Question 2

The research hypothesis is that self-confidence levels change across grade and
type of activity.
H0: There is no difference in self-confidence level across the different grades
There is no difference in self-confidence level across the difference activities
H1: There is a significant difference in self-confidence level across the different
grades
There is a significant difference in self-confidence level across the difference
activities

Independent variables: involvement in school activities and grade

Dependent variable: self-confidence

Assumptions
The PP plots indicate that the data is normally distributed.
Independence of observation is assumed
Homogeneity of variance is upheld because Leven’s statistic is not significant, p
=.500
Levene's Test of Equality of Error Variancesa
Dependent Variable: Self-confidence
F df1 df2 Sig.
.895 5 24 .500
Tests the null hypothesis that the error variance of the
dependent variable is equal across groups.

a. Design: Intercept + Grade + Activity + Grade * Activity

Main analysis

Descriptive statistics

Descriptive Statistics
Dependent Variable: Self-confidence
Type of
Grade Activity Mean Std. Deviation N
Grade 9 Sport 11.0000 3.67423 5

Social 8.6000 2.40832 5

Uninvolved 8.0000 2.34521 5
Total 9.2000 2.98089 15
Grade 11 Sport 14.4000 3.04959 5

Social 15.4000 1.81659 5

Uninvolved 6.2000 3.19374 5
Total 12.0000 4.97135 15
Total Sport 12.7000 3.65300 10

Social 12.0000 4.10961 10

Uninvolved 7.1000 2.80674 10
Total 10.6000 4.27180 30

There were 30 participants. Grade 9s who do sport had the highest self confidence
level and those who are uninvolved have the lowest self confidence level. Grade 11s
who do a social activity have the highest self confidence level and those who do no
activities have the lowest self confidence level. Grade 11s have a higher self
confidence level than grade 9s. Participants who do sport have a higher self
confidence level and those who do no activities have a lower self confidence level.

ANOVA
A 2x3 factorial ANOVA was performed (grade x type of activity) . There was a
significant main effect of grade on self confidence score, F(1,24) = 7.42, p=.012,
partial η2 = .236. The self confidence score was significantly lower in grade 9s.
There was a significant main effect of type of activity on self confidence score
F(2,24) = 11.735, p<.001, partial η2 = .494. Tukey HSD post hoc test showed that self
confidence score was significantly lower when the student was uninvolved than when
they did sport (p<.001) and social activities (p=.002).

The interaction effect between type of activity and grade on self confidence score was
significant, F(2,24)=5.912, p=.008, , partial η2 = .330.

Tests of Between-Subjects Effects

Dependent Variable: Self-confidence
Type III
Sum of Mean Partial Eta
Source Squares df Square F Sig. Squared
Corrected 338.800a 5 67.760 8.541 .000 .640
Model
Intercept 3370.800 1 3370.800 424.891 .000 .947

Grade 58.800 1 58.800 7.412 .012 .236

Activity 186.200 2 93.100 11.735 .000 .494

Grade * 93.800 2 46.900 5.912 .008 .330

Activity
Error 190.400 24 7.933
Total 3900.000 30
Corrected 529.200 29
Total
a. R Squared = .640 (Adjusted R Squared = .565)
This graph shows a disordinal interaction.

This graph shows a disordinal interaction.

Simple effects analysis
Grade 11s who do no activities (M=6.2) have significantly lower self confidence
scores than grade 11s who do sport (M=14.4) or social activities (M=15.4),
p<.001.

Pairwise Comparisons
Dependent Variable: Self-confidence
95% Confidence Interval
Mean for Differenceb
(I) Type of (J) Type of Difference Lower Upper
b
Grade Activity Activity (I-J) Std. Error Sig. Bound Bound
Grade 9 Sport Social 2.400 1.781 .190 -1.277 6.077
Uninvolve 3.000 1.781 .105 -.677 6.677
d
Social Sport -2.400 1.781 .190 -6.077 1.277
Uninvolve .600 1.781 .739 -3.077 4.277
d
Uninvolve Sport -3.000 1.781 .105 -6.677 .677
d Social -.600 1.781 .739 -4.277 3.077
Grade 11 Sport Social -1.000 1.781 .580 -4.677 2.677
*
Uninvolve 8.200 1.781 .000 4.523 11.877
d
Social Sport 1.000 1.781 .580 -2.677 4.677
*
Uninvolve 9.200 1.781 .000 5.523 12.877
d
Uninvolve Sport -8.200* 1.781 .000 -11.877 -4.523
d *
Social -9.200 1.781 .000 -12.877 -5.523
Based on estimated marginal means
*. The mean difference is significant at the .050 level.
b. Adjustment for multiple comparisons: Least Significant Difference (equivalent to no
adjustments).

Pairwise Comparisons
Dependent Variable: Self-confidence
95% Confidence Interval
Mean for Differenceb
Type of Difference Lower Upper
Activity (I) Grade (J) Grade (I-J) Std. Error Sig.b Bound Bound
Sport Grade 9 Grade 11 -3.400 1.781 .068 -7.077 .277
Grade 11 Grade 9 3.400 1.781 .068 -.277 7.077
*
Social Grade 9 Grade 11 -6.800 1.781 .001 -10.477 -3.123
 Grade 11 Grade 9 6.800* 1.781 .001 3.123 10.477
Uninvolve Grade 9 Grade 11 1.800 1.781 .322 -1.877 5.477
d Grade 11 Grade 9 -1.800 1.781 .322 -5.477 1.877
Based on estimated marginal means
*. The mean difference is significant at the .050 level.
b. Adjustment for multiple comparisons: Least Significant Difference (equivalent to no
adjustments).

Of the students that do social activities, grade 9s (M=8.6) have a significantly

lower self confidence level than grade 11s (M=15.4)