Preface vi
1
2
Contents
Introduction to Newtonian
Mechanics
Introduction 1
Units and Dimensions 2
Newton’s Laws and Inertial Systems 5
Inertial and Noninertial Systems:
Noninertial Forces 7
Simple Applications of Newton’s
Laws 9
Motion in a Circle and Gravitation 17
Problems 23
‘Suggestions for Further Reading 27
Particle Dynamics in One
Dimension
Introduction 28
Constant Applied Force: F
constant 30
‘Time Dependent Force: F = F(t) 31
Velocity Dependent Force: F = F(x) 35
Position Dependent Forces: F = F(x),
Conservative Forces, and Potential
Energy 44
‘Motion under a Linear Restoring
Force 49
27
41
44
45
Variation of g in a Gravitational
Field 51
Problems 54
‘Suggestions for Further Reading 57
Harmonic Oscillators
Introduction 58
Linear and Nonlinear Oscillations 58
Linear Harmonic Oscillator 62
Damped Harmonic Oscillator 70
Quality Factor 82
Forced Harmonic Oscillator (Driven
Oscillator) 85
Amplitude Resonance 92
Energy Resonance 98
Rate of Fnergy Dissipation 99
Problems 100
Suggestions for Further Reading 103
Oscillating Systems
Introduction 104
Harmonic Oscillators in Electrical
Circuits 105
Principle of Superposition and Fourier
Series 110
Harmonic Motion and Green's
Function 115
Nonlinear Oscillating Systems 12246
5
54
55
5.6
37
58
59
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
6.8
69
Qualitative Discussion of Motion and
Phased Diagrams 127
Problems 134
Suggestions for Further Reading 138
Vector Analysis,
Vector Operators, and
Transformations
Introduction 139
‘Vector Properties 139
Vector Addition: Analytical
‘Treatment 141
Scalar and Vector Products of
Vectors 145
Unit Vectors or Base Vectors 151
Directional Cosines 155
Vector Calculus 158
Vector Differential Operators: Gradient,
Divergence, and Curl 164
Coordinate Transformations 176
Problems 183
Suggestions for Further Reading 187
Motion in Two and Three
Dimensions
Introduction 188
Different Coordinate Systems 188
Kinematics in Different Coordinate
Systems 194
Del Operator in Cylindrical and Spherical
Coordinates 204
Potential Energy Function 205
Torque 213
Dynamics in Three Dimensions 215
Harmonic Oscillators in Two and Three
Dimensions 217
Projectile Motion 225
Problems 231
Suggestions for Further Reading 237
Central Force
Introduction 238,
Central Force and Potential Energy 238
Central Force Motion as @ One-Body
Problem 241
General Properties of Motion under a
Central Force 244
Equations of Motion 249
General Force Field Orbits and Effective
Potential 253
Contents
7.7 Orbits in an Inverse Square Force
Field 264
7.8 — Kepler’s Laws of Planetary Motion 274
7.9 Perturbed Circular Orbits: Radial
Oscillations about a Circular Orbit 277
7.10. Orbital Transfers: Gravitational Boost
and Braking 281
Problems 285
Suggestions for Further Re
ing 290
8 System of Particles:
Conservation Laws and
Collisions
8.1 Introduction 291
8.2 System of Particles and Center of
Mass 291
8.3 Conservation of Linear Momentum 293,
8.4 — Conservation of Angular
Momentum 297
8.5 Conservation of Energy 298
8.6 Motion of Systems with Variable Mass:
Rockets and Conveyor Bells 301
8.7. Blastic Collisions and Conservation
Laws 308
8.8 Inelastic Collisions 314
8.9 Two-Body Problems in Center-of Mass
Coordinate System 317
8.10 Collisions in Center-of-Mass Coordinate
System 320
8.11 An Inverse Square Repulsive Force:
Rutherford Scattering 324
Problems 331
Suggestions for Further Reading 337
9 Rigid Body Motion: |
9.1 Introduction 338
9.2 Description of a Rigid Body 338
9.3 Center of Mass of a Rigid Body 341
9.4 Rotation about an Axis 345
9.5 Calculation of Moment of Inertia 349
9.6 Simple Pendulum 358
9.7 Physical Pendulum 362
98 Center of Percussion 364
9.9 Deformable Continua 367
9.10 Equilibrium of Rigid Bodies 372
9.11 Equilibrium of Physical Cables and
Strings 373
9.12 Equilibrium of Solid Beams 378
Problems 379
Suggestions for Further Reading 386Contents
*0 Gravitational Force and
Potential
20.1 Introduction 387
102 Newton's Universal Law of
Gravitation 387
10.3 Gravitational Field and Gravitational
Potential 391
10.4 Lines of Force and Equipotential
Surfaces 394
10.5 Calculation of Gravitational Force and
Gravitational Potential 399
10.6 Gauss'sLaw 412
10.7 Gravitational Field Equations 417
Problems 419
Suggestions for Further Reading 424
11 Nonlinear Coordinate Systems
ALA Introduction 425
11.2 Translating Coordinate Systems 425
11.3 Rotating Coordinate Systems 429
114 Description of Motion on the Rotating
Earth 437
115 Foucault Pendulum 447
11.6 Horizontal Wind Circulations: Weather
Systems 453
Problems 457
Suggestions for Further Reading
12. Lagrangian and Hamiltonian
Dynamics
12.1 Introduction 463
Generalized Coordinates and
Constraints 464
12.3, Generalized Forces 466
124 Lagrange’s Equations of Motion for a
Single Panicle 468
12.5 Lagrange’s Equations of Motion for a
System of Particles 477
12.6 Lagrange’s Equations of Motion with
Undetermined Multipliers and
Constraints 481
12.7 Generalized Momenta and Cyclic (or
Ignorable) Coordinates 487
12.8 Hamiltonian Functions: Conservation
Laws and Symmetry Principles 489
12.9 Hamiltonian Dynamics: Hamilton’s
Equations of Motion 495
Problems 500
Suggestions for Further Reading 509
13 Rigid Body Motion: Il
13.1 Introduction 510
13.2. Angular Momentum and Kinetic
Energy 510
13.3 Inertia Tensor 516
13.4 Moment of Inestia for Different Body
Systems (Steiner Theorem) 521
13.5 Principal Moment of Inertia and Principal
Axes 526
13.6 Inertia Ellipsoid 533
13.7. More About the Properties of the
Inertia Tensor 535
13.8 Eulerian Angles 542
13.9 Euler's Equations of Motion for a Rigid
Body 545
13.10 Force Free Motion of a Symmetrical
Top 546
13.11 Motion of a Symmetrical Top with One
Point Fixed (the Heavy Top) 552
Problems 558
Suggestions for Further Reading S64
14 Theory of Small Oscillations
and Coupled Oscillators.
14.1 Introduction 566
14.2 Equilibrium and Potential Energy 566
143 Two Coupled Oscillators and Normal
Coordinates 570
14.4. Theory of Small Oscillations 576
14.5. Small Oscillations in Normal
Coordinates 581
14.6 Tensor Formulation for the Theory of
‘Small Oscillations $83
14.7 Sympathetic Vibrations and Beats 596
14.8 Vibration of Molecules 602
14.9 Dissipative Systems and Forced
Oscillations 604
Problems 607
‘Suggestions for Further Reading 613
15 Vibrating Strings and Fluids
15.1 Introduction 614
15.2 Vibrating String 614
15.3 Wave Propagation in General 624
15.4 Lagrange Formulation of a Vibrating
String: Energy and Power 629
15.5 System of Particles: The Loaded
String 632
15.6 Behavior of a Wave at Discontinuity:
Energy Flow 642