sandcommuniti
es.eg…… et c………………..

TOPI C10: PEACEANDDEVELOPMENT

1.Rel at i
onshi pbet weenpeaceanddev elopment
Oneconceptori deat hatof tencompl ement speacest udiesi sdev el opment .Economi c, cultur al
,
andpol i
ticaldev elopmentcansupposedl yt ake" under dev eloped"nat ionsandpeopl esoutof
pover t
y ,thus hel pi ng br i
ng abouta mor e peacef ulwor ld.As such,many i nternat ional
developmentagenci es car ry outpr oject sf unded by t he gov ernment s ofi ndust rialized
count ri
es,most lythewest ern,desi gnedt o" moder nize"poorcount ri
esi nthef ocusofmaki ng
peaceandsecur it
y .Manyconduct edr esear cheshav eexposet hatanysoci etylivingi npeace
theirspeedt or odsf ordev elopmenti shi gh( butnotexact l
yper f
ect ).Buti tist r
uet hati nany
societywi thconf l
i
ct spr oduct ioni sdifficul tthesi t uationdr awbacksdev elopment .
2.Measur ementofDev el opmentandPov er ty
Theconceptofpeacehasbeenl inkedt ot hewi dei deaofdev elopment ,assumi ngt hat
developmenti snott hecl assi cal pursui tofweal th.Peacef uldev el
opmentcanbeasetofmany
diff
erentel ement ssuchasgoodgov er nance,heal thcar e,educat ion,genderequal it
y ,disast er
prepar edness,i nfrast r
uct ur e,economi cs,r uleofl aw,humanr i
ght s,env i
ronmentandot her
poli
ticali ssues.The measur ing ofdev elopmentuses notonl yGDP butal so numer ous
measur essuchas:
●Literacyr ates ●Mat ernal survival rate
●Lifeexpect ancy ●HI Vi nf ectionr ates
●Gini coef f
icient ●Numberofdoct orsperpat i
ent
●Percapi taincome ●HumanDev elopmentI ndex
●andot hers
Inthisf rame,t hepr oblem ofpeacef ul l
yi nv ol vest hecompl exmat terofhumandev elopment ,
whatexpl ainst hecompl exi tyofanypeace- buildingpr ocesses.Ther efor e,whent her ei speace
i
nacount r
yi tpr ov i
desagoodenv ir
onmentf orpeopl et opar ti
cipat ei nv ariousdev el opment
acti
v i
tiessuchasf armi ng,busi ness,t our ism,mi ning,andcommuni tydev elopmentact ivit
ies
suchasconst ructionofcl assr ooms, heal thcent er s,roads, wat erdev elopmentpr ogr ammes.
a)TheHumanPov ertyI ndex( HPI)
Ifhumandev elopmenti saboutenl ar gingchoi ces,pov er t
ymeanst hatoppor tuni ti
esand
choicesmostbasi ct ohumandev elopmentar edeni ed.Thusaper soni snotf reet ol eada
l
ong,heal thy,andcr eativ el if
eandi sdeni edaccesst oadecentst andar dofl i
ving,f reedom,
dignity,sel f-
respectandt her espectofot hers.Fr om ahumandev elopmentper spect ive,
pover t
ymeansmor et hant hel ackofwhati snecessar yf ormat eri
al wel l-being.
Forpol i
cy-maker s,t hepov ertyofchoi cesandoppor tunitiesi sof tenmor er elevantt hant he
pover t
yofi ncome.Thepov ertyofchoi cesf ocusesont hecausesofpov ertyandl eadsdi rect l
y
tost rategiesofempower mentandot heract i
onst oenhanceoppor tuniti
esf orev er yone.
Recogni zingt hepov ertyofchoi cesandoppor tuni ti
esi mpl iest hatpov ertymustbeaddr essed
i
nal litsdi mensi ons, noti ncomeal one.

TheSt
ateUni
ver
sit
yofZanzi
bar
,SUZA By:Mwal
im N.I
ssa MADSNovember
,
Page27 2017.
 Peace,
Conf
li
ctandManagement(
DS:
2101)
.SUZA,
2017.
TheHumanDev elopmentRepor t1997i nt r
oducedahumanpov ertyindex( HPI )inanat tempt
tobr ingt oget heri nacomposi teindext hedi ffer entf eat ur esofdepr ivat i
oni nt hequal i
tyofl ife
toar riveatanaggr egat ej udgmentont heext entofpov er tyi nacommuni ty.
Thet hreei ndi cat orsoft hehumanpov er tyindex( HPI )
Rat hert han measur e pov erty by i ncome,t he HPIuses i ndi cator s oft he mostbasi c
dimensi onsofdepr ivation:ashor tlife,l ackofbasi ceducat ionandl ackofaccesst opubl ic
and pr ivat er esour ces.The HPIconcent rat es on t he depr ivation i nt he t hree essent i
al
element sofhumanl ifeal readyr ef l
ect edi nt heHDI :l ongev ity,knowl edgeandadecent
standar dofl iving.TheHPIi sder ivedsepar at elyf ordev elopi ngcount ries( HPI -1)andagr oup
ofsel ecthi gh- incomeOECDcount ries( HPI -2)t obet terr eflectsoci o-economi cdi ffer ences
andal sot hewi del ydi fferentmeasur esofdepr ivationi nt het wogr oups.
 Thef irstdepr i
v ationr elatest osur vival :thel i
kel inessofdeat hatar elat i
vel year l
yage
andi sr epr esent edbyt hepr obabi l
ityofnotsur v i
vingt oages40and60r espect ivelyf ort he
HPI -1andHPI -2.
 Theseconddi mensi onr el
at est oknowl edge:bei ngexcl udedf r om t hewor l
dofr eadi ng
andcommuni cat i
onandi smeasur edbyt heper cent ageofadul t
swhoar eill
iter ate.
Thet hirdaspectr elat est oadecentst andar dofl iving, i
npar t
icular ,ov erall
economi cpr ov isioning.
Fort heHPI -1,i ti smeasur edbyt heunwei ght edav erageoft heper cent ageoft hepopul ation
withoutaccesst osaf ewat erandt heper cent ageofunder wei ghtchi ldr enf ort hei rage.Fort he
HPI -2, t
het hirddi mensi oni smeasur edbyt heper cent ageoft hepopul at i
onbel owt hei ncome
pov ertyl ine( 50%ofmedi anhousehol ddi sposabl ei ncome) .
Inaddi tiont ot het hreei ndi catorsment i
onedabov e,t heHPI -
2al soi ncl udessoci alexcl usi on,
whi ch i st he f our th di mensi on oft he HPI .I ti sr epr esent ed byt he r at e ofl ong t er m
unempl oy ment .
b)Mul tidi mensi onal Pov er tyIndex( MPI )
TheMul ti
di mensi onalPov ert
yI ndex( MPI )i san i nt ernat ionalmeasur eofacut epov er ty
cov ering109dev elopi ngcount ri
es.TheMPIcompl ement sincome- basedpov er t
ymeasur es
byr ef l
ect i
ngt hemul tipledepr ivationst hatpeopl ef aceatt hesamet ime.TheMPIi dent i
f i
es
depr ivationsacr ossheal th,educat ionandl ivingst andar ds,andshowst henumberofpeopl e
whoar emul tidi mensi onal i
typoorandt hedepr i
vat i
onst hatt heyf aceatt hehousehol dl ev el.It
usest eni ndi cat or sacr osst hreedi mensi ons, ast hedi agr am bel owshows.
ThesecondMul ti
di mensi onalPov er tyI ndex( MPI ),whi chf eatur edi nt heUni tedNat i
ons
Dev elopmentPr ogr amme2011 HumanDev elopmentRepor tandcover ed109dev elopi ng
count r
ies,wasl aunchedon2Nov ember2011.I nDecember ,furtheranal y siswasr el eased
whi chshowsMPIpov er tyatt hesub- nat ionall ev elf or66count riesandt rackschangest oMPI
pov ertyov ert imei n10count r
ies.
Whati st heMPI ?
Thel ivesofpeopl el i
v ingi npov er tyar eaf fect edbymor et hanj ustal ackofi ncome.The
Mul tidimensi onalPov er tyI ndex( MPI )compl ement si ncomepov ertymeasur esbyr ef l
ect ing
thedepr ivat i
onst hateachpoorper sonf acesal latoncewi thr espectt oeducat ion, heal thand
otheraspect sofl ivingst andar ds.I tassessespov ertyatt hei ndiv i
dual level, withpoorper sons
beingt hosewhoar emul ti
pl ydepr i
v ed,andt heext entoft heirpov er t
ybei ngmeasur edbyt he
rangeoft hei rdepr ivations.
TheMPIcanbebr okendownt oshowav ividpi ctur eofpeopl el ivingi npov ert y,bot hacr oss
count r
ies, regi onsandt hewor ldandwi thincount riesbyet hni cgr oup, urban/ rurall ocat ion, or
otherkeyhousehol dchar act eristi
cs.I ti st hef i
rsti nternat ionalmeasur eofi tski nd, andof fer s
av aluabl e compl ementt oi ncome pov ertymeasur esbecause i tmeasur esdepr ivat i
ons
direct l
y.TheMPIcanbeusedasananal yticalt oolt oi dent ifyt hemostv ulner ablepeopl e,
show aspect si nwhi cht heyar edepr ivedandhel pt or ev ealt hei nt erconnect ionsamong
By:Mwal
im N.I
ssa MADSNovember
,
TheSt
ateUni
ver
sit
yofZanzi
bar
,SUZA Page28 2017.
 Peace,
Conf
li
ctandManagement(
DS:
2101)
.SUZA,
2017.
depri
vat
ions.Thisenabl
espoli
cymaker st otar
getresourcesand desi
gn pol
i
ciesmore
eff
ecti
vely
.Otherdi
mensionsofinterest
,suchaswork,safet
y,andempowerment,coul
dbe
i
ncorporat
edint
otheMPIinthefuture,asdat
abecomeav ai
l
able.
Whatdoest heMPImeasur e?
TheMPIuses10i ndicatorst omeasur et hr
eecr i
ti
caldimensionsofpovertyattheindiv
idual
l
evel:educat i
on,heal t
h and l iving standardi n 109 developi
ng countr
ies.These directl
y
measur eddepr i
vati
onsi nheal thandeducat ionaloutcomesaswel laskeyser v
icessuchas
water,sanitation,andel ectri
cit
yr ev
ealnotonl yhow manypeopl earepoorbutal sot he
composi ti
onoft hei
rindiv i
dualpov erty.TheMPIal soref
lectsthei
ntensit
yofpov ert
y–t he
sum ofwei ghteddepr ivationst hateachper sonf acesatt hesamet i
me.Aper sonwhoi s
depriv
edi n70%oft hei ndicatorsi sclearl
ywor seoffthansomeonewhoi sdepri
vedin40%of
theindicat
or s.
Whyi st heMPIusef ul?
TheMPIi sahighr esolutionl ensonpov ert
y.Knowi ngnotjustwhoi spoorbuthowt heyare
poor is essentialf or ef fecti
v e human dev elopment programmes and polici
es.Thi s
str
aightforwar
dy etrigorousi ndexal l
owsgov er
nment sandot herpoli
cymaker
stounderstand
thevarioussourcesofpov ertyforar egi
on,populati
ongroup,ornationandtar
gett
heirhuman
developmentplansaccor dingly.
TheMPIgoesbey ondpr eviousi nt
ernati
onalmeasur esofpovertyt
o:
 Showallthedepr i
vati
onsint hesel
ectedindicat
ort
hatimpactsomeone’
sli
featt
hesameti
me
–soitcaninfor
m ahol i
sticresponse.
 I
denti
fythepoor estpeople.Suchinformationisvi
talt
otargetpeopl
eli
vi
nginpover
tysot
hey
benef
itfr
om keyint
erventions.
 Show whi chdepr i
v ati
oncombi nati
onsar emostcommoni ndif
fer
entr egionsandamong
dif
fer
entgr oups,sot hatresour cescanbeallocatedandpol i
ciesdesignedtoaddr esst heirparticular
needs.
 Refl
ectt heresul
tsofef fect
ivepoli
cyinterventi
onsqui ckly
.TheMPIwi llimmedi atelyreflect
changesi nanyofi tsi
ndicatorssuchasschool attendancesocanbeusedt omoni t
orpr ogr ess.
 I
ntegratemanydi fferentaspectsofpovertyrelat
edtotheMDGsi ntoasinglemeasur e,t
ogi ve
anov ervi
ew ofi tscomponentchanges,t orefl
ecti nt
erconnectionsamongdepr ivati
onsandt ohel p
i
dentifypovertytraps.
(NB:I
nbr i
efseeappendix4inpage38)
GENERALSUMMARY
Thegoaloft hisdocumenti st opr ovidest udent sandf acultymember swithconf l
ictmanagementi nformat i
on
thatcanbebenef ici
al bothper sonallyandpr ofessi onallybutal sot heoreti
cal
lyandpr act i
call
y.Somepeopl ethink
confli
cti sat opict hatshoul dnotbedi scussedandt hatweshoul dnotengagei nconf li
ct.
Product ivelyengagi ngi nconf li
ctisal way sv aluabl e.Mostpeopl ear ewill
i
ngandi nterest
edi nr esolvi
ngt heir
confli
ct s;theyj ustneedt heappr opr i
ateski l
lsetandoppor tuni t
iesinwhi cht opracticet hi
sskillset.Wi thouta
confli
ctski llset,peopl ewantt oav oidconf li
ct ,hopi ngi twillgoawayornotwant i
ngt omakea“ bigdealoutof
nothing. ”Resear ch and per sonalexper i
encesshow ust hat ,when weav oid conf li
ct,theconf l
ictact uall
y
escalatesandourt hought sandf eelingsbecomemor enegat iv e.
Throughconf l
ictsel f
-awar enesswecanmor eef fectivelymanageourconf l
ictsandt heref
oreourpr ofessional
andper sonalr elationships.Fur thermor e,bydi scussi ngi ssuesr el
atedt oconf l
ictmanagement ,teamscan
establishanexpect edpr otocoltobef oll
owedbyt eam member swheni nconf l
ict
.Al lteamsandor ganizations
haveaconf li
ctcul t
ur e( t
hewayt het eam r espondst oconf lict).Howev er,mostt eamsnev erdi
scusswhatt he
confli
ctcul t
urei s,t hereforepr ovi
dingt heoppor tuni t
yf orindi vidualteam member st omakeassumpt ionst hat
canbecount erproduct iv
et otheteam.
Practicingone’ sconf lictmanagementski ll
sl eadst omor esuccessf ulengagementi nconf l
i
ctwi thout comesof
rel
ief,under standi ng, bettercommuni cat ion, andgr eaterproduct i
vit
yforbotht heindi vi
dualandt het eam.When
wemanageourconf li
ctsmor eef fectively,weusel essener gyont heburdensomet askssuchassy stemi c

By:Mwal
im N.I
ssa MADSNovember
,
TheSt
ateUni
ver
sit
yofZanzi
bar
,SUZA Page29 2017.
 Peace,
Conf
li
ctandManagement(
DS:
2101)
.SUZA,
2017.
confl
ictandgettospendmor eofourenergyonourproj
ectsatworkandbui
ldi
ngourrelat
ionshi
ps.Bel
owar
e
ref
erencesthatcanassi
stbot
hindi
vi
dualsandteamstogreat
erconf
li
ctmanagementsuccess.
Thought
ful
ness(
att
ent
ion)t
oMySt
udent
s
1.Ani
ntel
l
igentper
sonwi
l
lopeny
ourmi
nd,
abeaut
if
ulper
sonwi
l
lopeny
ourey
esandal
ovi
ng
ki
ndper
sonwi
l
lopeny
ourhear
t.NB:
thi
scanbet
rueandef
fect
ivei
fyouwi
l
lfi
ndi
tisv
aluet
oyou.
2.Logi
cisnei therasciencenoranart,
butadodge. 
3.Becarefulofy ourt
houghts,theymaybecomewor dsatanymoment.(
Iar
aGassen)
4.Ament alstaincanneitherbespotoutbythepassageofti
menorwashedawaybyanywat
ers.
(Ci
cero)
5.Thewest ernmi ndisli
near,t
heeasternmindi scir
cul ar.(BhagwanShr eeRajneesh)
.Doy ou
beli
eve?Why ?
6.Painofmi ndiswor sethanpainofbody .(
LatinProv erb)
7.Thepoweroft hemi ndisyourpower.Useit.Don’tletitusey ou.(Ter
riGuill
emets)
8.Yourmi ndisy ourhi
ghmostpower fulresource;usei teffecti
vel
y,eff
icient
lyandsustai
nabl
y
(Mwal i
m N, 2012)
9.Everybodyknowshowt olovebutfewpeopl eknowhowt ostayinlovewi t
honeper sonfor
ever
.
10.Loveisal anguagespokenbyev er
y onebutunder stoodonl ybyhear t
.( Mwali
m N,2012)
11.
Youmustweedy ourmindasy ouwoul dweedy ourgar den.(Ter
riGuil
lemets)

REVI
EW SAMPLEQUESTIONS
1. Withvi
vi
dexampl
esbri
efl
ydescr
ibeeachoft
hef
oll
owingconcept
s:
a) Peace b)Confl
i
ct c)Dev
elopment d)Conf
li
ct
Management

e) Conf
li
ctr
esol
uti
on f
)Conf
li
ctcost g)Conf
li
ctpeak h)Conf
li
ctdecay

i
) Conf
li
ctf
ight j
)Conf
li
ctf
li
ght

2.i
.Useexampl
est
oshowhowt
hef
oll
owi
ngf
act
orscauseconf
li
cti
nourcount
ry

a)Aut
hor
it
yrel
ati
onshi
p d)Communi
cat
ionbar
ri
ers

b)Goal
dif
fer
ences e) Cul
tur
aldi
ff
erences

c) Jur
isdi
cti
onal
Ambi
gui
ti
es

i
i
.Pr oposeef
fect
iveandsust
ainabl
eway
sthatcanbeappl
i
edt
oov
ercomet
hepr
esentconf
li
ctsi
n
oursoci
ety

3. a)Whati
sconf
li
ctandconf
li
ctmanagement
?

b) Howmi
ghty
ousel
ecty
ourconf
li
ctmanagementst
yle?

4. Conf
li
ctsar
epar
tofasoci
ety
’ssoci
o-economi
c,pol
i
tical
andenv
ironment
aldev
elopment
.Just
if
y

5. Therearetwovil
lagesconf
li
cti
ngonamangrovef or
estuses,whethert obeusedf orcutti
ng
bui
ldi
ngpoles(
GroupA)ortobeusedasaf
orestreser
veforfut
uresustainableuse(Gr
oupB) .As
aconfl
ictr
esol
uti
onmanagerselect
edt
oendthisconfl
ict
,expl
ainstep-by-st
epthatyouwilluse
TheSt
ateUni
ver
sit
yofZanzi
bar
,SUZA By:Mwal
im N.I
ssa MADSNovember
,
Page30 2017.
 Peace,
Conf
li
ctandManagement(
DS:
2101)
.SUZA,
2017.
t
ofi
nisht
heconf
li
ct.

6. Leadershi
pcanbepr act
icedi nawayofl eadi
ngthecount
ryt
ohav
efr
equentsoci
o-economi
c,
poli
ti
calandenv
ironment
al basedconf
li
cts.Di
scuss

7. Therearetwogr oupsofpeopl
einZanzibarconf
li
cti
ngont henumberandmodeofgovernments
tooperat
einTanzania.Onegroupbeli
evethatbyconti
nui
ngwi t
htwogov er
nment
sinTanzani
ais
bett
erwhileanothergr
oupbeli
evethatbyhavingthr
eeindependentgover
nment
sismuchbetter
.
Expl
ainstepwisethewaystogoaboutsolvi
ngsuchaZanzibari
sconfli
ct.

8. Prepareaspeechthatyouwil
lpresenti
ntheceremonyofendingaconf l
ictaboutpr
ior
it
ybet
ween
buil
dingaschoolandahospi talinav il
l
ageTASSAFpr oject,expl
aini
ngt hewayofmanaging
confl
ict
sforsust
ainabl
edevel
opmentoft hevi
ll
age.

9. Describewit
ht ypi
calexamplesthecommon causesofsoci o-
economic,envir
onmentaland
poli
ti
calconfl
ict
si n Zanzi
bar.Pr
opose ef
fect
ive and appr
opri
ate sust
ainabl
e measures t
o
overcomethi
schronicprobl
em.

10.Conf li
ctsar enowday sseenasaf ashiont omostdev elopingaswel lasdev elopednat ions.What
doy out hinkar et hecost scausedbyt heemer gingconf li
ctsi nt hewor ld?Useexampl est o
suppor ty ourar gument s.
11.Conf li
ctasal way spr ev alent ,ofteninev itable,butusual lyresol vable,isr emar kabl yoramazi ngl y
interest ingi ndeed.I tcannotbei gnoredorwi shedaway .I tcallsf oropen- mindedi nvest i
gat ion,
andchal l
engesust obecomeasi nvolvedaspossi blei nhonest ,creat i
veandef fecti
v epr oblem
solv i
ng.Di scuss
12.Conf li
ctsar einev i
tablei nsoci o-economi c, politi
calandenv ironment aldev elopment .Discusswi t
h
exampl est hescenar iost hatconf li
ctar ei nev i
t abl ei ndev elopingcount ri
essuchasZanzi bar .
Proposeef fective,effi
ci entandappr opriat esust ainabl eway stomi nimi zeZanzi barconf l
icts.
13.Pol i
ticalConf l
ictsandDemocr atizati
onPr ocessi nAf r
icancount ri
esar eamongt hepr omi nent
causesofper sistentst ateofpov ert
yi nAf ri
cancount ri
es.Wi tht ypicalexampl esf r
om Tanzani a,
assesst hev al
idityoft hi sst atement .
14.Global i
zat i
onhasbeencr eatedmanybenef i
tst ot hedev elopingcount r i
es,butont heot herhand
hasi nv olveddev elopingnat ionsint oendl essconf licts.Wi thexampl esdi scusshowgl obalization
hascausedpol iti
cal ,
soci al,economi cal aswel l asenv ironment alconf li
ctsi nTanzani a.
15.Rel i
gi ousbasedconf l
ict sar eseent ogr owf asti nt hi sdecadei nAf ricaandAr abWor ld.Whatdo
yout hinkar et hemaj orcausesoft hepr esentr eligi ousconf l
i
ctsi nTanzani a?Pr oposeef fect ive
and sust ainabl e measur es t o be t aken t o el imi nat et his ser ious pr oblem on t he count ry’s
dev elopment .
16.Apar tf rom i tsimpor t
ance,sci enceandt echnol ogyhasi nfluencedmanyconf l
ictsi nt hewor ld.
Eluci dat ehow t headv ancementofsci enceandt echnol ogycont ributest ot heemer genceof
conf lictsi nAf ri
ca.
17.Criticallycommentont heobser v ati
ont hat“ politicall eader shipi nAf r
icai samaj orcausef ort he
per sistentst ateofsoci o- economi c,political,cul tur alandenv i
ronment alconf li
ctsi nmostAf rican
count ri
es” .
18. Conf l
ictisi nevitable,necessar yandusef ul .Subst ant iate

19.Conf
li
ctsareawayrunni
ngtodevel
opment.Di
scuss
20.Di
scuss the r
elev
ance of soci
alconfl
i
ct theor
yinr
elat
ion t
othe pr
esent conf
li
ctsi
n

TheSt
ateUni
ver
sit
yofZanzi
bar
,SUZA By:Mwal
im N.I
ssa MADSNovember
,
Page31 2017.
 Peace,
Conf
li
ctandManagement(
DS:
2101)
.SUZA,
2017.
Zanzibar / Tanzani a
21.Conf lictsar et hesour ceofgr owt h,qual ity,gooddeci sionmaki ngandcr eat i
vit
y.Di scusshow
conflictscanbebenef i
cial toeachoft hement ionedi mpor t
antaspect sofhumanl i
fe.
22.Pol it
icall eader shipisamongt hemaj orcauseofconf li
ctsi nTanzani a.Criticallycommentont his
obser vationusi ngt ypical cur rentexampl es.
23.I fyouwi llnotamendawal lyouwi llbui l
dt hewal l
.Wi thr eferencet oZanzi barsoci o- economi c,
poli
tical andenv ir
onment al conf licts, j
ust ifythi sstat ement .
24.Di scusst heef fectiveandsust ainabl eway sthatcanl eadt hesoci et ytoli
vei npeaceandsecur i
ty.
25.“ Peaceandsecur itydonotexi sti nt hemout h,buti nt heact i
onsofal lst akehol der s”.Using
exampl esf rom Zanzi barconf li
ct sj ustifyt hisst atement .
MYFREEADVI CEANDMESSAGESTOTHEREADERSOFTHI SCOMPENDI UM
Keepi nmi ndandt henpr act icef ory ourbet terr elationshi pandi mpr ovementofl ife:
1.I fy oucannotbeposi tivethenatl eastbequi te.
2.Br oadl yspeaki ng, theshor twor dsar ethebest ,andt heol dwor dsbestofal l.
3.Ev erydayy oumaymakepr ogr ess.Ev er yst epmaybef ruitf
ul.Uset hiseducat ionaloppor tunit
yt o
progr essy ourwor ldandt hel ifeaf terdeat h.
4.Howev erbeaut i
f ul thest rategy ,youshoul doccasi onal l
ylookatt her esults.
5.Ihav eal way sf eltt hatapol iti
ciani st obej udgedbyt heani mosi ties( host i
l
ity
)heexci tesamonghi s
opponent s.
6.I fweopenaquar rel betweent hepastandt hepr esent , weshal lfi
ndt hatwehav elostt hef utur e.
7.I thasbeensai dt hatdemocr acyi st hewor stf orm ofgov er nmentexceptal ltheot herst hathav ebeen
tri
ed.
8.I t'
snotenought hatwedoourbest ;somet i
meswehav et odowhat '
sr equi red.
9.Menoccasi onal lyst umbl eov ert het ruth, butmostoft hem pi ckthemsel v esupandhur ryoffasi fnothing
ev erhappened.
10.Per sonal l
yI'
m al way sreadyt olear n, althoughIdonotal way sl i
kebei ngt aught .
11.Successi stheabi li
tyt ogof rom onef ailur etoanot herwi thnol ossofent husiasm.
12.Thepr i
ceofgr eat nessi sr esponsi bili
ty.
13.Tobui l
dmayhav et obet hesl owandl abor ioust askofy ear s.Todest r
oycanbet het hought lessactofa
singleday .
14.Wemakeal i
v i
ngbywhatweget ;wemakeal i
febywhatwegi ve.
15.Whent heeagl esar esi lent,thepar rotsbegi nt oj abber .
16.Wher etherei sagr eatdeal off reespeecht her ei salway sacer tainamountoff oolishspeech.
17."Cour agei swhati ttakest ost andupandspeak, Cour agei sal sowhati ttakest osi tdownandl isten.
"
18. Uzalendoni mat endosi okusemasanav iriri
ni aukuonewanakuny amazaki mya.Uzal endoni kilammoj a
wet u;wananchi nav i
ongozi kuwezakuwaj i
bi kanakuwaj ibishwakut okananakuki ukamaj ukumuy ake
kisheria.Wewemsomi jiel
ewe, ji
t hami ni ,chunguza, chambua, fafanua, t athmini,elewa, elimisha, t
etea.
Kuwamzal endowamat endosi okwamanenokwanchi najamiiy ako.

NB:All
rightsar
estrict
lyreser
ved.Nopartoft
hiscompendium maybe
repr
oducedortransmittedinanyfor
m orbyanymeans, el
ectr
onicsor
mechanical
,photocopyingwit
houtpr
iorper
missionoftheauthor.
By :Mwali
m N.I ssa MADS @2017.

Ref
erencedReadi
ngs
1.Ki
ngsbury,D.,Remeny i
,J.,
Mckay,J.andHunt,J.(2004).Keyissuesindevelopment.
PALGRAVEMACMI LLAN,NewYor k.
2.Conzal
ez,D.(1997).WhoLeadst oWher e?Afri
canleadershipint
otheXXICent ur
y”,
Confer
encePaperont he‘Ref
lect
ionsonleadershi
pinAf ri
ca”,DaresSalaam.
3.St
ewart,E.(2003).Confl
ictPr
evention:
ConsensusorConf usion?JournalofPeace,
Conf
li
ct
andDevelopment3: 2–17.

TheSt
ateUni
ver
sit
yofZanzi
bar
,SUZA By:Mwal
im N.I
ssa MADSNovember
,
Page32 2017.
 Peace,
Conf
li
ctandManagement(
DS:
2101)
.SUZA,
2017.
4.Mpangala,G.P.(2000).Ethni
cConfli
ctsi
ntheRegi
onsoftheGr eatLakes:
Ori
ginsand
ProspectsforChange.Universi
tyofDaresSal
aam,DaresSalaam.158pp.
5.Museveni,Y.(1998)
.“OpeningAddressbyH.EYoweri
KagutaMusev eni
,Pr
esi
dentoft
he
Republi
cofUgandaatt heConfli
ctResol
uti
oni
nAfri
caWor kshop.”
Addit
ionalSour cesRef erenced
1.Algert ,
N. E.(2002).Thecent erf orchangeandconf l
ictresolut
ion,Bryan,TX:(979)775-
5335
ore-mai lcccr @bigfoot.com.
2.Moor e,C., “
HowMedi at
ionWor ks”inTheMedi at
ionPr ocess:Practi
calStrat
egiesfor
Resol vi
ngConf li
ct.
3.Putnam ( 1994) .“
Bey ondt hi
rd-partyrole:
disputesandmanager iali
nterventi
on,”Employee
Responsi bili
tiesandRi ghtsJ.( 7:1).
4.Xicom, I
nc.( 1996).Conf l
ictWor kshopFaci l
i
tator’
sGui de.
5.http:
/ /www. foundationcoal i
ti
on.org/teams( confl
ictmanagement )
Referencesf ormor eI nf ormat ion
1.Katzenbach, J.R.,andSmi th, D. K.(1992)Wi sdom oft eams, HarvardBusi nessSchool Press.
2.Johnson, D.W. ,Johnson, R. T. ,andHol ubec, E.J.( 1986)Ci rclesofl earni
ng:cooper ati
oninthe
cl
assr oom ( rev.ed. ),Edi na, MN: InteractionBookCo.
3.“Workpl aceBasi cs: TheSki ll
sEmpl oy ersWant ,”Am.Soc.Tr aini
ngandDev el.andU. S.Dept.
Labor ,Empl oymentandTr ainingAdmi n.,1988.
4.Algert,N.E.( 1996)“ Conf licti nt hewor kplace”i nPr oceedi ngs:Womeni nEngi neer i
ng
Advocat esNet wor k, Denv er, CO., 123–127.
5.Consul ti
ngPsy chologi stsPr ess( CPP) .Thomas- KilmannConf li
ctModeI nstrument .Pal
oAl to,
CA: (800) 624- 1765orav ailabl eont heWor l
dWi deWebatht t
p://www. cpp-db. com.
6.Smi t
h, K.A.( 2000)Pr oj ectmanagementandt eamwor k.NewYor k: McGraw- Hi l
l BESTser i
es.
7.Blake, R.R.,andMout on, J.S.( 1964) .Themanager ialgrid.Houst on: Gul
fPubl ishi ngCo.
8.Algert,N.E.,andWat son, K.( 2002)Conf li
ctmanagement :introduct i
onsf orindi vidual
sand
organi zati
ons.Br yan, TX: (979) 775- 5335ore- mai lcccr@bi gfoot.com.
9.Raudsepp, E.( 2002)“ HoneLi steningSki l
lsToBoostYourCar eer,”av ai
l
ableont heWor ld
WideWebatht tp://www. car eer journal.com/ my c/climbi ngladder /20021224- raudsepp. ht
ml ,
accessedon28Januar y2003.
10.Lamber t,J.,andMy er s,S.( 1999)50Act i
vi
tiesf orconf l
ictr esolution.Amher st,MA: HR
Dev elopmentPr ess.
11.Johnson, D. W. ,
andJohnson, F.P.( 2000)Joi ningt oget her :groupt heoryandgr oupskill
s
t
h
(
7 ed.
),Bost
on,
All
ynandBacon.

i
ssamwal
im@y
ahoo.
com mwal
im22@gmai
l.
com

Appendi
x1 FI
VEMODELSOFCONFLI
CTMANAGEMENT

H ACCOMODATI
N COLLABORATI
N
C
O
O
P COMPROMI
ZING
E
R
A
TheSt
ateUni
ver
sit AVOI
yofZanzi
bar
,DING
SUZA
COMPETI
By:Mwal
im N.ING
ssa MADSNovember
,
T Page33 2017.
I
 Peace,
Conf
li
ctandManagement(
DS:
2101)
.SUZA,
2017.

L H
A S S E R T I V E N E S S
1.ACCOMODATI NG: I s hi
gh cooperat i
on and low asser
tiv
eness. Some peopl e use t
he
accommodat ing mode when the issue orout come is oflow i
mportance tothem.The
accommodat ingmodecanbepr oblemat i
cwhenoneusest hemodeto“keepat al
ly
”ort obea
mar t
yr.Forexampl e,i
fy oukeepal i
stoft henumberoft imesyouhav eaccommodat ed
someoneandt henyouexpectt
hatper sont or
eal
ize,
wit
houtyourcommunicati
ngtotheperson,
thatshe/heshouldnowaccommodat ey ou.
Accommodat
ingSki
l
ls: •For
get
ti
ngy
ourdesi
res •Sel
fl
essness •Abi
l
ityt
oyi
eld •Obey
ing
or
ders
2.COLLABORATI NG:Ishi
ghcooperati
onandhighasserti
veness.Ithasbeendescr
ibedas
“put
ti
ngani deaontopofanideaont opofanidea…i
nordert oachiev
ethebestsolut
iont
o
confl
ict
.”
Coll
aborati
onSkil
l
s:•Acti
veli
steni
ng •Nonthreateningconfr
ontat
ion
•I
dent
if
yingconcerns •Anal yzi
ngi nput
3.COMPROMI ZING: i s moderate assert
iveness and moder ate cooperati
on.Some peopl e def
ine
compromiseas“ givi
ngupmor ethanyouwant ,
”whil
eot her
sseecompr omiseasbot hpar t
ieswi nni
ng.
Timeswhent hecompromisingmodei sappr opri
atearewheny ouaredeal i
ngwi t
hissuesofmoder ate
i
mpor t
ance,wheny ouhav eequalpowerst atus,orwheny ouhav eastrongcommi tmentforr esol
uti
on.
Compr omi
singmodecanal sobeusedasat empor ar
ysoluti
onwhent herearet i
meconst r
aints.
Compr omi
singSki l
l
s:•Negot i
ati
ng •
Findingami ddleground •Assessi
ngv alue •Making
concessi
ons
4.AVOIDING:i
slow asser t
ivenessandl ow cooperati
on.Manyti
mespeopl ewi l
lavoidconfl
i
ct s
outoffearofengaginginaconf li
ctorbecauset heydonothav econfi
denceintheirconfl
ict
managementskil
ls.Timeswhent heav oi
dingmodei sappr
opri
atearewheny ouhaveissuesof
l
owi mport
ance,toreducet ensions,t obuysomet i
me,orwheny ouareinapositionoflower
power.
Avoi
dingSki
ll
s:•Abili
tytowi thdraw •Abi
li
tyt
osidestepi
ssues
•Abil
itytoleavet hingsunresol
ved •Senseoft iming
5.COMPETING:ishi
ghasserti
venessandlowcooperat
ion.Ti
meswhent hecompet i
ngmodei
s
appr
opri
atear
ewhenqui ckacti
onneedstobetaken,whenunpopul ardeci
sionsneedtobe
made,whenvi
tali
ssuesmustbehandl ed,
orwhenonei sprotect
ingself
-i
nterests.
Competi
ngSkil
ls:
•Argui
ngordebating •Usi
ngrankorinfl
uence
•Asser
ti
ngyouropini
onsandfeeli
ngs •St andi
ngyourground •St ati
ngy ourposi
ti
on
cl
earl
y
Appendi
x2
CONFLI CTRESOLUTIONPROCESS/ PROCEDURE
Out
li
nef oraMediati
onSessi on
Thi
sisasessi onofatl east2½ hours.I
tisasuggestedstr
uctur
ef orafor
malmediati
on
TheStat
eUni
ver
sit
yofZanzi
bar
,SUZA By:Mwal
im N.I
ssa MADSNovember
,
Page34 2017.
 Peace,
Conf
li
ctandManagement(
DS:
2101)
.SUZA,
2017.
sessionar oundaconfli
ctbetweent wo or
ganizat
ions,par
ti
esorgroups.Youshouldbe
fl
exiblewheny oustr
uct
ureamediati
onsession,e.
g.amor ei
nfor
malmediat
ion,
saybet
ween
twonei ghbours,
andwil
lneedadi
ffer
entapproach.
I
nthissession,
rememberthatyoumaywantt obef
lexi
blewi
tht
ime,forexampl
etoal
l
owfor
t
ranslati
on,toall
ow eachsideti
met ocaucus(speakamongt hemselv
es)ortogi
vet
he
mediatorti
metomeetbothsidessepar
atel
y.
Iti
salwaysagoodi deatost
ructureabreakinthemediat
ionforpeoplet
ohav et
eaandget
somefreshair
.So,toall
owforthingsl
i
kebreaks,ext
racaucusi
ng(groupi
ng)andtr
ansl
ati
on,
youshoul
dtrytosetasi
deabout4hoursforthemediati
onsessi
on.

1. OpeningofMedi
ati
on(cr
eat
ethescene):
Welcome 15mi
nut
es
I
ntroducti
ons
Agreeingtot
herulesandprocedures

2. StatementofPosit
ions(gather
ingofinf
ormation)
:
Eachsi depresentstheirposition(
theirpoi
ntofvi
ew)
Summar i
zetheseposi ti
onsf rom t
hechai r 30mi
nut
es
Allowclari
fyi
ngquest i
ons
Allowresponses

3. Findi
ngCommongr ound:
Whati seachsi depreparedtodo-askforpracti
calsuggesti
ons,
possiblesoluti
ons,etc
Taker esponsest othesesuggest
ions 35mi
nut
es
Summar i
zecommongr oundandaddalter
nati
vesolutionsfr
om
thechair
(Note:iftherei
sveryl i
tt
lecommongr oundatthispoint,
thi
smight
beagoodt i
met ospeakt obot
hsidesseparat
ely)

4. Reassessi
ngPosi
tions:
Givebothsidesanopport
uni
tyt
ocaucusonhowt
heyf
eel
about 20mi
nut
es
suggestedsolut
ions

5. Reachi
ngAgr
eement
:
Askeachsidet obri
efl
yrestatet
hei
rposit
ionandsaywhatt heyf
ell
aboutthepossibl
esoluti
ons
Revi
ewt hecommongr oundandsummar i
zeanypoi ntsofagr
eement 30mi
nut
es
fr
om thechair
Encourageagreementont heremai
ningpoints
Recordandreadbackwhat ev
eragr
eementi sreached

6. Cl
osur
eofMedi
ati
on:
Faci
li
tat
ediscussi
onont hewayforward,
incl
udi
ngtheenfor
cement, 20mi
nut
es
monit
oringandpubli
cizi
ngoftheagreement,
andtheneedforf
utur
e
meeti
ngs
Thankyou's

Appendi
x3 (
i) STAGESOFCONFLI
CT

TheSt
ateUni
ver
sit
yofZanzi
bar
,SUZA By:Mwal
im N.I
ssa MADSNovember
,
Page35 2017.
 Peace,
Conf
li
ctandManagement(
DS:
2101)
.SUZA,
2017.

I Hur
ti
ng(
standof
f)
N
T Conf
li
ctEscal
ati
on De-
escal
ati
on(
Negot
iat
ion)
E
N
S
Conf
li
ctEmer
gence Di
sput
eset
tl
ement
I
T
Y Lat
entConf
li
ct Post–Confl
i
ct/
Peace
bui
l
ding

T IM E

Appendi
x3 (
ii
) THECONFLI
CTCYCLE
Viewingconfl
ictasacycleiswidel
yacceptedi nthefi
eldofinternat
ionalr
elat
ionsandis
i
nstrumentalforunder
standi
ng how confl
i
ctpr ev
enti
on,confl
ictmanagement ,and post
-
confl
ictr
econstr
uct
ionr
esidewit
hint
heov er
all
frameworkofconfli
ct.

Ear
lyWar
ning

PostConfli
ct Conf
li
ct
Reconst
ructi
o Pr
event
ion
n

Crisi
s
Management

Eachst ageisassociat
edwi thuni quetoolsanddesignedt oworkwiththeotherst
olimitt
he
disrupti
onofconfli
cttonat i
ons,regions,
andt hei
nternat
ionalcommunity.Thosewhowantto
i
nt erv
enewi thi
ntheconf l
ictcyclemustbecomeknowl edgeableabouteachstageandhow
theyinteractwit
htheot hersiftheywantt oi
nter
dictandbr eakthecycleofconfl
i
ct.(Omar,
2014)

TheSt
ateUni
ver
sit
yofZanzi
bar
,SUZA By:Mwal
im N.I
ssa MADSNovember
,
Page36 2017.
 Peace,
Conf
li
ctandManagement(
DS:
2101)
.SUZA,
2017.
Appendi
x4

TheSt
ateUni
ver
sit
yofZanzi
bar
,SUZA By:Mwal
im N.I
ssa MADSNovember
,
Page37 2017.