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Unidad1 Ingles6 PDF
Unidad1 Ingles6 PDF
FUNCTIONS:
INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 3
1. COMPARATIVES/SUPERLATIVES/RELATIVE CLAUSES) ........................................ 4
1.1. COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES .................................................................... 4
1.1.1. Types of comparisons: ................................................................................................. 5
1.2. RELATIVE CLAUSES ...................................................................................................... 6
1.2.1. Relative pronouns ......................................................................................................... 6
1.2.2. Relative adverbs ........................................................................................................... 7
1.2.3. Identifying and non-identifying relative clauses ....................................................... 8
2. PRESENT TENSES ............................................................................................................. 8
2.1.1. Present simple .............................................................................................................. 8
2.1.2. Present progressive ..................................................................................................... 9
2.1.3. Stative verbs ................................................................................................................ 10
2.1.4. Present Perfect ........................................................................................................... 11
2.1.5. Present Perfect Progressive ..................................................................................... 12
3. PAST SIMPLE..................................................................................................................... 13
3.1.1. Past Progressive ......................................................................................................... 14
3.1.2. Past Perfect ................................................................................................................. 15
3.1.3. Past Perfect Progressive ........................................................................................... 16
BIBLIOGRAFÍA ........................................................................................................................... 18
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INTRODUCTION
The objective for this module 1 is for the students to know how to express
interest/likes and dislikes/preferences/opinion/attitude, contrast ideas, describe
objects and places, and also give personal information.
Expressing interest.
Talking about a film you have seen.
Giving personal information.
Expressing likes/dislikes.
Contrasting ideas.
Speculating
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UNIDAD 1
1. COMPARATIVES/SUPERLATIVES/RELATIVE CLAUSES)
We use the comparative to compare one person or thing with another. We use the
superlative to compare one person or thing with more than one person or thing of
the same group. We often use than after a comparative and the before a
superlative. For example:
With one-syllable adjectives, we add –(e)r to form the comparative and –(e)st to
form the superlative. For example: small – smaller – smallest
Note: for adjectives ending in a consonant + y, we replace the –y with an –i. For
example:
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With other two-syllable adjectives or adjectives with more than two syllables,
comparatives and superlatives are formed with more/most. For example:
With adverbs that have the same form as their adjectives, we add –er/-est. For
example: hard – harder – hardest
Irregular forms:
Less + adjective + than (express the difference between two people or things).
The opposite is more ... than. For example:
The least + adjective + of/in (compares one person or thing to two or more
people or thing in the same group). The opposite is the most ... of/in. For
example:
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They are the least hardworking people I’ve ever seen.
The + comparative ..., the + comparative (shows that two things change
together, or that one thing depends on another thing). For example:
The more you study now, the less you will have to study for the test.
Relative clauses are introduced with either relative pronoun or a relative adverb.
We use:
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Who, which and that can be omitted when they are the object of the relative
clause; that is, when there is a noun or a subject pronoun between the relative
pronoun and the verb. For example:
Whom can be used instead of who when it is the object of the relative clause.
Whom is always used instead of who or that after a preposition. For example:
Who, which and that are not omitted when they are the subject of a relative
clause. For example:
The Italian vase, which is on the coffee table, is an antique. (NOT: ..., that is
on the coffee table ...)
We use:
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iii. Why to give a reason, usually after the word reason (why can be omitted).
For example:
Notes: When using where or when, we do not need a preposition. For example:
The house where she grew up is being demolished. (NOT: The house where
she grew up in ...)
A non-identifying relative clause gives extra information and is not essential to the
meaning of the main sentence. It is put in commas and is introduced with who,
whom, which, whose, where or when. For example:
My cousin Martha, who is studying in the US, wants to be a doctor.
2. PRESENT TENSES
General truths and laws of nature. For example: The sun sets in the west.
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Habits and routines (with always, usually, etc). For example:
Tony wins the ball, crosses and Lois score for Chelsea.
Feelings and emotions. For example: I love Mozart. His music is wonderful.
The time expressions we use with the present simple are: usually, often,
always, every day/week/month/year etc, in the morning/afternoon/evening, at
night/the weekend, on Friday, etc.
For actions taking place at or around the moment of speaking. For example:
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He is always taking my things.
The time expressions we use with the present progressive are: now, at the
moment, at present, these days, nowadays, still, today, tonight, etc.
Stative verbs are verbs which describe a state rather than an action, and so do not
usually have a progressive tense. These verbs are:
Verbs of the tenses (see, hear, smell, taste, look, sound, seem, appear, etc).
For example:
Verbs which express feelings and emotions (like, love, hate, enjoy, prefer,
detest, desire, want, etc). For example:
Some other verbs (be, contain, include, belong, fit, need, matter, cost, own,
want, owe, weigh, wish, have, keep, etc). For example:
Some of these verbs can be used in progressive tense, but with a difference in
meaning.
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Present Simple Present
Progressive
THINK They are thinking about buying a new house.
I think He Will become a good teacher. (= (= are considering)
believe)
I am having a fantastic time. (=AM
HAVE experience)
He has a huge house. (= own, possess) She is having a bath. (= is taking)
They are having dinner. (= are eating)
SEE I’m seeing Mr. Johnson at eleven o’clock. (=
I can see the park from my office. (= is it visible) am meeting)
I see what you mean. (= understand)
TASTE Kim is tasting the stew to see if it needs more
The fish taste delicious. (= it is, has the flavor of) salt. (= is testing)
SMELL She is smelling the flowers. (= is sniffing)
This rose smells lovely. (= has the aroma)
APPEAR He is appearing in a play at The Arts theater.
He appears to be going in the wrong direction. (= is performing)
(= seem to)
FIT The technician is fitting a new air conditioner
The jeans fit her perfectly. (= are the right size) on the wall. (= is attaching)
Note:
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I have washed the car. Martha has been to London once.
An action which started in the past and continues up to the present, especially
with stative verbs (see above) such as be, have, like, know, etc. For example:
An action which has happened within a specific time period which is not over at
the moment of speaking. We use words and expressions such as today, this
morning/evening/week/month, etc. For example:
We have watched two movies this week. (= the time period – this week - is not
over yet. We may watch more.)
The time expressions we use with the present perfect are: for, since, already,
always just, ever, never, so far, today, this week/month etc, how long, lately,
recently, still (in negations), yet, by now, etc.
Note: He has gone to the supermarket. (He’s on his way there or he’s there now.
He hasn’t come back yet.)
She has been to New York. (She has visited New York but she isn’t there now.
She has come back.)
She has been in Japan. (She lives in Japan now.)
To put emphasis on the duration of an action which started in the past and
continues up to the present. For example:
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For an action which started in the past and lasted for some time. It may still be
continuing or has finished already with the result visible in the present. For
example:
He’s soaking wet because it has been raining all morning.
For repeated actions in the past continuing to the present. For example:
The time expressions we use with the present perfect progressive are: for,
since, how long, all day/morning/month etc, lately, recently.
Note: with the verbs live, work, teach and feel we can use the present perfect
simple or the present perfect progressive with no difference in meaning. For
example:
He has worked/has been working as a teacher for the last ten years.
3. PAST SIMPLE
For an action that occurred at a definite time (stated or implied) in the past. For
example: She went to the doctor yesterday.
For actions that happened immediately one after the other in the past. For
example: He got up, had breakfast and went to work.
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Note: Used to can also be used instead of the past simple for habits/repeated
actions in the past.
The time expressions we use with the past simple are: yesterday, then, when,
how long…?, last night/week/month/year/Tuesday/May etc, two days/weeks etc
ago, in 1998, etc.
For an action which was in progress when another action interrupted it. We
use the past progressive for the action in progress (the longer action), and the past
simple for the action which interrupted it (shorter action). For example:
George was watching TV in the living room while Marie was cooking dinner.
For an action which was in progress at a stated time in the past. We don’t
mention when the action started or finished. For example:
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The birds were singing and the sun was shining as we were driving towards
our country house.
Note: When there are two past progressive forms in a sentence with the same
subject, we can avoid repetition by just using the present participle (-ing form) and
leaving out the subject as well as the verb to be. For example:
He was fixing his car; he was listening to the radio. = He was fixing his car
while listening to the radio.
The time expression we use with the past progressive are: while, as, all
morning/evening/day/week, etc.
For an action which happened before another past action or before a stated
time in the past. For example:
For an action which finished in the past, and whose result was visible at a later
point in the past. For example:
He had broken his wrist a month ago and he still couldn’t write properly.
The time expressions we use with the past perfect are: before, after, already,
just, for, since, till/until, when by the time, never, etc.
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3.1.3. Past Perfect Progressive
She has been jogging for about an hour before she got home and had a
shower.
2. For an action which lasted for some time in the past and whose result was
visible in the past. For example:
He had been making a cake and his clothes were covered in flour.
The time expressions we use with the past perfect progressive are: For,
since, how long, before, until, etc.
3. Ago: (=back in time from now) is used with the past simple. For example:
4. Since: (= from a starting point in the past) is used with the present perfect
(simple and progressive). For example:
5. For: (= over a period of time) is used with the present perfect (simple and
progressive). For example:
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They’ve been watching DVDs for hours.
I have already written to her. Have you finished writing the report already?
7. Yet: is used with the present perfect in questions and negations. For
example:
Note: The past perfect is the past equivalent of the present perfect. For example:
The past perfect progressive is the past equivalent of the present perfect
progressive. For example:
His eyes are red. She has been crying. His eyes were red. He had been
crying.
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BIBLIOGRAFÍA
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