Modularity On Football Boot in The Modern Football

I N THE
MO DU L AR I TY
ON SO CCE R B O OTS
MODE R N FO OTBAL L
IDES4101 Author: Ibrahim Diaz

Date: 08-06-2018 Student Number: Z5101820
Bachelor of Industrial Design (Honours) 3386 (2018)
“Of the 95% of people who love football, only 2

per cent understand it” Xavi Hernandez, Spain
National Player, Winner of 2010 FIFA World Cup
Ibrahim Diaz– Modularity on Soccer Boots in the Modern Football - Date Friday, 8 June 2018 Page 1
Declaration
FIGURE 1 REY PELE WITH JULES RIMET TROPHY, NOW KNOWN AS FIFA WORLD CUP TROPHY. PELE IS THE
WINNER OF 3 FIFA WORLD CUPS, FIFA.COM .
I,
Ibrahim Diaz,
declare that the content of this research
paper is my own work.
External sources and research have been duly
acknowledged where possible.
Abstract
This thesis investigates the benefits of modularity on soccer boots. The focus is on individuals
who play football on different type of grounds and require constant updates on their boots.
The experience and opportunities will be shown from our primary and secondary research.
Market research will be exposed to provide the latest products solutions for athletes. The
inclusion of IoT, and the evolution of modern football is exposed.
All the information gained have designed a basic of a structured design brief. Mock ups have
been developed and exposed to interviewers to explain the benefits of the proposed design
solution.
Acknowledgments
This project started as an opportunity. I would like to thank my mother Blanca Lazo for her
emotional and financial support. To my peer group and classmates who participate on my
research. to my supervisor Stephen Ward for his time and suggestions. To all my friends from
UNSW Football team and Wentworth Park. To my employers and colleagues from IDA Industrial
Design Alliance.
I would also like thank Ben Herath, VP Design of Adidas for allowing me to contact him and
provide me with relevant information of the design process on soccer boots.
Contents
Declaration ..................................................................................................................................... 2
Abstract .......................................................................................................................................... 3
Acknowledgments .......................................................................................................................... 4
Chapter 1 - Introduction ................................................................................................................. 7
Project Objective ........................................................................................................................ 7
The History of Modern Soccer/Football ..................................................................................... 7
Product Modularity .................................................................................................................... 9
Number of Benefits of Modularity ............................................................................................. 9
Chapter 2 - Context ...................................................................................................................... 10
Environment ............................................................................................................................. 10
Place.......................................................................................................................................... 10
Emergent Circumstances .......................................................................................................... 10
Matrix Summary ....................................................................................................................... 11
Chapter 3 – RESEARCH METHODS ................................................................................................ 12
Primary Research ...................................................................................................................... 12
Secondary Research.................................................................................................................. 13
Personal Inventory.................................................................................................................... 24
Personal Inventory – Participant #1 ..................................................................................... 25
Personal Inventory – Participant #2 ..................................................................................... 27
Chapter 4 - People ........................................................................................................................ 30
The Target Market .................................................................................................................... 30
Users ......................................................................................................................................... 30
Relevant Technologies .............................................................................................................. 31
Stakeholders ............................................................................................................................. 33
Beneficiaries ............................................................................................................................. 33
Chapter 5 -Market and Competitor Analysis................................................................................ 34
Comparative Analysis ............................................................................................................... 34
Product deconstruction ............................................................................................................ 38
Soccer Shoes ............................................................................................................................. 40
Comprehensive evaluation of footwear ............................................................................... 40
Comprehensive evaluation of footwear ............................................................................... 40

Sections of Football Boot.......................................................................................................... 41
Emerging Products & Technologies .......................................................................................... 47
Chapter 6 – Testing Design Directions ......................................................................................... 53
Chapter 7 – Key Findings .............................................................................................................. 55
Chapter 8 – Design Brief ............................................................................................................... 56
Chapter 9 – Design Ideas and Reflections .................................................................................... 57
This probable future ................................................................................................................. 57
This preferable future ............................................................................................................... 59
This dystopian future ................................................................................................................ 61
Chapter 10 – Conclusion............................................................................................................... 62
Reference list ................................................................................................................................ 63
Table of figures ............................................................................................................................. 65
Appendix....................................................................................................................................... 67
Chapter 1 - Introduction
Project Objective
Soccer is played by 250 million people in more than 200 countries around the world, making it
the world’s most popular sport[4]. It is estimated that more than haft of the world’s population
consider themselves to be association football soccer fans[5]. Modern Soccer has evolved with
the enhancement of new technologies, biomechanics, nutrition, statistics, etc. Major football
brand companies are spending a large amount of time and money developing their soccer boots,
so that maintain a competitive advantage. Requests such as better grip, more control and power
have been used in advertising campaigns and no doubt will be used again in the future. However,
each year appear more products but the number of knee, lower leg, and foot injuries continue
persistently. The knee and ankle are more likely to be injured.
Modularity allows designers to control the degree to which changes in processes or

requirements affect the product. An important point to mention is planned to obsolesce, which
is a policy of planning a product with an artificially limited useful life, so it will become
obsolete[6]. It is believed that some companies even today are still using these practices on their
products. Some Football Boots are likely to last depending on their use. Although, these boots
are designed in a way where parts cannot be fixed or replaced. For instance; soleplate is the
skeleton of the soccer boot but it is solidly attached to the upper body of the boot as well as the
studs. In the case, if the plastic stud brakes, this will lead to the replacement of both right and
left boot. As a result, the footwear will eventually to last for a very short period.
The aim of the project is to explore the different needs that current soccer players have with the
use of soccer boots. How modular design can be applied with the purpose of finding a solution
to player’s needs. Analysis of the current market of soccer boots as well as similar footwear use
in different sports. This research will also investigate the cause of injuries in relation to soccer
boots and what are the current solutions that companies are applying. In addition, how player
tracking technology has been using for the benefit of the athlete in the modern game.
The History of Modern Soccer/Football

In Australia, the use of the world Soccer is widely understood. Although, almost in every country
in the world, the use of the term football has implications of its understanding. This is due to
refer to the game simply as “football” or simply by the translation of that English word in to
native tongue of different languages such as futbol in Spanish, futebol in Portuguese and fussball
in German[7].
During the 19th century football became extremely popular in Britain[8]. People who played
would wear their heavy and hard work boots to play. These were the first ever boots with the
steel toe cap at the front, long laces and ankle support. Unfortunately, Modern boots are not
truly boots in that they do not cover the ankle such as most other types of specialist sport
footwear.
In the present, football is played by over 200 countries and dependencies. It is considered a
profession which starts from an early age and tends to finish between 30s and 40s. Most football
players continue their careers in the management department and couching.
Project Purpose
To develop and create a modular product that provides benefits that
Project Scope
The scope of this report is specific to football player who are competing casually, competitive,
and professionally. Also, players from different segmented groups or fields such as hard
ground, soft ground, turf ground, artificial and street.
Project Aims
To identify the problems that football players are facing with current football boots and
present an appropriate solution where modularity could represent part of the solution.
Product Modularity
This section aims to provide brief description of Modularity. Modularity is defined as a very
general set of principles for managing complexity. By breaking up a complex system into discrete
pieces, which can then communicate with one another only through standardised interfaces
within a standardised architecture[9]. Modularity is considered as the use of several basic
modules for construction large collection of different structures. The modularity principle
according to the Journal of Engineering [10] is a universal principle of economy of nature, which
allows diversity and variability from a combination of a few basic elements.
Modular Design can group components into easily detachable modules such as they can be re-
used or re-manufactured. Another factor to be consider is the material. Material compatibility
plays an important role for recycling the part and from ease of disassembly.
Number of Benefits of Modularity

To begin with, there are several number of benefits which the user and the designer can take
advantage from modularity. For a designer the ease of product updating due to functional
modules provides flexibility. Nowadays, product such as iPhones tend to be constantly introduce
into the market. On the other side, consumers are affected negatively due that these changes
do not compensate sufficiently their price for the features that previous models offer. In soccer
or even shoes in general, these products are constantly updated with minor changes without
compromising their structure. In football boots, there several outer soles and studs. Boots that
are constructed with studs will be designed for firm ground. If we take two pairs of the same
boot, and compared them side by side. The architecture structure is relatively similar. Although,
minor changes can identify for example: on the colour of the skin, the shape of the outer sole
and the shape of studs. As the current footwear market moves. Shoes tend to have a period of
life. This report will provide evidence and it will be explore further on sections as methodologies
and market research.
Modularity in use allows consumers to mix and match elements to come up with a final product.
A modular product is more re-usable than a non-modular product. Also, as mentioned before
modularity allows easy of assembly and disassembly. It also prevents system obsolescence[11].
Reduces development costs in the long run. Modularity makes it possible use fewer unique parts
and more of the same module[10].
Sustainability
Maintenance: Faulty of the product module are easily facilitated. He problematic module can
be easily identified and replaced.
Recycling: re-use and disposal. Modularity allows a component into easily detachable modules.
Promoting re-use, recycling, and proper disposal.
Chapter 2 - Context
Environment
Every player has different skills. Therefore, there is a vast market of options for different needs
and wants. Eventually, which boot creates a value for the player. Weather the boot is soft and
low weight or durable and solid materials. Football boots are classified for the type of ground:
hard ground, soft ground, artificial, turf ground and street/indoor. Usually, the hard ground, the
soft ground and the artificial ground are constantly affected by the weather. As football is played
outdoor, the ground tends to be influence by weather changes such as the rain, the wind, the
snow and the high temperatures due to the atmosphere.
Place
The football boot is considered as the most important sport equipment for the football player. It
protects the most important part of the body, the feet. There are many of locations where this
element is used such as: hard ground. Soft ground, turf, firm ground and indoor/street.
Emergent Circumstances
Major football brand companies are spending large amount of time and money developing
their soccer boots, so that maintain a competitive advantage. However, each year appear more
products but the number of knee, lower leg, and foot injuries continue persistently. Product
obsolesces is still a common problem for users. Product have a tendency to last for a short
period of time and use.
Matrix Summary
The matrix below summarizes in a sentence the constraints, context, priority and vision of
success of the topic.
Constrains
The primary constrains will be designing a product to suit a professional level of football
players.
Context
The context is the life of casual, competitive and professional players. Soccer fanatics and
aspirational people who are willing to become to a professional level. To be more specific,
people who are willing to customize their football shoes.
Priority
The priority is to develop an overall practical user experience based on modularity.
Vision of Success
The project will be successful only if the target market of players finds the product effective
and beneficial compared to the current products in the market.
Chapter 3 – RESEARCH METHODS

Primary Research
In primary research, for this report there will be use of personal inventory and logical research.
A plan of each process is outlined below.
Interviews
There has been a selection of candidates to participate based on their experience in football,
wearing football boots in different environments.
A candidate who is willing to provide her experience with injuries caused by a football boot,
more details outlined below.
There is also an interview with a person from the industry who is related to Modularity in
Footwear, which provides insight knowledge on the design process.
A Sales person who will contribute with personal information based on experience working on
a sportwear house. By talking to clients and observing people’s decisions.
Personal Inventory
Personal inventory provides people’s perception with objects. It is about understanding why
some objects are more special than other. Experience based on their own knowledge. The
planned method of documentation for this research methods will be recorded, photography
and note taking then a description of interesting findings. For the best outcome, there will be 2
participants who are willing to cooperate by providing insight wisdom.
Secondary Research
Design & Bibliography Literature
The bibliography of inspiring individuals. People who are inside the industry of football and likely
to be known for what they do. This information that is unusual to be included in academic
research but provide support for the aim of this research.
Journal Articles and Google Scholar
To perform an analysis. This report has been conceived based on University Data Base. Extensive
research of different materials and scientific tests. These journal articles provide vital as essential
information from professionals in their fields. The list of journals was individually searched with
Google Scholar by decade, since 1980. Which keywords “modularity”, “product”,
“football/soccer”, “sports”, “shoe”, “football boot”, and “technology” anywhere within the body
of the text. One of the reasons Google Scholar has been chosen is retrieves information from
different resources: books, eBooks, journal articles, reports and theses that are not covered by
other databases.
The Web
To begin with, the web offers updated information with the latest data in regards of footwear,
biomechanics, technology and design trends. Footwear Companies website provided with the
latest marketing campaigns, objectives, materials used and design innovations. The web provides
with new information and essential innovations from other designers. Website such as
Designboom.com and Footyheadlines.com have been taken in consideration.
Database
The web of Science database was chosen because it includes highly cited scientific papers from
reputable journals. The search was conducted with the following combination of Keywords:
modularity OR product Or modular design OR benefits OR football OR soccer OR life cycle design.
Interview with Ben Herath
Ben Herath is an Australian Industrial Designer from Adelaide. He is working for Adidas Germany
as VP Design of Adidas Football, heading up the design teams for hardware, footwear and apparel
for Adidas soccer. Ben has agreed to provide insight from past projects and provide information
in relation to his experience.
Adidas is a multinational corporation, founded in Germany, that designs and manufactures

shoes, clothing and accessories. It is the largest sportswear manufacturer in Europe and the
second largest in the world. Adidas is the only company in the present market that has taken
into consideration modularity for their footwear. Recently, they have launched a product called
as “Glitch” which constant of two modules: the inner soles and the outer skins. This allows the
user to pick the best comfort and customize their football shoe to his/her personal preference.
The idea has been well-accepted in the community of football players from casual users to
professionals.
Although, the product is strictly limited. It is sold in only 3 countries in the world: France, England
and Germany. In order to obtain a pair, you must download the Glitch Application for iPhone or
Android operating systems which allows the user to select the type of inner sole or outer skin. In
addition to downloading the application, it is needed a specific code which it can only be
provided by selected individuals in those countries, usually people who are associated with the
football industry or Adidas.
The next interview is considered important because Ben Herath has vast experience in the
footwear industry. He has been working for Adidas since September 2011. The expectation of
this interview is to gain his experience with Glitch for their design process. Also, the different
requirements for the high level of competitive football appear compared to the more casual type
of users.
What makes Glitch so unique in the way Adidas have developed the boot?
It’s all a work in progress right now; we’re going to work with a small group of kids in London who have
been testing the boot and we’re going to create the next iterations with them based on live input.
Can you introduce Glitch and explain the thinking behind it?
Glitch is a ground-breaking boot for us in the way we’ve brought together the best of our functional
innovation and our creative execution. Six months ago we brought the first lace less football boot to the
market and now we’ve taken that technical learning and mixed it with world of creativity and new ways
that people want to express themselves and be creative in sport.
Glitch is a new concept for ADIDAS Football?
The point is that it’s creativity, It’s disruption, It’s different. It is a community, it’s a shoe, it’s an app, it’s all
those things brought together and its really different to everything we usually do.
An overview of the product itself What are you expecting from the consumers?
Glitch comes with what we’re calling techfit laceless Inner shoes and interchangeable external skins –
neither part works without the other. The studs on the inner shoe lock into the cleat and hold it together. It
doesn’t move and plays like a true high-performance Adidas football boot. There are two collar heights: a
high and low, and maybe more to come. In total there’s three socks and four skins at launch. The starter
pack starts with one inner sole and two skins, the user can choose which skins you get.
Interview with Ali Hashim
Name: Ali Hashim

Age: 35 Male
Level: Played in locally in community football clubs.
- Football is played on different grounds: soft ground, hard ground and firm ground, have you noticed
that your performance decreases or increases according to the location? factors such as the weather or
even the temperature.
- Yeah for sure, depends of the player nature, like a tennis player. Some players can perform under wood, hard
ground and soft ground. Like my nature, from my experience I am better on the grass but faster on the hard
ground. I had a lot of accidents because of the wrong use of the boot. I remember playing a type of street
court with tiny stones and had a lot of accidents on my knee, ankle and feet.
- Have you identified difficulties playing under wet or dry weather conditions with the same soccer boot?
- Yeah for sure, any humans are affected by the hot weather. It is our nature. We get exhausted due to
dehydration for me. I feel stronger on winter. On Summer I feel very exhausted. I need at least 2 haft/times
to recovery.
- How often do you purchase a soccer boot? Which factors do you identify are the most important at the
moment of buying a pair of new boots?
- Wearing the same boot, yeah for sure it depends of the boot quality. Sometimes it rains and water gets inside
the boot. Eventually, my foot gets all wet. That’s why I liked leather boots. Now all shoes are made of
synthetic materials. I hated when they removed the toe cap protection, for me it was the worst mistake. I go
to every store, and I cannot find any shoes with that protection. I asked the sales person, they said it is out
of the market. I normally would spend 60 to 70 dollars. My current shoes last for almost 2 years. I normally
buy a new pair every 2 year. Actually, every year. Every time I see a good pair, I’ll just buy it, or when the
price is not bad. The most important factor for me to purchase a new boot is the toe cap and also the bottom,
the soleplate. The more studs, I prefer. Between 8 on the front and 4 at the back. I remember buying a pair
of Puma boots with 4 studs at the front and 2 at the back, eventually after 2 months I throw it out. It was
hurting my feet. It had metal studs. I had bad experience wearing metallic studs.
- How many soccer boots do you own? Have you used a particular soccer boot for a particular match?
- I currently own 3 pairs, a pair of Puma boots bought them 2 years ago.
- Have you identified the type of shape or size of the studs could contribute to your overall performance
during a match?
- Yeah for sure, I think smaller and more stud on the soleplate contributes to have better control with the
ground either on a hard ground or soft ground. The more studs you have, the more stable you are. Also,
Football boots had a better-quality control before, than now. I bought shoes from different countries like
Italy, Spain and France. The quality was superior. Not really happy with plastic studs, they tend to break very
shortly.
- Have you ever used a tracking device?
- Yeah I used on my Samsung phone, I health but is very limited. I cannot have carried while playing. I’m very
interested now know more about performance.
Interview with Mark Chang
Name: Mark Chang

Age: 38 Male
Level: Played in in division 8 at the University of Sydney, He has playing football for 25
years.
- I believe playing on hard ground is harder to play on. When the ball bounces is harder to control.
- Have you identified difficulties playing under wet or dry weather conditions with the same soccer boot?
- Yeah but relative because, we all (players) are affected by the same conditions. I don’t think it make a
huge difference. But it does a bit. Yeah wet is harder to play on because is slippery that’s about it. I only
have had plastic studs. I don’t wear metallic studs because they harder on my feet, I’ve got a lot of blisters
if I wear it. It’s a bit to gripey with the metal studs. I also think is a bit dangerous.
- Actually, once every year, once I find a pair that I like, I would buy a lot of them, so I don’t have to buy them
again. I would say that the most important factor is comfort. It has fit well, flexible and I’ve a bit of a wide
foot. Is it difficult to buy a pair of new boots for wide feet? Yeah I think so, I hardly find 1 or 2 pairs. I’ve
tried a few but I really like the Adidas Predator, SO I went from the most to the least expensive and it did
not notice any differences.
- I own 4 pairs of boots until they run off, then I buy a new pair. I buy a pair once every 2 years. I play 1 to 2
times per week. I normally would spend 70$ or less. I also, play futsal. The four pairs of boots are all the
same model. I find difficult for myself to wear a complete different boot from the one I was used to.
during a match?
- I only used the moulded plastic stud, I’ve tried anything else. Does it fit well? not so much the studs. It is
more about the fit with the shoe.
Interview with Oliver Portas
Name: Oliver Portas

Age: 16
Level: Currently Playing for Dullwich FC
GPS tracking devices has been taken as an important tool for the coaches, the players and the
medics. These devices track and monitor player’s performance during training areas, matches
and gym. These devices tend to have water resistant features, accelerometer, Integrated GPS,
including a long battery life. The all compatible with either iOS or Android phones.
The participant is 16 years old. He plays as a centre-back for his team Dullwich Hill FC. He is the
tallest player on his team. This interview was located at Arlington Oval in Dullwich. The stadium
has a synthetic grass.
The importance of this interview is to understand how important are these devices for the
development for an athlete, are the fourths and against for the product experience.
Participant Questions related to Playertek or similar Tracking Devices.
- How's your experience with the tracking device?

- It’s been good experience, I’ve had only used twice, I’ve got it last month. I track where I run in the pitch,
how much calories I have burned. Every week I can analyse my goals.
- Have you found difficult to use the tracking device?

- At the start I was bit tricky to use. But no, it is very simple to use, it has only button. It comes with the vest
which is made of lycra material.
- How much have you improved since you started using Playertek?
- No much, it is cool to see my performance with App on my phone. I can compare my performance with
professionals’ players as well as with my friends. I have only used a few times, maybe after a few game, I’ll
see the difference. None of team player have one, but some other team rivals do have one. On the app,
there is a leader board where you can see all the people who use it. Professional players from Australia and
overseas.
- Are the other tracking devices that you are interested to purchase?
- No, it does the job. I had it for about 1 month. Maybe in the future.
- What is the most existing feature of a portable tracking device for yourself?
- I guess the feature of tracking my movements on the field. The calories I burn and my overall performance.
To show how many calories I burned. How many steps you have taken
- Are they any features that you thought, these devices should include? For instance, Goal conversion
rate, kick speed, accuracy, precision?
- Just in case if you lose it, a way to find it. Just like Find my iPhone. I also think would be interesting to see,
how hard I kick the ball, precision and tracking control.
- Have you found the device easy to be lost? Have you ever lost it by accident?
- I do not think so, I lost it once but it was an accident. I putted on my gym bag and it felt down. I would be
interesting to include a function where you can find just like the application Find my iPhone does.
- Do you feel comfortable while using the tracking device during training? If you do not, Why do you think
is uncomfortable?
- I don’t notice it during a match. I think it is comfortable. You don’t pay attention when you are playing. I
only use it when I’m playing. It’s mainly just for soccer. I do not use it anywhere else.
- Have you used the tracking device in other places apart from your team's training area such as sports
centres, gym, school, university or even overseas?
No only during a game. Only used once at the gym. It only tells you about the calories.
- How much differentiation there is between Playertek compared to Apple watch or Fitbit or similar
fitness tracking devices?
- Playertek gives details and data about where I am located in the match. You cannot wear watches on the
pitch. So, having a tracking device hidden on back or on the shoulder, seem ideal.
- Do you think Playertek or similar devices should be designed for a specific type of players such as the
goal keeper or a centre-forward because of the different duties of a game?
- I don’t think they should. It should be one device that tells have much running each position does and you
compared.
Questions related to soccer boots and experience.
- I don’t really notice the difference. If the grass is a bit longer, is a bit harder, you need more traction on the
boot. Also, when the ground is a bit wet, you need larger studs so you get better grip. If you could change
the studs, I would be good.
- Have you identified difficulties playing under wet or dry weather conditions wearing the same soccer
boot?
- Yes, so the ground is a bit wet, the ball is harder to kick.
- Once to twice a year. Some of the boots are not that good, they do not last. Well, I think it needs laces, I
don’t like laceless boots. I think they need to be a bit tighter, so not flopping around where you are moving
and more studs. It makes you more comfortable and gives you better grip with the surface.
- I’ve got 3 pairs. I like the rounded studs, Because I have bad experience with other type of studs, hurting my
knees I don’t buy laceless boots because I feel like they will slip off when I am running.
during a match?
Yes, personally I think studs should be rounded because it creates less friction while my foot turns side to
side. It helps my knees. It is easier to move. Other type of studs might provide better grip but it will hurt
your knee.
Interview with Priyanga Ohadha
Name: Priyanga Odadha

Age: 28
Level: Played for UTS football Club Female Team Division 6.
She is an sportsperson who have experience practicing and interacting with a variety of
sports. She willing to provide her experience with football boots which caused critical
injury.
The Story
I started experiencing pain on my ankle. Only by playing football/soccer, no other sport. So, I used
to tape it with kinesiology tape. Just tape the injured part. Maybe for a month and a haft. Maybe
because I just tough it was muscle pain. And it became a point when the pain became really…
really bad, literally I could not run. I went to the hospital, and I saw a doctor. Doctor diagnostic
was meniscus tear in Knee. They were pushing me to have surgery but I was very sceptical, so I
rested my knee for a month and two. Stopped playing football of course. Eventually, the pain
started to catch up while playing other sports. I realize it was very serious. Later, I went to India
and I saw another doctor, to get a second option. He told me I was the same thing but it was
healing and I don’t need to do surgery. And for some reason it hurts while I am running on grass
wearing soccer boots but not with sinkers of other type of sports shoes.
And that happens straight way or after 30 minutes or so?.
Straightway.
Is the pain to much that it does not allow you to perform?
Don’t get me wrong, I love football but I don’t like pain.
How old where you at that time?
Around 24 to 25
How old are you now?
28. And do you remember the day we both played soccer in the Wentworth park, I was not wearing my football boots,
I was wearing snickers. I did not feel any pain.
I remembering you telling me that I might be because of the studs?
That’s my conclusion. I used to play basketball for 3 hours running and jumping, nothing happened, no pain. Only when
I went to that pitch.
What kind of pitch?
A natural ground pitches.
Do you remember the model of soccer boots that you were wearing on the day you got hurt?
They were Nike Hyper venom with plastic studs, they were supposed to be good shoes, I friend told me that.
So, wherever you want to play outdoor you must wear snickers? Not necessarily, comfortable shoes. I used to play
indoor with Astro turf with the same boots. And does it hurt? It is not as painful as in the grass (firm ground).
And last time you played wearing snicker in Wentworth park?
Yeah, I did not feel any pain. I saw 3 doctors for the last 4 years, and none of them came with the solution
Interview with Sales Person from Just Sports
The interview was located on campus of UNSW. For the interview we have used a recording device
and a note pad for notes. The interview is semi-structured with open questions during the meeting.
The participant has 2 years of experience in the sportwear retail business. This interview is important
because it provided with insight knowledge of people’s decisions of buying the product as well as the
kind of people who come to the store and buy sports equipment.
Stocking and Restocking
Brands tend to present new models on monthly bases. Some products will be displayed on sale only
when the amount of stock is very limited and there is a very short number of sizes.
Materials
Kangaroo leather is known a very strong lightweight leather. People tend to notice the positive aspects
of the materials. Brands such as Adidas have banned the use of the material due to animal cruelty. The
leather is used to make a variety of product such as military boots, soccer boots and fashion
accessories.
A comparison between casual and competitive players
A competitive player will know what to purchase. His behavior will lead him/her directly to a specific
brand and then choose different sizes. Although, a casual buyer will tend to spend more time searching
and asking questions about the product.
Key Findings
There some high-end and high-price products have a year warranty. Low-end products and less costing
shoes do not include that benefit. If the product is faulty, it is first reviewed by one of their staff and if
the item is identified faulty, it will eventually be thrown out. The consumer will get a replacement for
a new pair. The Sports Company distributor will contact the Brand such as: Adidas, Nike. Notify them
of the faulty product, making them sure of product quality needs to be reviewed. The Sports company,
in this case, will sometimes receive a discount on their next product line. Where some high-end and
high-price products have a year warranty. Low-end products and less costing shoes do not include that
benefit. If the product is faulty, it is first reviewed by one of their staff and if the item is identified faulty,
it will eventually be disposed.
The consumer will get a replacement for a new pair. The Sports Company distributor will contact the
Brand such as: Adidas, Nike. Notify them of the faulty product, making them sure of product quality
needs to be reviewed. The Sports company, in this case, will sometimes receive a discount on their
next product line.
Personal Inventory
Document all the objects that people identify as important to them within the context of their
lifestyles. Get them to discuss their purpose and importance. It is useful for understanding
people’s activities, values, and perceptions. Better carried out with more than one participant.
To understand people’s perceptions, activities, values as well as the connections among them.
Personal inventory is the most adequate research method to be used for this research method.
This method aims to analyse people’s relations with their personal objects. As it is recommended
by IDEO card, we will include 2 participants where they will both demonstrate their personal
experiences with indoor as well as outdoor football shoes.
Their personal experiences wearing these shoes during training and in the pitch. During this
method, it is important to analyse the key factors and key Findings from both participants
knowledge. This section of the report will also include a conclusion with possible relations
between each other.
Name Type Status

Participant #1 Semi-professional Active
Participant #2 Casual-Competitive Active - TBA
Personal Inventory – Participant #1

This research method has been located on campus of UNSW. In order to capture details of the
conversation. An iPhone 6s has been used as the main device to record video and also to take
photographs. This method is semi-structure with the inclusion of open questions.
Participant Details
The participant is a university student. He has been playing football for over 10 years. He is
currently playing as a semi-competitive player. He is 21 years old and currently playing as a
centre-forward. He provided for this research method 6 soccer boots that he has used for the
last 6 years.
FIGURE 2 GROUP OF BOOTS, OWNER DANIEL GRIFFING, PHOTOGRAPHY BY AUTHOR.
Product Attachment
During the demonstration of different boots, I realized that is unusual to see a person keeping 6
pairs of boots. Product Attachment has been identified as a factor for this interesting finding.
Product attachment is defined as the strength of the emotional bond a person experiences to a
product during ownership. The participant experiences have a strong attachment with some of
their pairs because it provided memories of winning championships along of his career.
Comfortability
During our conversation, if there is something that participant’s decision could make the
difference can be resumed in one word: comfort. Comfortability was the number one reason for
everything. Soccer boots could look aesthetically beautiful and have innovative materials and
unique shapes. The way the boot would perfectly fit, it is considered the number one reasons at
moment of buying a new pair of boots. In addition, wide foot is a problem that needs further
studies.
Materials & Studs

Having a long experience playing football. There have been times where the boots needed to
face different weather conditions, as a result, the boots were more likely to tear apart of its
performance during a game. There is an important aspect to mention that the amount studs
seem to perform better than a boot with fewer studs. Amount of volume of the studs also creates
an uncomfortable sensation while wearing the product. Plastics studs can provide the benefit of
being lightweight although there is not as solid as a metallic stud. Plastics studs tend to disappear
after use.
Product Maintenance
The participant constantly plays and trains every year. Having a total 2 training days and 1 game
on the weekends. The boots tend to last for at least one season (6 months). After some matches,
the boots seem to start falling apart. It seems that the part most likely to be damaged first was
the toe cap. The participant tried to fix it by Stitching the fabric and using professional glue. It
failed after some time. Also, the material used for the outsole was bent at one point that the
material deteriorated and broke eventually.
Modularity in Soccer Boots

During our interview, he seems willing to try something new such as the modular boots idea.
Where the idea of having interchangeable studs could provide the opportunity to have a boot
that could work in both environments: wet and dry conditions, hard and soft ground. But the
only way to find out is by testing it.
Smart technologies
It is a fact that major soccer leagues in the world, work with expensive GPS vets which include
accelerometers and movement track modules. These devices recollect accurate data and
essential statistics on players’ physical and performance profiles. During our interview, we talked
about the inclusion of these technologies. Where it can be seeming a plus comparing to current
products, the accelerometers and heart rate sensor seem to be important technologies that can
use in football according to our discussion.
Personal Inventory – Participant #2
This research method has been conducted in 1/243 King Street, Mascot. The participant has
provided with 6 different pair of football boots for outdoor and indoor. He has been playing
football since year 10. He has also participated in local and regional competitions. In order to,
capture the information from the participant. During the research method. A camera has been
used to capture images. Also, a notepad for notes.
Participant Details
The participant is a centre-forward. He is currently 33 years old. He has experience locally and
internationally.
Participant Story
The participant has been playing football for over 15 years. Currently has 2 outdoor pairs. The
both are relative in a good condition. He originally both them due to the low price both pairs
where originally priced above 200 dollars. Both shoes are Nike and each has a different feature.
The vapor X which is a purple shoe, it is a very light weight shoe that works great under soft and
firm ground. Although, to compensate the low weight, the shoe barely has any protection. So,
whenever he plays if anyone steps on his foot, it will eventually hurt him and damage his toe. The
other Nike boot is a hyper venom. There are 2 main reasons why he personally bought this boot.
Firstly, it is the silhouette which covers his ankle and protects it from any type of twist. Since he
was a little kid, he always suffers from a weak ankle. So, for himself to have a boot that helps the
ankle to protect and prevent from injury, it is considered a must buy. Although, after long periods
of time even if he is wearing a thick sock. Part of his skin tends to peel off, as result he ends up
with a blister which stays for a week. He believes it is due to the material of the silhouette or
maybe it is because it creates a friction between his skin and the material while performing.
Let’s move on to indoor boots. He currently has 2 pairs of indoor boots known as: an Adidas Copa
Mundial and Nike Mercurial X Edition CR7 which stand for a renown European football player.
Indoor shoes usually tend to last up 6 months during season time. He practices and preforms 2
games per week. The reason which makes him buy a new pair is the non-marking outsole which
wears off after 6 months. Again, comfort plays an important role for purchasing decision. The
other pair is the Copa Mundial, a black and white shoe made of Kangaroo leather, very
comfortable to wear buy its weight is heavy compared to the Nike or any synthetic shoe. After 4
years the shoe still looks like new with minor marks on the sides which are hard to notice at first
sight. On the other hand, the Nike Mercurial shows a more modern look. The shoe has a silhouette
that cover the ankle just like the hyper venom outdoor boot, that he mentioned before. Also, this
shoe has scored most goals during a season. It is a great shoe for shooting and controlling.
Although, it has the same problem with blisters. After a period of 30min to 1 hour of use. His skin
tends to peel off and eventually a blister pops up and remains at least for a week. Another
important factor to mention is the cushioning. The Adidas Copa Mundial has an insole attached
to the shoe, it cannot be remove. However, the Nike Mercurial X has an insole which is
interchangeable. He has tried to remove the insole and make modification although the
difference is not perceived. It is important to mention, he tried to purchase other insoles from
ebay.com or similar website, due to sportwear companies do not sell their insoles individually, or
they cannot be purchase in the retail store.
FIGURE 3 – GROUP OF FOOTBALLL BOOTS, NIKE AND ADIDAS FROM 2015 TO PRESENT, PHOTOGRAPHY BY
AUTHOR.
Product Quality
On one side, synthetic shoes have significant benefits in low weight and looks. On the other side,
leather shoes have better properties for longevity and comfort.
Plastics studs will tend disappear after some use. Losing traction in the long term, eventually it
will create injuries.
Upper body seems in a good condition after 2 to 3 years of use. Soleplate requires to replaced.
It cannot be done due to its construction.
Injuries
As the participant shows, he has experience with common injuries on his ankle. The solution
provided by Nike with the long or mid cut silhouette does provide a solution. However, the
solution creates another problem with blisters.
Indoor and outdoor boots
As the products have been described, at first sight they have similarities. Nevertheless, the main
difference again is the outsole which is a thin layer of material which protect the foam on the
midsole.
Chapter 4 - People
This section is about understanding the user’s activities and perceptions about the sport and
active life. The aim of this section is to understand people’s needs and wants in the footwear
industry.
The Target Market

The focus of this report is to provide the benefits of modularity on football boots. People who
will end it up buying a new pair in a very short period of time.
Users
The football community is quite large. The people who tend to purchase the item are categorized
into 3 categories. A casual, a casual-competitive player and a professional. There are sub-categories
between each category.
“Sports manufactures do not spend millions of dollars developing a product unless there is a
market unit” says The Secret Footballer[12].
There are 3 groups of stakeholders. The professionals, the competitive players and the casual. They
all have one thing in common and that is that they all love football, there are passion to compete
with others. Some individuals have interesting stories about their grandparents playing or supporting
specific groups. Therefore, they support their clubs by purchasing merchandise or attending to the
matches.
They start from an early age because its culture, community or idols. In the market that this
research has focus are the football fans. While professionals may have sponsorships with
international brands, they may not need to purchase a specific brand or boot. However, players
such as them are quite rare and very limited in number in the major world leagues.
Relevant Technologies
Reebok Liquid Factory
“Shoes are expensive, because moulds are expensive” says Bill Mcinnis Reebok Future Design
Director. Reebok’s liquid Factory process is a 3D drawing technology, currently strictly limited.
The concept works by a single layer of material is deposited and dried to make the liquid laces
that crossover the front of the Liquid Floatride Run shoe by Reebok. Creating a lightweight grip
on the shoe’s outer sole. The outsole provides traction and durability which it has not been
updated in nearly 30 years. The innovation on the outsole came by the liquid factory process.
The process consists in the machine’s draw on the layers and this allows them to build walls of
high rebound material layer by layer to create a framework for the shoe. It is twice the energy
return compared to common rubber EVA material outsoles[13].
FIGURE 4 - REEBOK’S NEW LIQUID FACTORY IMAGE BY FOOTWEARNEWS.COM
Adidas Future Craft 3D
Future Craft 3d Feature the world’s first High-Performance midsole crafted with light and oxygen.
Dr. Joseph Desimon says “liquids give you the most flexibility in material design”. The idea of
making a shoe that’s a size 9 for instance that same shoe for someone who’s 70 Kg versus 90kg’s
has got to be different. Every single cell is engineered to do exactly what sportsperson needs it
to do. Future Craft 4d midsole is made of UV-curable resin and polyethene mixture arranged in
complex lattice structures[14]. According to Adidas.com/futurecraft the midsoles of the shoes
are specifically tuned to provide superior and controlled energy return.
FIGURE 5 – ALPHA EDGE 3D TLD SHOE BY ADIDAS.COM
Nike E.A.R.L
E.A.R.L stands for Electro Adaptive Reactive lacing. The Idea was originally conceived in the movie
“Back to the future”, Tinker Hatfield says “what the modern athlete asks of their feet is far
beyond what they were originally designed to do”[15]. The Nike Hyper Adapt 1.0 was the first
shoe from bringing in the wearable self-lacing shoe.
FIGURE 6 – ELECTRO ADAPTIVE REACTIVE LACING SHOES BY NIKE.COM
Stakeholders
Stakeholders are the people who may hold an interest in the project. The retail of stakeholders
will be distributors and manufactures. Individual and group of shoe makers will also take a
benefit. The athletes, sportspersons, casual player, aspiring football players. Either female or
male athletes are the beneciers.
FIGURE 7 – MARKET PEOPLE IN FOOTBALL CATEGORIES DIAGRAM
Beneficiaries
The main beneficiaries of the project will be people who play football in different ground fields
and under unexpected weather conditions. Also, people who constantly are purchasing boot
due to
Chapter 5 -Market and Competitor Analysis

Comparative Analysis
As the current market moves, major companies brand their exclusive product with remarkable
players. Although, some boots will tend to have a better precision and overall performance that
are not necessarily due to its higher price in the market.
Position Goals Brand/Model

1 761 Adidas F50
2 740 Nike Mercurial
3 473 Nike Hyper venom
4 636 Nike CTR360
5 353 Adidas Predator
FIGURE 8 TABLE ABOVE WHICH DEPICTS THE BOOT THAT HAS SCORED THE MOST GOALS IN 2013-2014
ACROSS THE TOP FOUR EUROPEAN LEAGUES (ITALY, SPAIN, ENGLAND, GERMANY)[12].
On the top five positions in the league is not a surprise. Also, another important brand Puma is in the
6th place, the boot Puma Evo is nearly 100 goals behind the Adidas Predator and in fact according to
The Secret Footballer 8 out of the 10 top boots in the list are either Nike or Adidas[12].
The most remarkable of today’s football player Leonel Messi winner of 4 cups as the best player
of the year. wears the Adidas F50. A lightweight boot positioned number 1 in the ranking. On the
other hand, another remarkable player Cristiano Ronaldo wears the Mercurial by Nike
coincidentally located as 2nd in the ranking. Both players have an outstanding performance that
both have their own sub-brand. Nemezis for Leonel Mezi, and CRT360 by Cristiano Ronaldo.
Player Club Kit National Team Kit Boot Manufacturer

Messi Nike Adidas Adidas
Cristiano Ronaldo Adidas Nike Nike
Rooney Nike Nike Nike
Neymar Nike Nike Nike
Bale Adidas Adidas Adidas
FIGURE 9 AN ADVERTISER’S DREAM[12]
There is a selected group of players which are classified as top in the world. Mainly one selected
player per national football team will have a partnership with a sportwear company. Figure 3 is
a representation of the top players with exclusive partnerships with their clubs and national
teams. These companies get to decide to affiliate themselves with only the best and most
commercially valuable players in the world. For a time, before Nike managed get introduce their
products into the market, Adidas boots was awesome to wear argues the secret footballer[12].
In order to achieve exclusiveness major sportwear companies are buying the remaining players.
It is important to mention that some players do not want to be seem as selling out point.
FIGURE 10 IMAGE NIKE & ADIDAS BOOTS BY POSITION, SEASON 2017/2018
Nike Feature Material Renown Position Ground Removable

Players Studs
Mercurial Lightweight Synthetic Cristiano Wingers Soft Ground The SG
Ronaldo, or Striker Soft Ground version’s sole
Franck Pro SG-PRO plate is fitted
Ribery, Zlatan Firm Ground with six Nike
Ibrahimovic Snap
Removable
studs.
Hypervenom Traction, synthetic Robert Forwards Soft Ground The SG
power, and Lewandowski, (SG), Firm soleplate
agility Kylian Ground or features 6
designed Mbappe, Artificial removable
for Gonzalo Ground aluminium
deceptive Higuain versions in studs, in
players which all which
feature a different
studs with
glass nylon
different
soleplate.
lengths can
Turf (TF) and be used, and
Indoor (IC) 6 fixed
bladed studs.
Magista Control Leather – Andres Center - FG – Firm
and Synthetic Iniesta, Mario Midfield Ground
distribution – Carbon Balotelli, (CDM) SG – Soft
Fiber Javier Center ground
Soleplate Mascherano Back AG –
Artificial
Grass,
TF – Turf and
IC - indoor
Tiempo Comfort Leather - Ronaldinho, Midfield FG (firm
Kangaroo Sergio ground), SG
Ramos, Carlos (soft
Puyol ground), AG
(artificial
grass) and IC
(indoor).
TABLE 1 TABLE OF BOOTS BY POSITION NIKE BASED ON FIGURE 8
Adidas Feature Material Renown Position Ground Removable

Players Studs
Nemesis Agility Synthetic Messi Midfield
FG (firm
- Textile ground),
SG (soft
ground),
AG
(artificial
grass)
and IC
(indoor).
Predator Control Synthetic Mesult Ozil, Forwards FG (firm The SG
- leather Angel Di ground), soleplate
Maria, Xabi SG (soft features 6
Alonso ground), removable
AG aluminium
(artificial studs
grass)
and IC
(indoor).
X Speed - Synthetic Wingers FG (firm The SG
lightweight – 3D or Striker ground), soleplate
Textile SG (soft features 6
ground), removable
AG aluminium
(artificial studs
grass)
and IC
(indoor).
Copa Intended to Kangaroo Zinedine Midfield FG (firm The SG
improve Leather Zidane, Diego ground), soleplate
durability Maradona, SG (soft features 6
and stability Frank ground), removable
Beckenbauer, AG aluminium
Jari Litmanen (artificial studs
grass)
and IC
(indoor).
TABLE 2 TABLE OF BOOTS BY POSITION ADIDAS BASED ON FIGURE 8.
Product deconstruction
Sport Equipment Objectives
There are two main objectives of sport equipment: to improve performance and to prevent the
player for an injury. According to Advanced Materials for sports equipment using shock-absorbing
materials decrease the possible injury[2].
The Fibers
There are many different types of properties:
- Strength
- Lightness
- Stiffness
- Fatigue resistance
- Dampening
- Fracture toughness
Sport Shoes
Human feet are complicated biomechanical
structures made up of 26 bones and about 30
joints, the whole being held collectively by a
glue of ligaments and muscles[2]. To start
with, it is worth considering the way this
skeletal structure is loaded during running.
This is crossing provides ideas as to how best
to design sports shoes. Elite athletes tend to
use lightweight (0.1kg) spiked shoes without
midsole for races, but heavier, more durable
shoes for training. Training shoes tend to have
average of weight about 0.3kg[16]. FIGURE 11 SKELETAL STRUCTURE ON A FOOTBALL
BOOT
Running Shoes
In running, the shoe is part of a large system. Shoe properties, such as the cushioning of heel
strike, must be related to the cushioning inside the heel and the leg.
In running the motion is mainly in straight line, with some acceleration and braking.
Running Shoes Components
1.- Outsole of rubber

2.- Midsole of foam
3.- Innersole of foam with cloth cover
4.- Heel counter
5.- Upper, cloth or leather
The midsole
It is considered the key element of any sport shoe. The midsole is located between upper and
the outsole. The material of this component is compressed and tensioned many times during
running, sprinting and jogging.
EVA is the common material used on sport shoes. EVA is a polymer or plastic foam consisting of
ethylene and acetate[2]. The foam starts to break down after 100 kilometres of use. As a result,
EVA reduces substantially its cushioning effect.
Adidas has a new type of material known as Boots was originally launched in 2013. Boots foam
is up to three times more temperature-resistant than standard EVA material[17], as a result
delivering a more consistent run, walk and sprint.
The outsole
The outsole is the part of the sports shoe that is in contact with the running surface; the two
required properties are thus wear and frictional resistance. The most widely used material for
this component is a styrene butadene rubber[2]. Moreover, it is required to provide grip a range
of ground surfaces and also to prevent damage or wear to the midsole foam[18].
The insole
The function of the insole is to achieve good fit and comfort, to prevent blisters and to absorb
impacts shocks during heel toe movement.
The heel counters
The heel counter, a moulded plastic insert between the leather outer and the padded liner,
encourages the shoe heel to move with calcaneus bone[18]. The heel counter supports the heel
of the foot during the first part of the heel-toe movement. It is required for the heel counter to
be rigid and durable. Some shoes use external heel counters stabilizers in order to minimise rear
foot instability. Also, there is cushioning inside the heel counter to avoid rubbing.
The upper
Upper were traditionally made of leather, nowadays synthetic materials are often used. The
upper materials require to be: tensile strength, flexible, and durable against rubbing[18].The
upper materials are designed to achieve strength with minimal weight. For the construction is
required 3 layers of materials: an outer PU foam, and a sheet of nylon tricot[2].
Soccer Shoes
The soccer shoe is the most important part of equipment for the soccer players. However, any product
or surface field requires to meet FIFA (The Fédération Internationale de Football Association is an
association which describes itself as an international governing body of association football, futsal, and
beach soccer) Quality Concept for Football standards to be used in official games. The section Player’s
Equipment in Law 4 - states that in the case of foot ware resembles compulsory parts of equipment to
players, with jerseys, shorts, stocking and shin guards.
FIGURE 12 – GRAPHIC OF COMPREHENSIVE EVALUATION OF

FOOTWEAR[3]
FIFA standards also clarify that all equipment worn by players must not be dangerous to
themselves or to other players. Although, the law provides only a rough framework for the
demands on soccer shoes and soccer surfaces. Because the law leaves plenty of opportunities
for multiple constructions features.
Comprehensive evaluation of footwear

There are factors where soccer boots will be more focus on; aspects such as acceleration, running
and sprinting speed as well as ball-kick compared to normal shoes. The essential information
according to Sport Science for soccer shoe construction: game analysis and player
questionnaires.
In the 19th century, names were given to the player according to their tasks and positions[7].
The roles of the different players are traditionally connected with numbers on their backs, which
were originally introduced in the 1930s.
1 Goal Keeper
2 Right fullback
3 Left fullback
4 Right haftback
5 Center haftback
6 Left Fullback
7 Outside Right Forward
8 Inside Left Forward
9 Center forward
10 Inside haftback
11 Outside Left forward
Sections of Football Boot

Figure 11 represents the various parts of a football boot. Presently, there is a strong dedication
on creating boots without lacing. During interview I have identified that people still prefer shoe
laces due to adjustability. Adidas and Nike have stepped back and continuously adding lacing
on their sport shoes.
FIGURE 13 – SIDE VIEW OF VARIOUS PARTS OF A SOCCER BOOT. FROM ADVANCED MATERIAL FOR SPORT
EQUIPMENT[2] IMAGE BY AUTHOR
FIGURE 14 – GRAPHIC BREAKDOWN OF THE BOOT’S COMPONENTS[1] IMAGE BY AUTHOR
Individual performance
Current soccer boots tend to sell the product with ideas such as the lightest in the marker. The
Sport is played by 11 individuals with unique missions and skills. for example, a center haftback
may hit the ball twelve times in a game, but a winger (Outside or Inside Forward) not even once.
Also, an attacking midfielder may cover 12kms in a game, whereas a center haftback may cover
less than haft that distance[12]. As a result, power or jumping related in training is more
beneficial to a center haftback. The equipment should be adequate for the type of mission or
assignment the player is assigned.
This is also use during training sessions with the physiotherapist. Depending on the type of
position the player is acting, there is an appropriated training method. Another example is the
Goal keeper, according to the Secret Footballer, the Goal Keeper only runs a maximum of 15
meters in a game at any time. They are power athletes, they need to be agile and powerful, there
is no need to be aerobic or endurance athletes.
According to Grey and Alan[19]. Central Defenders covered 10 to 17 per cent less running at
highest intensity. Moreover, attackers covered 15 and 54 per cent more high-intensity running
and sprinting respectively in football matches. A match is characterized by the performance of
many situations throughout a 90 minute and sometimes even 120 minutes of extra-time.
Comfort wearing soccer boots
The book Soccer Science considers comfort of athletic footwear is difficult to understand because it is
highly subjective measure that accounts to the buyer preferences. However, the recommended
approach is to measure comfort of athletic footwear under consideration of its functional use. It also
should refer that the to the highest amount of comfort possible after further functional criteria have
been sufficiently accommodated.
Shoe Fit
Soccer shoes tend to have a narrow, tight fit at the rearfoot as well as the forefoot. Players
provide the final fit adjustments but using preferred lacing strategy to accommodate their foot.
Currently, some major companies in their innovation are designing shoes without lacing. This
innovation is relative new but it is only working for a specific type of people. There are cases where
boots are not so fit. Therefore, players feel uncomfortable and its performance its reduce. The studies
are still under investigation but shoe with lacing are still very popular in the market for its properties
of adjustments according to the player’s needs and for its affordable price. Shoes without lacing tend
to have a higher price range while having the same materials and size as their variation with lacing.
Shoe Traction
Football has been generally played in outdoor fields. Traction is based on the material and the
geometrical features. The studs of a soccer boot a are a paradigm using different geometrical
characteristics to configure shoe outsoles.
Studs
Generally, soccer shoe traction is determined by the shoe outsole configuration, the surface conditions
(indoor or outdoor), the surface conditions.
The major requirements in soccer is fast running performance, sprinting and straight acceleration.
Also, the are important moments where cutting, turning or even change of running direction is
required. The sizes and the shape also create a either higher or lower type of traction. For instance,
excessive traction creates the foot to lock with the ground, therefore reducing agility running
performance on the athlete.
In the academic journal “A comparison of test methodologies to enable the improved

understanding of soccer boot traction “[20], it shows a test where different shape of studs
provides different abilities or moving tractions on soccer boots.
During this research, the boot selected was Copa Mundial Adidas. They created modular studs where
they are replaced by different studs to provide evidence of different grip sensations.
The conclusions of the test revel a stud geometry will affect the surface traction given a toe
soccer player when performing a forward front sprint movement[21]. The longest stud showed
the lowest median traction force. The test also provides information unrelated such as the plate
or soleplate of the shoe. It needs to be contact with the surface to obtain comparable values of
traction as it says. Each stud has better properties for a softer ground rather than a hard ground.
Surface & Ground
There is a FIFA law which mentions The Field of Play states that matches may be played on
natural or artificial surfaces. Since the beginning of soccer, it has been always played outdoor.
As soccer is played worldwide, weather conditions affect the overall performance of the game
and the field. Soccer games on wet, muddy, hard, frozen surfaces often develop a different
character compared with games played on regular firm grass surfaces. Varying surfaces
conditions influence ball bounce and roll and may weaken the player in various ways, as a result
the player’s performance is reduced.
FIGURE 15 – DIFFERENT TYPE OF GROUNDS IN FOOTBALL
According to (store.nike.com/au/football-shoes). Nike classifies their football boots with 5

different kind surfaces. These are the features boots offer for each type of surface[22]. The
following table to name the type of outsole for Nike Football Boots.
Firm Ground Enhanced traction slightly wet, but rarely muddy short-grass fields.
Artificial Optimized traction for artificial grass fields.
Soft Ground Designed to deliver maximum traction on wet and muddy fields.
Turf Ground Fast fine-tuned for Synthetic surfaces.
Indoor/Street Engineered for speed on streets, courts, or pavements.
TABLE 3 – TABLE OF PROPERTIES ACCORDING TO THE TYPE OF GROUND BY NIKE.COM/FOOTBALL
On the other hand, different football boots have been developed for use on specific surfaces.
Use the following table to find the name of the sole and the corresponding surfaces it is suitable
for. Use of the incorrect surface may lead to highly increased wear of the sole and shaft, which
results in an increased risk of injury. For instance, Adidas accepts no liability for damage resulting
from the inappropriate of use of football boots.
Soft Ground Wet, soft to very soft natural ground/grass pitches.

TRX
Firm Ground Dry grass pitches, natural ground.
TRX
Hard Ground Very hard and dry natural ground or cinder surfaces.
TRX
Artificial The latest generation of artificial turf.
Ground TRX
Multi Ground All hard-natural ground and the latest generation of artificial turf.
Tuft Hard pitch and artificial turf.
Indoor Indoor hall surfaces.
TABLE 4 – TABLE OF NAME OF SOLE AND THE CORRESPONDING SURFACES BY ADIDA.COM WEAR & CARE
INSTRUCTIONS.
Player-surface interaction is also considerably influenced by weather, especially regarding

traction characteristics. When playing on soft, wet fields, suitable stud configurations feature
fewer but longer studs. Outsole configurations for playing on natural grass vary considerably.
The studs penetrate deeper into the ground to provide desire traction and avoid slipping. Usage
or fewer studs prevents loose pieces of muddy soil grom sticking to the shoe outsole[4]. On the
other hand, outsole configurations with that include various studs provide larger adhesive
contact surface for the muddy soil to stick to.
In the case of Firm ground fields, soccer boots should feature more but shorter stud elements
because these fields characteristics block studs from penetrating fully into the ground.
Consequently, players are exposed to unstable stance conditions when studs are too long.
For hard or frozen surfaces, stud configurations should get even shorter and the number of studs
should increase further to account even more for the aforementioned aspects. Shorter studs
provide improved whole-body balance and stance foot stability to players on hard surfaces,
providing important functional support.
This is where modular design could be applied, varying surface characteristics require more than
the selection of optimal outsole configurations. They also affect the nature of the game by
challenging players in other areas. For instance, hard surfaces increase balance and stability
demands, which probably is better used by smaller, lighter and agile players[23].
Emerging Products & Technologies
Innovative products in the current market.
Modular Football Boots
Adidas Glitch
GLITCH offers enhanced fit like no other cleat.

Consisting of an interlocking Inner Shoe and a lace
less Outer Skin, GLITCH cleats give you greater ball
control and the ability to change up your look
whenever you want. Just whip off the outer, and pull
on another in its place. The pack starts with one
Inner shoe and two outer skins, so the player can
mix up the style.
Uppers are available in leather and synthetic fabric,

with firm ground and soft ground soles.
FIGURE 16 ADIDAS GLITCH BY ADIDAS.COM
Adidas F+50 TUNIT
In January 31, 2006 Adidas announced a new soccer footwear

concept. Known as +50 TUNIT. The soccer boot concept allows
the user to customize, adapt and tune their boots to any
weather, any pitch and their very own personal style.
-The Lightweight chassis provide reduced weight through less

material usage.
The Comfort Chassis provides additional comfort, cushioning
and shock absorption at high pressure points.
The Orthopedic Chassis features reduction in the sock liner to
allow the usage of personal orthopedic in-socks.
The product was positive perceive by the public. With

comments such as: “this is a unique boot, I can personalize it and
change it for every single match, just my looks.’ By Djibril Cisse,
explayer of Liverpool FC. FIGURE 17 - ADIDAS F50+ TUNIT
BY PINTEREST.COM
Sustainable Products
All PET Shoe
Jules Mas is a French Industrial Designer. His

strong attraction for the sports industry and
innovation led him into a design practice
based around experiments with materials and
new technologies, trying to rethink the way
materials are used.
The All Pet Shoe is a fully recyclable shoe

designed for football players. While most
football boots are made from plastic, leather,
resin and glues, the All Pet Shoe is composed
a single, recyclable material. The design
combines a variety of forms of polyethylene
terephthalate (or PET) to create the rigid,
flexible and textile parts of the boot. The All
Pet Shoe’s material and manufacturing
process allow it to enter the same recycling
circle as a plastic bottle, thus reducing the
waste linked to high-turnover sports
equipment. FIGURE 18 – ALL PET SHOE BY JULES MAS SOURCE:
DUBAIDESIGNWEEK.AE/GLOBAL-GRAD-
This shoe will be presented at the Dubai SHOW/PROJECTS/ALL-PET-SHOE/
Design Week in November 2018.
Nike GS green speed
In 2012, Nike introduced in Venice, Italy. The new Nike GS a shoe constructed in a manner which
is both low environmental impact while also maintaining performance as a primary concern. US-
based Designer Andy Caine has developed the lightest, fastest and lowest environmental impact
production boot for Nike to date. “the traction plate of the boot is crafted from a mix of material
including 50% castor beans and 50% plastic where the sock liner is made from 100% castor beans.
the laces, tongue and lining of the Nike GS, are formed from a minimum of 70% recycled materials
while the collar and toeboard have a material makeup including least 15% recycled matter”[24].
FIGURE 19 – NIKE GS, FOOTBALL BOOT MADE OF 70% RECYCLED MATERIALS SOURCED: DESIGNBOOM.COM
Adidas Samba Prime knit
In order to combine the comfort and responsiveness of playing

barefoot with the protection of a traditionally designed
performance shoe, Adidas has launched ‘samba primeknit’, the
world’s first knitted football boot. the limited-edition boots are
the first to have an upper that is entirely knitted from heel-to-
toe, providing a bespoke second-skin fit that retains the strength
of a conventional pair of cleats. high levels of flexibility and
comfort are provided via the one-piece knitted upper; the yarns
used to construct ‘primeknit’ provide stability and strength equal
to conventional boots. each yarn receives a high precision coating
that guarantees water resistance even while playing on a wet
pitch[25].
FIGURE 20 ADIDAS SAMBA WORLD’S
FIRST KNITTED FOOTBALL BOOT SOURCE:
DESIGNBOOM.COM
Personal Tracking Systems
The use of digital video and computer technology to analyse performance in match play and
recently in training is now prominent in elite soccer players. Sport scientists and fitness
practitioners in elite soccer clubs often quantify player movements using global positioning
system (GPS) technology. The following GPS devices provide accurate data on distance run and
speed, they also record heart rate.
GPS is specifically useful for monitoring and manipulating daily practices. GPS have also negative
aspects such as loss of satellite signals and eventually potentially incomplete essential data
information. These devices do not usually work indoor such as stadiums with closed roof or
sports halls[26]. However, real-time wireless triangulation sensors and accelerometer wearables
with the inclusion of heart rate is currently seem as an optional support instead of common GPS.
For sportspersons, who use PT (Personal Training) for the everyday activities, the use of these
tracking devices are essential tools for the development of their sport performance. Over the
last decade, professional soccer has been characterized by a more systematic approach towards
training and preparation. Modern soccer requires formally employ performance analysis to
perform match analysis. However, only football clubs with high income can afford to pay for
10,000 US American Dollars Vest (Standing for Global Positioning System) over their kit[12].
These vest track heart rate, distance covered, intensity and direction during each training
session.
To star with, the table below shows several tracking systems use by renown football clubs. With
the introduction of GPS monitoring of training and games, and systems such as Prozone.
Physiotherapist and Coaches have access to accurate data and essential statistics on player’s
physical and performance profiles. Allows coaches to classify distances travelled at each relative
intensity, providing critical information about physical conditioning provident training load
monitoring.
Also, TBLW 3 shows a list of the different types of technology currently available. Some
companies have now emerged such as GPS sports acquired by Catapult Sports.
Company or Country System Website

Research
Institution Publication
PLAYER TRACKING TECHNOLOGY: GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEMS
Catapult Australia Minimax www.catapultsports.
Sports com
GPSport Australia SPI Elite www.gpsports.com Castagna et
al.2009
K-sports Italy K-sports www.k-sports.com
Real Track Spain Real Track www.realtrackfutbol.
Football Football com
VX Sport New Zealand VX340 www.vxsport.com Buchheit et al.
2014
Statsports Ireland Viper www.statsports.ie
PLAYER TRACKING TECHNOLOGY: WIRELESS TRIANGULATION SENSORS
CSIRO Australia Minimax www.catapultsports. Castellano et
com al.2011
Imotio Object Netherlands LPM Soccer www.inmotio.nl Frencken,
Tracking BV 3D Lemink and
Delleman 2010
ZXY Sport Norway ZXY Sport www.zxy.no Pettersen et
Tracking AS Tracking al.2014
PLAYER TRACKING TECHNOLOGY: OTHER WEARABLE DEVICES
Adidas Germany MiCoach www.adidas.com/us/
Speed_Cell/X_ micoach
Cell
Orthocare US Step Watch www.orthocareinnov Feito, Bassett
Innovations ations.com and Thompson
LLC 2012
Polar Finland Polar S3+ www.polar.fi
Company or Country Systems Website Research
Institution Publication
PLAYER TRACKING TECHNOLOGY: OTHER WEARABLE DEVICES
Catapult Australia PlayerTek www.playertek.com.
Sports aus
Zepp US Inc US Zepp www.zepp.com/en-
us/soccer
ASIbrand France FieldWiz www.fieldwiz.com
Catapult Australia Clearsky T6 www.catapultsports.
OptimEye S5 com/products
OptimEye x4
TABLE 5 21 MOST RELEVANT PLAYER TRACKING DEVICES USING GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEMS AND WIRELESS
TRIANGULATION SENSORS IN 2018[26].
However, manual logging of the majority of technical match actions is still necessary such as
shots, passes and tackles. Portable Devices such as Smartphones, tablets or wearables satisfy the
basic needs of tracking performance. Coaches can benefit from immediate access to statistics at
any time during the game. Real-time analysis is the availability of data on which the coaching
staff can confirm their doubts feelings and make more accurate tactical decisions such as
substitutions over the course of matches.
On the other side, there is an important factor such as portability which plays an important role.
The ease of use and substantially lower cost of portable smartphones game analysis systems.
Most team that use expensive vests sing reciprocal agreements to share match data when
playing in each other’s stadium not equipped with the same technology.
Consequently, many tracking device companies have designed transportable systems such as
PlayerTek or Zepp which allows the player performance to be monitored any stadium, any
ground. Also, the use of the same system of training will eliminate discrepancies across data
information derived from different tracking technologies[27]. In addition, the have a massive
price differentiation compared to more complex professional tracking systems.
Chapter 6 – Testing Design Directions

This section is about demonstrating the possible design solutions. This section aims to provide
a vision of possible outcomes of prototyping based on Key Findings in research.
IoT (Internet of things)
Technology is spreading extremely fast. The internet of things is described as to the connection
of devices such as smartphones, cars, kitchen appliances are all synchronised. The idea is that
every product can all be connected based on IoT. Currently, tracking devices use GPS and
triangulation sensors on wearables but none are fully integrated with the football boot. The
opportunity to describe the amount of manipulation of the soleplate or midsole could provide
precise information about product longevity. Moreover, Ai(Artificial Intelligence) could provide
suggestions in term of the type module to use for a specific task based on the couch tactics or
the type of ground. Also, and the amount of goals algorithm can play towards the benefit of an
aspiring football player.
Practical and Smart
Based on our research there is a need for a system or application where sportspeople can simply
track their devices. “I would like to track my device, in case if I lose it” says Oliver.
All Terrain on Weather Conditions
As football is played mainly outdoor. Players are constantly affected by the weather conditions,
although today we have accurate system that can alert the any individual for any inconvenience.
Individuals who are constantly training do not take the precautions that could help them to
perform better. Most sportspersons feel that they can still perform with the current equipment
on different environment, they do not consider that we they use of appropriated equipment
they can take advantage of the weather or ground conditions. Based on Secondary research, we
identify that if an athlete takes precautions have less risk of getting injuries.
Comfort and Durable
We have also identified that most important factor is comfort. When a product is comfortable,
people tend to use it as many times possible. However, Shoes in the industry are continuously
updated on monthly bases and is hardly if not impossible to find the same product. This is where
modularity can play in the benefit of the consumer, by replacing the broken module with a new
part without requiring disposing of the whole product.
Current football boots are creating pollution due to the toxic materials. Shoes as other similar
products are not designed to be recycled. At least in the football footwear industry, sustainability
has been taken in consideration.
Injury Prevention
Prevention is very challenging. The most common injuries on football are ankle sprain, knee
ligament injuries, groin injuries and probably the most common hamstrings. It hard for a product
to prevent injuries, because it mainly due to proper pre-training and body warm up. Although,
Data analysis provides transparent important of instance clubs get more of a particular type of
injury due to the type of training of style of game. As the athlete is randomly sprinting, walking,
turning and heading. A system that could provide data of the amount of exercising on daily bases
could result in prevention for the athlete.
User-Friendly
Laceless shoes are hard to fit. The idea is vague and has not been implemented properly. The
product requires to fit in just like a sock, “people who be able to adjust” it says Mark Chang.
When Adidas provided the first modular boot in 2006, the ideas was exacting. Although, the
product did not last due to its poor user-friendly interface.
Chapter 7 – Key Findings
Key findings are the most important insights discovered from the research and investigation in
this report. These key findings are helpful in learning the essence design opportunity.
It is important to mention that from this research, I have found relative issues with people fit
and comfort. There is an important number of players with wide-feet that feel left out due to
low amount of options for wide-feet people. Whether a solution is to use flexible materials on
the upper such as Kangaroo leather, requires further investigation.
In a sport such as football is important the memories. The memories of important success and
failure. People tend to appreciate more the product, if a good memory is attached to it. Based
on our interviews and personal inventory. People like to keep their shoe, because brings them
good memories after 5 or more years, people will keep them. In fact, even if the shoes is
completely unusable.
It hard to keep an active record as an individual player. Although, important football clubs may
include expensive vest. For the casual-competitive user, a tracking device that can calculates
calories and allows the user to compare their performance with friends or other competitive
athletes is a nice way of keep track and progress.
Cushioning on football boots is very limited to the insole. It was unexpected finding that most
outdoor football boots are limited to the insole. Shoe companies do not sell them or cannot be
purchase. Products that are currently implementing extra cushioning have a very high price.
Chapter 8 – Design Brief

To design a product or system that provides more benefits for football players. This can be
achieved by taken the best features of current products in the market by creating modular
replicas of the same pieces.
- User Needs
o Better traction on the outsole and studs.
o A replacement of material of metal studs, a material that equal as resistant but
less harmful for rivals.
o Practical modular plug in and plug out. It needs to be user-friendly.
o Other solution for laceless shoes, if not a different type of system of laces of
adjustability and comfort.
o Personalisation, a product that can be easy customise by the user and reflects
the user’s identity.
o A system that can be upgraded with different materials and models using the
same architecture.
- Product Construction
o Product that does not interference with the training routine.
- Product Components
o Components that are simple to plug in and plug out.
o Components that provide precise information of athlete’s performance and an
app that provide evidence of training progress.
- Design and Aesthetics
o A provocative and fast design.
o A symbol of who is the user.
o Simple, effective and durable.
- Ergonomics
o A product or system that is simple to use. Attractive at first sight.
o Easy to maintain and to clean up after use.
o Perfect fit and comfortable of the user.
- Cost
o Normally, football boots have a price range from 50 to 400 Australian dollars.
Football players will wear from lower and the highest model to perceived
value. People are willing to pay the price as long the product is durable and has
a good quality.
Chapter 9 – Design Ideas and Reflections

This probable future is a representation of modern football in 5 years time. The idea behind
this concept was design a wearable devices. Trackig devices have been taken in consideration.
Modern football is about stadistics and science behind every injury, kick, formation and etc.
These devices also help coaches and staff members to understand the type of skills and habilities
the player has. According to our research, heart rate monitors have been included outside the
field but never inside. The a number of players who had died due to heart attacks. Smartband
that provides will constant information about players perfomance and monitor activites.
This preferable future is a representation of 50 years in the future. According to the key
findings, one element of design that a key of success is comfort. Nevertheless, conform is very
subjective it all depends of person preferences. In 50 years’ time, football boots will have smart
fabrics that will adapt their softness and comfort to a person preference. Also, traction will be
automated. Studs will pop up and automatic adjusted to the type of ground. Moreover, batteries
will no longer be needed due to the use of solar energy.
This dystopian future is a representation of the future in 50 years time. Well we take the
current issues of our society such as population, technologies that create barries between people
communicating and socializing. With this future in mind the football is a robotic friend which
interacts and communicates with the user. The ball will be trainning with the user, provide vital
information about performance, it learns from the user’s behivour.
Chapter 10 – Conclusion
In conclusion, there are many important factors that have been gained based on people research
and secondary research. Indeed, Modularity on football boots may have an opportunity in the
market of footwear, only if the modular product could provide effective benefits compared to
common football boots. There are two factors that play favourably towards modularity on
football boots which are ground and climate. It is unpredictable to the determinate the climate
for an outdoor sport but it is possible to be prepared. In addition, shoes are the reflection of
people identity, having a product that they can personalize, provides product attachment and
product care which are key elements of sustainability.
A modular product that is easy to plug in and plug out is the key element of success[10].
Nevertheless, more than a modular football boot, the solution could be a system such as Glitch.
In Australia, there is a plan known as “We are football” by the FFA (Football Federation Australia)
which mains to transform football as the most popular of the country. Whether this is possible,
only time will tell. However, products such as a modular system based on sport equipment could
contribute to the future of football players in Australia and overseas.
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the ultimate insider. 2015.
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Reebok is using 3D technology to break the mold. Bloomberg's Anne Mostue visited the Boston-
based company's headquarters to see how it's using proprietary liquid material, software and
robotics to draw shoes in three-dimensional layers]. Available from:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2_Mz8saTcRI&t=1s&index=12&list=PLGXcRRKLR1YtcjWZvr
wdMresvdqpovE-c.
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Table of figures
Figure 1 - Rey Pele with Jules Rimet Trophy, now known as FIFA world cup TROPHY. Pele is the
winner of 3 FIFA World Cups, Fifa.com . ........................................................................................ 2
Figure 2 - Group of boots, owner daniel griffing, photography by author. ................................. 25
Figure 3 – Group of footballl boots, nike and adidas from 2015 to present, photography by
author. .......................................................................................................................................... 28
Figure 4 - Reebok’S New Liquid Factory image by footwearnews.com ....................................... 31
Figure 5 – Alpha edge 3d TLD shoe by Adidas.com ...................................................................... 32
Figure 6 – Electro Adaptive Reactive Lacing shoes by Nike.com.................................................. 32
Figure 7 – Market people in football categories diagram ............................................................ 33
Figure 8 - Table above which depicts the boot that has scored the most goals in 2013-2014
across the top four European Leagues (Italy, Spain, England, Germany)[12].............................. 34
Figure 9 an advertiser’s dream[12] .............................................................................................. 34
Figure 10 Image Nike & Adidas Boots by position, season 2017/2018 ........................................ 35
Figure 11 Skeletal structure on a football boot............................................................................ 38
Figure 12 – Graphic of comprehensive evaluation of footwear[3] .............................................. 40
Figure 13 – Side view of various parts of a soccer boot. From advanced material for sport
equipment[2] Image by Author .................................................................................................... 41
Figure 14 – Graphic breakdown of the boot’s components[1] Image by Author ........................ 42
Figure 15 – Different type of grounds in football......................................................................... 45
Figure 16 - Adidas Glitch by Adidas.com ...................................................................................... 47
Figure 17 - Adidas F50+ TUNIT BY PINTEREST.COM ..................................................................... 47
Figure 18 – All PET SHOE by Jules Mas SOURCE: dubaidesignweek.ae/global-grad-
show/projects/all-pet-shoe/ ........................................................................................................ 48
Figure 19 – Nike GS, football boot made of 70% recycled materials sourced: designboom.com49
Figure 20 - Adidas Samba world’s first knitted football boot source: designboom.com ............. 49
Table 1 - Table of boots by position nike based on figure 8 ........................................................ 36

Table 2 - Table of boots by position adidas based on figure 8. .................................................... 37
Table 3 – Table of properties according to the type of ground by nike.com/football ................. 45
Table 4 – Table of name of sole and the corresponding surfaces by adida.com wear & care
Instructions. .................................................................................................................................. 45
Table 5 - 21 Most relevant player tracking devices using global positioning systems and wireless
triangulation sensors in 2018[26]................................................................................................. 51
IDES 2018
IBRAHIM DIAZ
Modularity on Soccer Boots in the Modern Football

Modularity On Football Boot in The Modern Football

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Modularity On Football Boot in The Modern Football

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I N THE

IDES4101 Author: Ibrahim Diaz

“Of the 95% of people who love football, only 2

Comprehensive evaluation of footwear ............................................................................... 40

Modularity allows designers to control the degree to which changes in processes or

The History of Modern Soccer/Football

Number of Benefits of Modularity

Chapter 3 – RESEARCH METHODS

Design & Bibliography Literature

Journal Articles and Google Scholar

Interview with Ben Herath

Adidas is a multinational corporation, founded in Germany, that designs and manufactures

Glitch is a new concept for ADIDAS Football?

Interview with Ali Hashim

Name: Ali Hashim

- Have you ever used a tracking device?

Interview with Mark Chang

Name: Mark Chang

Interview with Oliver Portas

Name: Oliver Portas

Participant Questions related to Playertek or similar Tracking Devices.

- How's your experience with the tracking device?

- Have you found difficult to use the tracking device?

Questions related to soccer boots and experience.

Interview with Priyanga Ohadha

Name: Priyanga Odadha

And that happens straight way or after 30 minutes or so?.

Is the pain to much that it does not allow you to perform?

Don’t get me wrong, I love football but I don’t like pain.

How old where you at that time?

How old are you now?

I remembering you telling me that I might be because of the studs?

What kind of pitch?

A natural ground pitches.

And last time you played wearing snicker in Wentworth park?

Interview with Sales Person from Just Sports

Stocking and Restocking

A comparison between casual and competitive players

Name Type Status

Personal Inventory – Participant #1

FIGURE 2 GROUP OF BOOTS, OWNER DANIEL GRIFFING, PHOTOGRAPHY BY AUTHOR.

Materials & Studs

Modularity in Soccer Boots

Personal Inventory – Participant #2

Indoor and outdoor boots

The Target Market

Reebok Liquid Factory

FIGURE 4 - REEBOK’S NEW LIQUID FACTORY IMAGE BY FOOTWEARNEWS.COM

Adidas Future Craft 3D

FIGURE 5 – ALPHA EDGE 3D TLD SHOE BY ADIDAS.COM

FIGURE 6 – ELECTRO ADAPTIVE REACTIVE LACING SHOES BY NIKE.COM

FIGURE 7 – MARKET PEOPLE IN FOOTBALL CATEGORIES DIAGRAM

Chapter 5 -Market and Competitor Analysis

Position Goals Brand/Model

Player Club Kit National Team Kit Boot Manufacturer

FIGURE 10 IMAGE NIKE & ADIDAS BOOTS BY POSITION, SEASON 2017/2018

Nike Feature Material Renown Position Ground Removable

Adidas Feature Material Renown Position Ground Removable

Running Shoes Components

1.- Outsole of rubber

The heel counters

FIGURE 12 – GRAPHIC OF COMPREHENSIVE EVALUATION OF

Comprehensive evaluation of footwear

Sections of Football Boot

FIGURE 14 – GRAPHIC BREAKDOWN OF THE BOOT’S COMPONENTS[1] IMAGE BY AUTHOR

Comfort wearing soccer boots