陶瓷材料 (1011)

Homework 3- Solution
1. Write down possible defect reactions and their corresponding mass equilibrium
constants for
(i) Oxygen from atmosphere going interstitial
(ii) Schottky defect in M2O3
(iii) Metal loss from ZnO
(iv) Frenkel defect in Al2O3
(v) Dissolution of MgO in Al2O3
(vi) Dissolution of Li2O in NiO
Solution:

ii) mull = ﹝ ﹞ ﹝ ﹞

2. Calculate the equilibrium number of Schottky defects per mole in an MO oxide at

1000K in a ceramic solid for which the enthalpy for defect formation of cations is
2 eV. Assume that the vibrational contribution to the entropy can be neglected.
Solution:
3. Same as the last Problem but now the oxide has a stoichiometry of MO2.
Calculate the equilibrium number of Schottky defects per mole for both cations
and anions.
Solution:
For cations: 5.5x1018.
For anions: 11x1018.

4. NaCl crystal forms intrinsic Schottky defects at elevated temperature. When

CaCl2 is doped into NaCl, Ca ions tend to substitute the Na ions and form positive
ion vacancies accordingly. Compute the ratio of extrinsic to intrinsic defects at
800 oC when 10-4 mole fraction of CaCl2 impurities is added.
Solution:

﹝ ﹞ ﹝ ﹞ ( )

5. Same as Prob. 4, what is the intrinsic defect concentration in unit of no./cm3?

Density of NaCl is 2.16 g/ cm3.
Solution:
The molecular weight of NaCl is 58.5 g/mole.

Hence, 2.3×10-6×6×1023×2.16÷58.5=5.1×1016(no./cm3)
6. What is the typical value of fracture toughness of ceramics? List the fracture
toughness values of some ceramics and metals as well.

solution:
Glasses and single crystals with easy cleavage planes,have the lowest fracture

toughnesses,0.5~2 MPa*M 1/2 .

Crystals without easy cleavage (such as sapphire)and typical polycrystals have higher

values,2-5MPa*M1/2.