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CANDIDATE GUIDEBOOK
THE CORE CONCEPTS OF RISK MANAGEMENT
Registration for the exam is via the PRMIA website and taking the exam is designed to
suit the needs of the busy risk professional.
Passing the Associate PRM carries an exemption from Exam IV of the PRM Exam. Be sure
to read this entire document to view important information that will help you be a
successful candidate.
We hope that you will join us in promoting the PRM program as the standard for our industry
and that you will join in our efforts to ensure that it will continue to meet the needs of our
members and our industry.
CONTENTS
1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
2 PROGRAM DESIGN
3 PROGRAM DATES
AND LOCATIONS
3 FEES AND REGISTRATION
4 TAKING THE ASSOCIATE
RISK MANAGER EXAM
6 ASSOCIATE PRM SYLLABUS
14 PREPARING FOR THE
ASSOCIATE PRM EXAM
PROGRAM DESIGN
DESIGN RATIONALE
The Associate PRM is intended for staff entering the
risk management profession, or those who interface
with risk management disciplines on a regular basis,
such as auditing, accounting, legal, and systems KEY LEARNING OBJECTIVES
development personnel who want to understand
fundamental risk management methods and The key learning objectives of the
Associate PRM are to:
practices. Designed to be highly practical, it is
mathematically and theoretically less detailed than ■ Gain a familiarity with the concept of risk
PRMIA’s Professional Risk Manager (PRM™) management and its place in the business,
designation. The program covers the core concepts organization or system
of risk management, allowing non-specialists to ■ Gain an overall understanding of the
interpret risk management information and reports, concepts of risk management techniques
in a non-quantitative framework
make critical assessments, and evaluate the
implications and the limitations of such results.
■ Understand how governance fits into the
concept of risk management
Risk is an integral component of every forward-
looking transaction. Now more than ever before, it
■ Understand the concepts of risk and return
is essential to understand the multiple dimensions ■ Gain a familiarity with the structure and
of risk as well as how to best manage risk to gain a workings of various financial markets
competitive advantage. ■ Gain a familiarity with the financial
instruments used in risk management
The knowledge demonstrated by passing the
Associate PRM provides a practical, non-ivory tower ■ Understand the concepts of interest rate
risk and hedging
approach that is necessary to effectively implement
a superior risk management program. Successful
■ Understand the concepts of asset-liability
management
candidates will be able to:
■ Understand the concepts of market
■ Understand corporate governance, risk management
compliance and risk management ■ Understand the concepts of retail and
commercial credit risk management
■ Be able to implement integrated risk ■ Understand the concepts of operational
management risk management
2
READING MATERIAL
The Essentials of Risk Management, Second PROGRAM DATES
Edition by Michel Crouhy, Dan Galai, and Robert AND LOCATIONS
Mark (McGraw-Hill, 2014, 0-0-7181851-0)
FEES
To view your fees, relevant to your membership status, click HERE.
■ Payment by credit card is required for online purchases. If you would like to make
alternative arrangements, please contact certification@prmia.org. All manual
transactions are subject to a $25 USD processing surcharge.
■ If you are interested in adopting the Associate PRM as a corporate program, please
contact membership@prmia.org. Special pricing on exam vouchers and preparatory
materials may be available to your company.
3
REGISTRATION
Registration for the Associate PRM exam is handled using our online form that can
be found by clicking HERE.
■ When you register, a voucher number will be provided to you that you can use
to schedule your exam at the center, date and time of your choice.
■ Once you have obtained your voucher please visit www.pearsonvue.com/prmia
and follow the instructions on how to create an account, select your testing
center online or for phone numbers where you can be assisted by a representa-
tive of Pearson VUE. 90 DAY RULE
■ Please be certain to have your PRMIA username available and to enter it Please note that there is a
correctly when registering with Pearson VUE*. Your exam results will be strict PRMIA policy that
provided to that username via the PRMIA website. It is your responsibility to exams may NOT be retaken
ensure that your PRMIA username is entered correctly when registering with within 90 days of a prior
Pearson VUE. Failure to do so may result in a delay of exam results being sitting. Any candidate
reported to you or misreporting of exam results to another member. attempt to transgress this
policy by whatever means
■ Please note that all vouchers used to schedule exams have an expiration date. may result in penalties
Should you attempt to schedule or reschedule to a date beyond the expiration against the candidate which
date of your voucher, it will not be accepted by Pearson VUE. You may contact could include forfeit of any
certification@prmia.org for a new voucher number, which will be provided to PRMIA certifications,
you without charge, subject to the condition that the request is made within vouchers, and possible
one year of the expiration date. After one year has passed since the expiration expulsion from PRMIA. This
date of the voucher, no replacements will be made. rule applies equally where
PRMIA exams are available
* Your PRMIA username will become your Pearson Vue client question. in other languages.
4
ARRIVE ON TIME
It is very important that you leave enough time to arrive at the testing center early.
Candidates that arrive late to the test center
may not be permitted to test. The full charge
for the exam will be made if you are not CANCELLATIONS/CHANGES
admitted for any reason. As these centers In recognition of the busy and changing schedules
offer exams for other organizations as well, of risk managers, you may change your exam
not everyone in the room will be taking the appointment without charge through the Pearson
same exam, so no assumptions should be Vue system at www.pearsonvue.com/prmia. Please
made about when other candidates enter note that all change requests must be made at
or leave the testing center. least one business day before the testing date or
the entire exam fee will be forfeited.
Because of the flexibility in rescheduling, all exam
fees are considered final sales, and refunds will
EXAMINATION ADMINISTRATION
not be granted under any circumstances.
Each testing center has an administrator who can
assist candidates with any questions that they may
have. In the event of any incident (computer failure, inadequate
supplies, excessive noise, or any other circumstance) which the
candidate believes is not compatible with good examination
conditions, this must be brought to the attention of the examination EXAM SECURITY
proctor immediately upon the incident being noticed — without
continuing the exam. Failure to inform the proctor in this manner will The Associate PRM exam is
invalidate any subsequent candidate incident reporting which cannot conducted under secure
be substantiated by the test center. conditions. Any attempt by
candidates to copy questions
by any means, including unor-
EXAMINATION RESULTS ganized memorizing, and to
Exams are graded digitally. Your exam results should be available distribute these questions to
within 15 business days of your test date and will be delivered to you other individuals, will be treat-
via the PRMIA website which you can access by logging in to the ed as unethical behavior and
PRMIA website. You will find the results within "My Profile”. may result in penalties against
the candidate which could
include forfeit of any PRMIA
certifications, vouchers, and
possible expulsion from PRMIA.
Indictment to copy, and usage
of copied questions may also
result in the same penalties.
CALCULATORS
No calculators are
needed nor provided.
5
ASSOCIATE PRM SYLLABUS
SECTION A
6
SECTION B
7
SECTION C SECTION D
An Introduction to Financial Markets Interest Rate Risk and Hedging
Abridged excerpts from the with Derivative Instruments
PRMIA Guide to Financial Markets Chapter 6 of The Essentials of Risk
Management
■ Understand the types of instruments
in the Money Markets ■ Understand the definition of
■ Understand the basic characteristics of: interest rate risk
8
SECTION E READING MATERIALS
The Essentials of Risk Management
Measuring Market Risk — Value-At-Risk,
Expected Shortfall, and Similar Metrics • Introduction
Chapter 7 of The Essentials of Risk Management • The VaR Controversy — A Quick Primer
Asset-Liability Management • The Notional Amount Approach
Chapter 8 of The Essentials of Risk Management • Price Sensitivity Measures for Derivatives
Stress Testing and Scenario Analysis • Defining Value-at-Risk
Chapter 16 of The Essentials of Risk Management • How Is VaR Used to Limit Risk in Practice?
• How Do We Generate Distributions for
■ Understand the concept of notional Calculating VaR?
amounts of exposure
• Introduction
■ Identify and define “The Greeks” as • ALM Goals, Scope, Techniques, and
measures of market risk Responsibilities
■ Understand the basic concepts behind • ALCO
Value at Risk
• Interest Rate Risk
■ Understand the use of Value at Risk in • Gap Analysis
setting risk limits
• Earnings at Risk
■ Understand different approaches to determining
• Duration Gap Approach
Value at Risk measures
• Beyond Duration Analysis
■ Understand situations in which these approaches
work or don’t work • Funding Liquidity Risk — Credits and Debits
• Funds Transfer Pricing
■ Understand the concepts of stress testing
and extreme events • Why Has Stress Testing Moved to the Fore?
■ Understand the process of scenario planning • Types of Stress Testing and Scenario
Analysis Overview
■ Understand the definition and implications
• Stress Testing Envelopes
of liquidity risk
• Regulatory Requirements for Stress Testing
■ Understand the role of the ALCO and Scenario Analysis
■ Understand the concept of funding gaps • Best-Practice Stress Testing
■ Understand the concept and implications • Use of Stress Testing and Integration
of duration gaps in Risk Governance
■ Understand some measures of liquidity risk • Purposes and Methodologies of Stress Testing
9
SECTION F
READING MATERIALS
Credit Scoring and Retail Credit Risk Management The Essentials of Risk Management unless noted
Chapter 9 of The Essentials of Risk Management
• Introduction
Commercial Credit Risk Management
Chapter 10, 11 and part of Chapter 12 of • The Nature of Retail Credit Risk
The Essentials of Risk Management • Credit Scoring
Risk Management Practices • What Kind of Credit Scoring Models
Are There?
• From Cutoff Scores to Default Rates
■ Understand the role that a credit officer plays
and Loss Rates
■ Understand the unique concerns of retail credit risk
• Measuring and Monitoring the
■ Understand the concept of credit scores Performance of a Scorecard
■ Understand the concepts of default, • From Default Risk to Customer Value
default rates and loss rates • Securitization and Market Reforms
■ Understand the factors involved in • Risk Based Pricing
determining the value of a customer • Introduction
■ Understand how securitization can transfer risk • Rating Agencies
■ Understand the concept of pricing risk • Debt Rating and Migration
■ Understand the role that rating agencies • Introduction to Internal Risk Ratings
play in measuring credit risk • Financial Assessment (Step 1)
■ Understand the basic credit ratings • Adjustment Factors for Obligor Default Rating
from these agencies (ODR)
■ Understand the implied impact of migration • Loss Given Default Rating (LGDR)
in credit ratings • Why is Credit Risk Modeling so Important –
and So Difficult?
■ Understand internal rating scores and methods
• What Drives Credit Risk at the Portfolio Level?
■ Understand basic financial measures
in a loan risk assessment • Estimating Portfolio Credit Risk Overview
• CreditMetrics and the Credit Migration
■ Understand the concept of loss given default
Approach
■ Understand common types of counterparty credit risk
• The Contingent Claim or Structural Approach
■ Understand the use and importance of credit models to Measuring Credit Risk
■ Understand the calculation of risk in a single credit • Mood’s KMV Approach
versus a portfolio of credits • The Evaluation of Credit Portfolios
■ Understand the concepts behind credit VaR • The Actuarial and Reduced Form Aproaches
to Measuring Credit Risk
■ Understand the concepts behind CreditMetrics
models • Hybrid Structural Models
• Scoring Models
■ Understand the concepts behind MKMV models
• Conclusion
■ Understand the concepts behind actuarial and
reduced-form models • Credit Derivatives Overview
10
SECTION F READING MATERIALS continued
• End User Applications of Credit Derivatives • The Role of a Credit Officer: 13% of the Associate
Risk Management Practices PRM Syllabus
• Types of Credit Derivatives
• Counterparty Credit Risk: (12 out of 90 exam
• Credit Risk Securitization questions)
Risk Management Practices
• Securitization for Funding Purposes Only
• Conclusion
SECTION G
Operational Risk
Chapter 14 of The Essentials of Risk Management
READING MATERIALS
Risk Capital Attribution and Risk-Adjusted The Essentials of Risk Management
Performance Measurement
Chapter 17 of The Essentials of Risk Management • Evolution and Definition of Operational
Risk Management
• Eight Key Elements in Bank Operational
■ Understand what constitutes an operational loss and
Risk Management
how might we quantify it
• How Can We Define and Categorize
■ Understand how operational events are linked to other risk
Operational Losses?
types, such as market, credit, liquidity or reputation risk
• What Kind of Operational Risk Should
■ Understand the concept of a key risk indicator
Attract Operational Risk Capital?
■ Understand the concept of a key risk driver • VaR for Operational Risk
■ Understand how to differentiate a key risk indicator • Scenario, Scorecard, and Combined
from a key risk driver Approaches to Quantifying
■ Understand a basic operational risk framework Operational Risk
11
Note: Chapter 15, Model Risk, of The Essentials of Note: The Epilogue, Trends in Risk Management, of The
Risk Management is not part of the Associate Essentials of Risk Management is not part of the Associate
PRM Syllabus. PRM Syllabus.
SECTION H
Case Studies
READING MATERIALS
■ Understand the lessons of the All free at the PRMIA website at
Metallgesellschaft Case Study https://www.prmia.org/aprm-web-resources
The Essentials of Risk Management (ERM),
• Case Study: Metallgesellschaft
Chapter 2
• Case Study: Orange County
■ Understand the governance lessons from
Orange County; ERM, Chapter 4 • Case Study: Riggs Bank
• Group of Thirty Derivatives Best
■ Understand the governance lessons from
Practices Summary
Riggs Bank; ERM, Chapter 4
• Case Study: LTCM Case Study
■ Understand the core principles behind the
Group of Thirty Report — Recommendations • Case Study: Continental/Penn Square
on Derivatives Use; ERM, Chapter 6 • Case Study: Bankgesellschaft Berlin
■ Understand the market risk lessons from • Case Study: Credit Lyonnais
the LTCM Case Study; ERM, Chapter 7 • Case Study: Barings
■ Understand the ALM lessons from the • Case Study: NAB F/X Options
Continental / Penn Square Case Study • Case Study: WorldCom
ERM, Chapter 8
• Case Study: Bankers’ Trust
■ Understand the retail credit risk lessons
• Case Study: Daiwa
from Bankgesellschaft Berlin
ERM, Chapter 9 13% of the Associate PRM Syllabus
■ Understand the lessons in credit risk from (12 out of 90 exam questions)
the Credit Lyonnais Case Study
ERM, Chapter 10
■ Understand the operational risk lessons
from the NAB F/X Options Case Study
ERM, Chapter 13
■ Understand the operational risk lessons
from the Barings Case Study
ERM, Chapter 13
■ Understand the governance lessons from
the WorldCom Case Study
from PRMIA Standards
■ Understand the governance lessons from
the Banker’s Trust Case Study
from PRMIA Standards
■ Understand the governance lessons from
the Daiwa Case Study from PRMIA Standards
12
SYLLABUS SUMMARY
Number of Questions Percentage Number Percentage
Section in the Exam of the Exam of Pages of Total
A Chapters 1, 2 and 5 of The Essentials 12 13% 69 13%
of Risk Management
B Chapter 4 of The Essentials of Risk 11 12% 50 9%
Management plus PRMIA Standards
C The abridged Introduction to 12 13% 72 14%
Financial Markets
D Chapter 6 of The Essentials of Risk 8 9% 21 4%
Management
E Chapters 7, 8 and 16 of The Essentials 12 13% 58 11%
of Risk Management
F Chapters 9, 10, 11 and part 12 of The 12 13% 115 22%
Essentials of Risk Management plus
PRMIA Handbook Volume III extracts
G Chapters 14 and 17 of The Essentials 11 12% 48 9%
of Risk Management
H Case studies from the PRMIA web site 12 13% 94 18%
13
PREPARING FOR THE ASSOCIATE PRM EXAM
Practicing risk management employees are already preparing for the exams by going
to work each day where they interact with other professionals and read industry
magazines, software manuals, company policies and procedures, academic journals,
websites and regulatory notices. They attend risk committee meetings, prepare risk
reports, give presentations and write papers. They attend PRMIA chapter meetings,
participate in on-line forums and attend risk management conferences. All of these
activities prepare candidates for the Associate PRM exam.
GUIDED STUDY
The Associate PRM Webinar Series consists of nine one-hour webinar sessions,
comprehensive presentation materials and study guides including sample questions.
For more information please download the Associate PRM Webinar Series Brochure
The Associate PRM Webinar Series is available live or via PRMIA’s Learning Management
System, allowing participants to complete the webinar series in a self-study format.
Materials and instruction within this webinar series is based on the book, The Essentials of
Risk Management, written by Dr. Robert Mark, Dr. Michel Crouhy and Dr. Dan Galai.