No.

Corresponding Author Title Page

KEYNOTE PAPER
I Yoshihiko Ohama RECENT RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT TRENDS OF CONCRETE-POLYMER COMPOSITES IN JAPAN Keynote-1 I-VII
II Wahid Omar MANAGING UTM 9TH MALAYSIA PLAN DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS: ISSUES AND CHALLENGES Keynote-2 VIII-XIV
III Muhd Zaimi Abd Majid SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION PRACTICE: BEYOND THE HORIZON Keynote-3 XV-XVIII
Construction and Environmental Issues - CE
1 Asyran Syafiq An Overview of Reusing and Recycling of Material Waste and Its Benefit Environment-1 214-216
2 Iraj Nikookar Sustainable Management in International Construction Environment and Cultural Issues Environment-2 217-221
3 Khairulzan Yahaya A Life Cycle-Assessment Of Clay Brick Production: Comparing The Sawdust With Petroleum Coke Energy Environment-3 222-225
4 Mansooreh Rakhshanifar Construction Disputes and Negligence’s on Living Environment Environment-4 226-230
5 Nur Syaheera Othman The Sustainability of Construction and Demolition Waste Management Environment-5 231-236
6 Nurizan Rahman Implementing 3R Concept in Construction Waste Management at Construction Site Environment-6 237-239
7 Rozana Zakaria A Sustainable Tourism Area – In A Way to Preserve the Environment: An Overview Environment-7 240-243
8 Zaiton Haron Automated Prediction Of Noise From Construction Sites Environment-8 244-249
Construction Management - CM

9 Adnan Enshassi The Effectiveness of Planning Technique on Construction Projects Achievement Management-1 282-286
10 Alireza Valipour Analytic Network Process Approach in Risk Assessment of Public-Private Partnership projects Management-3 287-291
11 Aminah binti Md Yusof Dispute Resolution in Malaysia: The Potential of Graph Model (GMCR) Management-4 292-295
12 Bachan Singh Standard Quality Achievement Level For Mont Kiara 11 (MK 11) Project – Case Study Management-5 296-300
13 Bahman Salami Build Operate and Transfer (BOT) in Power Plant Projects in Iran Management-6 301-305
14 Favilla Zaini Knowledge Sharing Barriers in Construction Industry in Sarawak Management-7 306-310
15 Kumalasari Kipli The Implementation of Alternative Dispute Resolution in Sarawak, Malaysia Management-8 311-315
16 Mohamad Nizam Yusof Knowledge Management and Growth Performance: Construction industry perspective Management-9 316-320
17 Mohamad Syazli Fathi A Review of Value Creation from Procurement Contracts and Business Models for District Cooling Systems In Malaysia Management-10 321-329
18 Suhaila Remeli Towards A Framework To Integrate The Usage Of Standard Method Measurement In Building Services Works Management-11 330-335
19 Shaza Rina Knowledge Sharing in Malaysian Construction Organisation Management-12 336-342
Composite Structures - CS

20 Hanan Eltobgy Structural Behavior of fibre Reinforced Concrete Filled Steel Box Columns Composite-1 110-116
21 Ibrisam Akbar Partial and Full Interaction Behaviour of CFRP Plated Steel Member Due to The Yielding of Steel Composite-2 117-124
22 Ibrisam Akbar The flexural behaviour of tubular steel member strengthened with CFRP Composite-3 125-129
23 Mahmood Tahir Application Of Component Method On Partial Strength Connections Connected Between Column Flanges Composite-4 130-136
24 Mazizah Ezdiani Mohamed Influence of Roughness, Cohesion and Friction on the Interface Shear Strength of Composite Concrete-to-Concrete Bond Composite-5 137-143
25 Mohd Hisbany Structural Performance Analysis of Fibres Reinforced Polymer-Concrete Bonding System Under Tropical Climates Composite Structures Composite-6 144-152
26 Redzuan Abdullah Modelling Of Shear Bond With Cohesive Element And Slenderness Study Of Composite Slabs Composite-7 153-161
27 Tan Cher Siang Flexural Behaviour of Composite Slab Panel With Cold-formed Steel Section Composite-8 162-166
Disaster Mitigation - DM

28 Ali Yousefi Application of Multi Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) Approach to Evaluate Strategic Importance of Lifeline Components Disaster-1 167-170
29 Choo Kok Wah Seismic Zone Mapping In Johor Bahru For Earthquake Hazard Mitigation Disaster-2 171-175
Earthquake Engineering - EE

30 Babita Sah Performance based analysis and retrofitting of a RC Building –A Case Study Earthquake-1 176-180
31 Behrouz Gordan Dominate Frequency Tailing Embankment Interface to Bridge by 3D Finite Element Method Earthquake-2 181-185
32 Budy D. Notohardjono Earthquake Resistant Mainframe Computer Structure Analysis Design and Testing Earthquake-3 186-192
33 Kadid Abdelkrim Behaviour of Reinforced Concrete Infilled Frames Under Seismic Loads Earthquake-4 193-198
34 Gede Adi Susila A Comparison of the Structural Performance of Low-Rise Timber Framed Buildings and Masonry Buildings in a Developing Country (Indonesia). Earthquake-5 199-207
Engineering Education and Training - EET

A Formal Program to Deliver Experience Civil Engineering Professionals : Education-1 208-213

35 Coenraad J Nel
A possible solution towards Skill Shortage and Infrastructure Development Skills needs in South Africa, Africa and other Developing Countries
Industrialised Building System - IBS

36 Asmah Alia Mohd Bohari Adaptation of Green Technology (Industrialised Building System) in Sarawak Construction Industry IBS-1 250-254
37 Farzan Ghavami Rad Assessment Of Indoor Environmental Quality Of Fast Track Wall System House IBS-2 255-261
38 Riduan Yunus An Integrated Approach to Enhance Sustainability in Industrialised Building Systems IBS-3 262-267
39 Rozana Zakaria Selection Factors of Formwork System IBS-4 268-272
40 Siti Mazuanna Shamsuddin Drivers and Challenges of Industrialised Building System (IBS) in Sustainable Construction IBS-5 273-278
41 Siti Nurul Asma' Comparative Study of Conventional and Industrialized Building System (IBS) Construction Methods in Government Projects IBS-6 279-281
Innovative Construction Materials - ICM
42 Abdullah Zawawi The Effectiveness of Metal Straps Strengthening In Layers At High Strength Concrete Column Material-1 343-348
43 Abdullah Zawawi Behaviour of Externally-Confined High Strength Concrete Column Under Uniaxial Compression Load Material-2 349-357
44 Ahmad Farhan Bin Roslan Lightweight foamed concrete investigation on microstructure integrating various additives Material-3 358-365
45 Alireza Ahankoob Make Concrete as a Sustainable Material for the Environment Material-4 366-372
46 Hilmi Bin Mahmud Oil palm shell structural lightweight aggregate concrete with low cement content Material-5 373-377
47 Jauhar Fajirin New Concept for Optimal Application of Natural Fibre Reinforced Plastic (NFRP) in Building Construction Material-6 378-385
48 Mohammad Ali Nekooie Application of Semi-Delphi Method in Material Selection for Concrete Pontoons Material-7 386-392
49 Mohd Azreen Mohd Ariffin Resistance of Blended Ash Geopolymer Concrete Exposed to 2% Sulphuric Acid for 1 year (Acid Resistance of Geopolymer Concrete) Material-8 393-398
50 Mohd Azreen Mohd Ariffin Chloride Resistance of Blended Ash Geopolymer Concrete (Chloride Resistance & Microstructural Analysis) Material-9 399-404
51 Mohd Fadzil The potential of Recycle Fine Cement Brick Aggregates (RFCBA) as Fine Aggregate in Concrete Material-10 405-409
52 Norazlan Khalid The Potential of Coal Bottom Ash As Additives In Road Sub-Base Aggregate Material-11 410-416
53 Petr Máca Mixture Design and Testing of Ultra High Performance Fiber Reinforced Concrete Material-12 417-423
Material Behaviour - MB

54 A.S.M Abdul Awal Mechanical Properties of Glass Fibre Reinforced Concrete with Palm Oil Fuel Ash Material-13 424-428
55 Muhammad Aamer Rafique Bhutta Durability of Geopolymer Mortar Using Blended Ash from Agro-Industrial Waste Material-14 429-434
56 Azman Mohamad The Effect of Underside Shaped Concrete Block On Pavement Rutting Material-15 435-440
57 Fouad B. A. Beshara Shear Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Continuous Deep Beams Material-16 441-448
58 Gamal Abdelaziz Fresh and hardened properties of concrete made with used-engine oil and chemical admixtures Material-17 449-457
59 Mohd Azrul Abdul Rajak Electrical Conductivity Measurement in Evaluating Pozzolanic Activity of Palm Oil Fuel Ash Material-19 458-464
60 Rüstem Gül Investigating Several Mechanical Properties of Concrete Made up with Hasankale Pasinler Pumice Material-20 465-473
61 Taha Mehmannavaz Permeability Of The Roller Compacted Concrete: A Case Study Of Zirdan Dam Of Iran Material-21 474-481
62 Victor Kamara Elastic-Plastic Performance of Calcrete Stabilized Unbound Material for Optimized use in Pavement Layers in Northern Namibia Material-22 482-486
63 Roslli Noor Mohamed Shear Capacity of Precast Beam Half-Joints Made of Steel Fibre Self-Compacting Concrete Material-23 487-491
Non-destructive Test - NDT

64 Rosilawati Mohd Rasol Initial Study of Low Frequency Ultrasound For Mitigation of Sulphate-Reducing Bacteria (SRB) NDT-1 492-495
Structural Analysis and Design - SAD

65 Akilu Muhammad A Review On The Finite Element Modelling of Integral Abutment Bridges Analysis-1 1-6
66 Cheng Fang An Experimental Study of Shape Memory Alloy Bolts under Tension and Direct-shear Analysis-2 7-11
67 Data Iranata Modeling of Buckling Behavior of Reinforcing Bars Under Monotonic Loading Analysis-3 12-16
68 Data Iranata Static Non-Linear Analysis of RC Simple House Building Analysis-4 17-22
69 Fawzy Mohamed El_Behairy Experimental And Numerical Study On The Fracture Energy Of Early Age Concrete Analysis-5 23-33
70 Hazimah Sarlan Effect of Groove Sizes and Positions on Timber Beams Strengthened with Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer Analysis-6 34-40
71 Idzwan Mohamad Selamat Extreme Value Analysis And Joint Density Of Metocean Loads For Malaysian Water Analysis-7 41-45
72 Jindrich Fornusek Numerical Analysis of Head Diameter Influence on Headed Studs Capacity in Tension Analysis-8 46-50
73 Mariyana Aida Experimental And Numerical Study On Softening And Pinching Effects Of Reinforced Concrete Frame Analysis-9 51-54
74 Nor Izzah Mokhtar Reinforcing Techniques Using Fiber-Reinforced Polymer: A Review(Structural Analysis & Design) Analysis-10 55-65
75 Nurul Ashikin Othman SPECTRAL & CROSS-SPECTRAL ANALYSIS OF METOCEAN DATA FOR MALAYSIAN WATER Analysis-11 66-69
76 Prabowo Setiyawan Strength and Rigidity of Strengthened Cold-Formed Steel Moment Connection Analysis-12 70-74
77 Radzuan Saa'ri Determination of Steel Cold-Form Deformation Behaviour Using Multiple Stereo Image Technique Analysis-13 75-80
78 Roya Kohandel Gargari Finite Element Models for Blind-Bolted End-Plate Connection on Structural Hollow Section Analysis-14 81-84
79 Seyed Esmaeil Mohammadyan Yasouj Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Wide Beams Under Different Shear Reinforcement Analysis-15 85-88
80 Shek Poi Ngian Strength and Initial Stiffness of Extended End-Plate Connection based on the Component Model Analysis-16 89-95
81 Tan Cher Siang Numerical Modelling of Top-Seat Flange-Cleat Connection In Light Steel Framing Analysis-17 96-100
82 Wan Zalikha Anas Reliability in Forecasting Metocean Condition for Offshore Operation and Workability using ARIMA Method Analysis-18 101-105
83 Zuraida Mayeetae Validating Hindcast Metocean Parameter with Measured Environmental Loads of Malaysian Water Analysis-19 106-109
Sustainable Construction and Building - SCB

84 Hassan Ismail Potential Improvement of UTM Existing Buildings to Response to Sustainable Campus Initiatives Sustainable-1 590-594
85 Mohamad Hossein Kashefizadeh Feasibility Study on Potential of Photovoltaic Implementation in Malaysia to Reducing Carbon Emission Sustainable-2 595-601
86 Norliana Sarpin The Promotion Of Sustainability Agenda For Facilities Management Through Developing Knowledge Capabilities Sustainable-3 602-607
87 Ozlem eren Sustainable Buildings With Their Sustainable Facades Sustainable-4 608-613
88 Rozana Zakaria Investigation of Eco-labelling Implementation in Malaysia Sustainable-5 614-622
89 Seied Abolfazl Pezeshkzadeh Parametric Cost-Benefit Analysis of Using Photovoltaic Technology in Commercial Buildings in Malaysia Sustainable-6 623-631
90 Seyed Meysam Khoshnava Integration between Sustainable Design and Constructability Sustainable-7 632-637
Soil-Structures Interaction - SI

91 Azman Kassim Suction Distributions Of Heterogeneous Residual Soils With Relict Discontinuities Soil-1 524-530
92 Ehsan Momeni Numerical Modelling for Prediction on Axial Bearing Capacity of Driven Pile Soil-2 531-536
93 Eko Andy Suryo The Effects of Deep Cracks on the Rain-Induced Instability of Slopes: A Study Case. Soil-3 537-542
94 Fatimah Aqilah Mohamad Nazim Developing Qualitative Index Of Soil Corrosivity For Pipeline Assessment In Tropical Region Soil-4 543-546
95 Hamed Niroumand Pullout Response of Irregular Shape Anchor in Dense Cohesionless Soil Soil-5 547-549
96 Hamed Niroumand Uplift response of square anchor plates in reinforced sand Soil-6 550-557
97 Hoang-Hung Tran-Nguyen Effect of Soilcrete Characteristics on Surface Settlement during Tunnelling in Vietnam Soil-7 558-562
98 Hoang-Hung Tran-Nguyen Remedial Structures to Stabilize Long Xuyen Riverbank to Prevent Sliding in An Giang province,Vietnam Soil-8 563-568
99 Mohd Fakhrurrazi Ishak The Effect Of Tree Induce Suction On Soil Stabilization Soil-9 569-574
100 Siti Noor Linda Taib Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) Analysis Via MatPIV for Measuring Displacement of Shallow Foundation on Uniform Sand Soil-10 575-580
101 Siti Nor Fariza Mior Mohd Tahir Multiple Regression for Predicting Metal Loss Using In-Situ Parameter Soil-11 581-584
102 Ahmad Safuan A Rashid DETERMINATION OF FAILURE SURFACE PATTERN DUE TO STRIP FOOTING Soil-12 585-589
Safety and Reliability - SR

103 Essam Dabbour Investigating Risk Factors Leading to Single-vehicle Rollover Collisions Safety-1 496-500
104 Hassan Ibrahim Ogiri Corrosion Characterisation Of Reinforced Concrete Structures Exposed To Marine Environment Safety-2 501-506
105 Libriati Zardasti Integrated Risk-Based Inspection Planning For Corroded Oil And Gas Pipeline Safety-4 507-510
106 Noor Amila Bt Wan Zawawi Conceptual Framework of a Sustainable Decommissioning Alternative for Offshore Platforms in Malaysia Safety-5 511-517
107 Silvianita Development of a Framework for Safety Assessment of Mobile Mooring System Safety-6 518-523
Transportation Infrastructure - TI

108 Anil Minhans MULTI-CRITERIA ANALYSIS FOR EFFECTIVENESS AND DIFFICULTY OF TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT IN DISASTERS Transport-1 638-647
109 Hudzaifah Kamarul Baharin Potential Adoption of Rubberised Asphalt Concrete (RAC) in Malaysia towards Green Road Construction Transport-2 648-651
110 Mastura Binti Bujang Performance of Steel Slag As Potential of Aggregate Replacement Towards Green Highway Transport-3 652-656
111 Othman Che Puan Installation of Midblock U–Turn Facilities on Multilane Divided Highways: An Evaluation of Driver’s Merging Gap Transport-4 657-664
112 Rozana Zakaria The Risk Perspective Of Green Highway Investment Transport-5 665-668
113 Rozana Zakaria Identification of Energy Efficiency Criteria for Malaysia Green Highway Transport-6 669-673
114 Saaed Omer Ahmed A Review of Sustainability Principles as A Comprehensive Approach to Assist Green Site Planning to Design Toll House in Green Road Transport-7 674-680
115 Wan Nur Aifa Binti Wan Azahar Recycling of Pavement towards Sustainable Green Highway Transport-8 681-685
 Additional Papers
118 Dicky I. Wahjudi Numerical Implementation in Modeling Hysteretic Cyclic Response Behavior with Pinching of A Reinforced Concrete Beam-to-Column Connection Analysis-20
119 Paulus Karta Wijaya Elastic Lateral Torsional Buckling Of I Beam With Stiffenner Paralel To Web Analysis-21
120 Paulus Karta Wijaya Elastic Lateral Torsional Buckling Of I Beam With Lateral Support Analysis-22
121 Mohammad Ghozi Influence of Chromosome Repairing in Genetic Algorithm for 2D Frame Optimization Analysis-23
122 Arie Febry Fardheny High Grade Bolt Failure Concept in Truss Bridge According to Transformation From Static Load Case to Dynamic Vibration Load Analysis-24
123 Rokhmad Joni Catur Utomo Optimization of Eccentrically Braced Frame (EBF) Steel Structure Using Genetic Algorithm-Sap2000 Analysis-25
124 Iman Wimbadi Study of Peak Ground Acceleration for Earthquake in Banda Aceh City Earthquake-6
125 Ferry Firmawan Environmental Performance Assessment in Construction Projects: A Review Environment-9
126 Miftahul Fauziah The Effect of Waste Ash from Empty Fruit Bunches of Palm Oil on The Marshall Properties of Asphalt Concrete Material-24
127 Candra Irawan Prediction of Fly Ash-Concrete Strength under Steam Curing with Maturity Method Material-25
128 Budijanto Widjaja Influence of Clay Fraction on Viscosity in Relation to Mudflow Material-26
129 Triwulan VOLCANIC ASH ON THE STEAM CURING CONCRETE Material-27
130 Theresita Herni Setiawan Risk Factor Analysis in the Manufacturing Process of Hollow Core Slab Safety-7
131 Ni Nyoman Kencanawati Acoustic Emission Weibull Analysis for Reliability Evaluation of Pulsed Power Recycle Coarse Aggregate Concrete under Bending Safety-8
132 Agung Sedayu Design Of Minimum Services Standard Of Public Transport Terminal Infrastructure In Indonesia Transport-9
133 Dicky I. Wahjudi Choice of Beam-to-Column Connection Systems in A Precast Concrete Moment Resisting Frame – Influence on Its Performance and Constructability Composite-9
 APSEC-ICCER 2012
Norhazilan Md. Noor et. al. (Eds.)
2 – 4 October 2012 | Surabaya, Indonesia

Development of a Framework for Safety Assessment

of Mobile Mooring System
Silvianita Mohd Faris Khamidi & V.J Kurian
PhD Student, Department of Civil Engineering Department of Civil Engineering
Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS,
Malaysia Malaysia
Lecturer, Department of Ocean Engineering
Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember
Surabaya, Indonesia
vian_nita@yahoo.com

Abstract— Mooring system is a vital component for the safety of There are three steps in order to determine the possible
floating structure. Mobile mooring system is responsible for the causes of mobile mooring failure:
positioning of offshore platform. Therefore it is very essential to do
the safety assessment of mobile mooring system. This paper (i) Data Gathering: this activity include gathering the
studies a framework for safety assessment of mobile mooring document required for conducting the mooring risk
system using HAZOP (Hazard Operability) and FTA (Fault Tree assessment: mooring specification, mooring
Analysis). HAZOP is a systematic examination of a system that is configuration, operational procedure, etc.
helpful to identify and evaluate risk related to accidents/incidents
in mooring system. FTA is a deductive method for conducting
(ii) Hazard Operability (HAZOP): the purpose of this
safety assessment. The general objective of this paper is to evaluate approach is to identify and define the possible causes of
the probability of failure of the mobile mooring system of semi mooring failure. This information is then used to
submersible pipe lay barge. The primary objective of the HAZOP develop fault trees of the mooring failure scenarios.
is to determine the direct causes of mooring failure. This (iii) Fault Tree Analysis (FTA): this method is used to break
information is then used to develop fault tree diagram in order to down the possible causes of mooring failure into
find the probability of mooring failure. To construct the FTA we undesired events. It is also helpful to determine the
obtained the knowledge and experience of experts on mobile
frequency of mooring system failure.
mooring system. Based on the primary data, the top events for
FTA of mobile mooring system are mooring line breakage (MLB),
anchor failure (AF), anchor handling failure (AHF) and II. HAZOP (HAZARD & OPERABILITY)
appurtenance connection failure (ACF). The result shows that the HAZOP is a useful approach for safety analysis and it is
frequency of mooring system failure is classified as probable.
important to identify problems by conducting brainstorming
Assessment, Fault, Hazard, Safety, Tree (key words)
with the expert (Dhillon, 2003). To develop the HAZOP,
initially was done a brainstorming with the team members about
all possible potential hazards in mooring system (Silvianita,
I. INTRODUCTION 2011). Generally the report of HAZOP was developed according
Offshore installations are hazardous places because incidents with the scope of study, which are shown in Table I.
in these environments can lead to enormous consequences
(Deacon et al., 2010). A hazard is condition with the potential to TABLE I. HAZOP WORKSHEET
cause harm, while risks depend on the likelihood of the harm,
the severity of the harm and the number of people who might get System Identification
injury or illness (Authority, 2006). This paper will explain the Activity: Description of System Activity
hazards that occur in semi submersible column stabilized pipe Guide
Deviation
Possible Possible
Safeguard Action
lay barge which is used mobile mooring system for the Word Causes Consequence
positioning. The vessel has a hull with two pontoons and four
columns fitted with 12 point mooring system in order to control The descriptions for each column of the presented form are:
movement during pipe lay operations. The objectives of this a. Guide word: A keyword to create the imagination of a
paper are: (1) to identify the possible causes of mooring failure; deviation of the system.
(2) to develop the possible causes into undesired events of
mooring system failure; (3) to determine the frequency of b. Deviation: Description of a system in which the process
undesired events in mooring system failure. condition may depart from their design.

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 APSEC-ICCER 2012: Silvianita, Mohd Faris Khamidi, V.J Kurian

c. Possible Causes: Description of the causes why the Anchor

deviation could happen that may result in the worst Handling Tug
Pennant (AHT)
possible consequence. wire prepare a
d. Possible Consequence: Consequence of the occurrence breaks new buoy
&pennant
of the failure or the results of the deviation. wire
e. Safeguards: A facilities that either prevent the cause or Ensure that
mooring
safeguard against the consequence such as regular plant equipment
inspections. Rope &
(winch) could Checking and
chain for
working as monitoring the
f. Action: description of the action that should be taken Mooring
Rope & over Operation
well and equipment with
when the consequence occur. It can be remove the Chain time activities
Winches make a good Remotely
cause and mitigate or eliminate the consequences. Failure ingress delayed
coordination Operated
with sea
between Vehicle (ROV)
The HAZOP result of mooring system failure is shown in water
mooring crew
Table II. and project
people

TABLE II. HAZOP RESULT

System Identification: Semi Submersible Column Stabilized Pipe Lay Barge III. FTA (FAULT TREE ANALYSIS)
Activity: Moor the vessel in a working pipe lay configuration
FTA has been widely used to develop a framework for safety
Guide Possible Possible
Deviation Safeguard Action assessment because of its systematic and logical approach
Word Causes Consequence
Fatigue Fatigue at OverloadCrack at Routine Checking & (Michael Stamatelatos, 2002). There are several stages to
sheave or Sheave or maintenance monitoring the perform fault tree analysis, generally it included:
connection Connection equipment with (i) Definition of the system under study
Remotely
Operated (ii) Determine the top event of the fault tree
Vehicle (ROV) (iii) Developing the fault tree
Routine Checking & (iv) Define the basic events
Wire rope Broken maintenance monitoring the (v) Survey the basic events failure data
Abrasion contact with wires equipment
Abrasion of wire seabed Operation with Remotely (vi) Determine minimum cut sets
rope Rocks activities Operated (vii) Evaluation of the fault tree
/debris delayed Vehicle (viii) Analyze the result
(ROV) (ix) Conclusion
Wire & Routine Proper
chain for maintenance, maintenance
The top event of this study is mooring system failure. This
Corrosion Crack of top event then divided into four major events which are mooring
over time checking for performed by
Corrosion of wire wire and line breaks, anchor failure, anchor handling failure and
ingress corrosion. divers or by
& chain chain
with sea dry docking appurtenances connection failure. Each of the major events is
water the vessel break down in order to define the basic event. For this paper, it
Checking the Monitored will generate the fault tree (FT) of anchor failure as can be seen
Operation
Weather Storm Rain radar plant the radar
suspend
plant
in Fig. 1 - 5. The fault tree was developed using the
Checking the Monitored computational tool DPL software belonged to the Syncopation
Neighboring Vessel Software Corporation (Chris Dalton, 2005).
Traffic Collision ARPA radar the ARPA
facilities damage
Radar
Anchor
Handling
Tug (AHT)
Insufficient
retrieves Checking
holding Check as well
the buoy & and
all monitoring
re-runs the monitoring
equipment be
anchor the
Anchor fore start the
Anchoring Anchor equipment
Failure activities &
Handling with
make good
Tug (AHT) Remotely
coordination
Anchor wire retrieves Operated
with project
breaks the buoy & Vehicle
people
prepare of (ROV)
a new
anchor Figure 1. FT of Mooring System Failure

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 APSEC-ICCER 2012: Silvianita, Mohd Faris Khamidi, V.J Kurian

Figure 2. FT of Anchor Failure

Figure 5. FT of the Mooring Line Clashed

Figure 3. FT of Insufficient Holding

Figure 6. FT of the Collision

In order to quantify the frequency of failure, the basic event

in a system failure need to be found. But sometimes it is very
difficult to gather the past record data for FTA, therefore we
need the expert opinion and experience to determine the
probabilities of the undesired events (Silvianita, 2012). In this
study the expert gives their judgment based on the IMO
(International Maritime Organization) standard as shown in
Table III (Veritas, 2002).
Figure 4. FT Part of Anchor Breaks

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 APSEC-ICCER 2012: Silvianita, Mohd Faris Khamidi, V.J Kurian

TABLE III. FREQUENCY INDEX 12 Improper Quality Control IQC

F (per 13 Inadequate Winch Maintenance Schedule IWMS
No Frequency Description FI
ship year)
Likely to occur once per month 14 Inadequate Coating Protection ICP
1 Frequent 7 10
on one ship 15 Inadequate Maintenance Schedule IMS
Likely to occur once per year in
Reasonably a fleet of ships, i.e. likely to 16 Inappropriate Subsea Assets Inventory ISAI
2 5 0.1
probable occur several times during a
ships life 17 Improper Reading Seismic Data IRSD
Likely to occur once per year in 18 Improper Soil Data Sampling ISDS
a fleet of 1000 of ships, i.e. 10%
3 Remote 3 10-3 19 Incompetence Crews IC
chance of occurring in the life of
4 similar ships 20 Manufacturing Error ME
Likely to occur once in 100 years
Extremely in a fleet of 1000 ships, i.e. 1% 21 Mechanical Failure MF
4 1 10-5
remote chance of occurring in the life of 22 Natural Hazard NH
40 similar ships
23 Poor Raw Material PRM

FTA is a logical and diagrammatic approach which uses the 24 Rocky Seabed RS
rules of Boolean algebra to evaluate the occurrence probability 25 Soft Sand SS
of an accident resulting from sequence of faults and failure 26 Uncertified Crews UC
events (Metin Celik, 2010). Mathematically the FT diagram of
27 Unregular AHT Maintenance UAM
mooring system failure (MSF) can be expressed:
28 Uncertified Equipment UE
MSF  MLB  AF  AHF  ACF 29 Wrong Material WM
 MLB  AF  AHF  ACF (1)
The evaluation of FTA begins with the calculation of the cut
set. The smallest combinations of basic events that lead to the
TABLE IV. THE DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SUB EVENTS OF MOORING SYSTEM top event happen are called the minimal cut set. The minimal
FAILURE (MSF)
cut set of the mooring system failure is shown in Table VI.
No Sub Events Code
TABLE VI. THE MINIMAL CUT SET OF FT
1 Mooring Line Breaks MLB
2 Anchor Failure AF Code Order ACF AF AHF MLB
AEC 1st 0.03 0.03 N/A 0.03
3 Anchor Handling Failure AHF
DiS
2nd N/A N/A N/A 0.000012
4 Appurtenances Connection Failure ACF RS
DE 1st N/A 0.0006 0.0006 N/A
The FTA of mooring system failure is developed in Fig. 1. and EFoW 1st N/A N/A 0.0003 N/A
the descriptions of top events, sub events and basic events are ESE 1st N/A N/A N/A 0.0003
listed in Table IV and V. EF 1st N/A 0.0006 N/A 0.0006
EWa
TABLE V. THE DESCRIPTION OF THE BASIC EVENTS OF MOORING SYSTEM EWi 3rd 0.0724 0.0724 N/A 0.0724
FAILURE ECu

No Basic Events Code HE 1st 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03

IDC 1st 0.009 N/A N/A N/A
1 Adverse Environmental Condition AEC
IQC
2nd N/A 0.000015 N/A N/A
2 Debris in Seabed DiS PRM
IWMS 1st N/A N/A 0.0003 N/A
3 Design Error DE
ICP 1st N/A N/A N/A N/A
4 Electrical Failure of Winch EFoW 0.0005 N/A
IMS 1st N/A N/A
5 Exposed Sharp Edges ESE ISAI
2nd N/A 0.000016 N/A 0.000016
6 Electrical Failure EF IRSD

7 Excessive Waves EWa ISDS 1st N/A N/A N/A N/A

IC 1st 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03
8 Excessive Winds EWi
ME 1st 0.0002 N/A N/A N/A
9 Excessive Currents ECu MF 1st N/A 0.0006 N/A 0.0006
10 Human Error HE NH 1st N/A 0.03 N/A 0.03
11 Incomprehensive Data Collection IDC SS 1st N/A N/A N/A N/A
UC 1st 0.0008 0.0008 0.0008 0.0008

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UAM 1st N/A N/A 0.0004 N/A In Fig. 8, it can be seen that the most critical component to
UE 1st 0.0004 N/A N/A N/A anchor failure is related to the controllable (inside) factors and
WM 1st 0.0003 N/A N/A N/A uncontrollable (outside) factors. Controllable (inside) factors
Probability 0.1736 0.195031 0.0624 0.194728 associated with human error and incompetence crew, while
uncontrollable (outside) factors associated with excessive wave,
excessive wind, excessive current, natural hazards and adverse
The formula of minimal cut set for the top event (Andrews, environmental condition. This result allows the decision makers
1998) : T = C1+ C2+ C3+…. + CN (2) to make proper strategy in order to reduce the inside factors
failure, the strategy may consist of:
Therefore the probability of mooring system failure is T = (i) Trained the crew regularly to maintain the skills
0.1736 + 0.195031 + 0.0624 + 0.194728 = 0.625759 which (ii)Hired the certified and credible crew
classified as reasonably probable. Fig. 7, shows the minimal (iii)
Employ competent crew with the certification
cut sets for anchor failure, the highest cut sets is caused by (iv)Highly supervision during the manufacturing or field
excessive winds, waves and currents with value 0.0724. processes.
This result allows the decision makers to make proper
strategy in order to reduce the inside factors failure, the strategy
Minimal Cut Sets for Anchor Failure
may consist of:
ISAI,IRSD
(i) Conduct mooring analysis to ensure the moorings are fit
MF IQC,PRM for purpose.
EF
DE (ii) Visual inspect all mooring components
UC
AEC (iii) Rescheduling special task when necessary
EWa,Ew i,ECu
(iv) Insure all the assets of company
NH

IV. CONCLUSION
A framework for the mobile mooring system risk analysis
IC HE
with inexact, incomplete and linguistic information has been
developed in order to analyze the safety assessment problem.
The paper considers the frequencies of the basic events to
determine the possible causes of the mooring system failure. The
result of HAZOP analysis then used to develop the fault tree in
order to investigate the root cause of mooring failure. A few key
points from this paper can be highlighted as follow:
Figure 7. Importance Index for Anchor Failure
(i) The preliminary analysis has showed the importance of
HAZOP to determine and evaluate the problems that
- Conduct mooring analysis may cause injury to the personnel or damage to the
- Visual inspect all mooring components equipment.
- Rescheduling special task IC
- Insure all the assets (ii) FTA begins with top events which include mooring line
breakage, anchor failure, anchor handling failure, and
appurtenances connection failure. All these top events
are further broken down until the undesired events are
discovered.
EWa, (iii) The FTA shows that the highest frequency of mooring
Importance
EWi, Index
HE system failure is caused by anchor failure with the
ECu
probability value 0.195031 per year which is classified
as reasonably probable.

- Crew regularly trained

- Hired certified crew
- Employ competence crew
- Highly supervision
AEC NH

Figure 8. The Mitigation of Anchor Failure

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REFERENCES
JOURNAL:
Dhillon, B. S. 2003. Methods For Performing Human
Reliability And Error Analysis In Health Care.
International Journal Of Health Care Quality Assurance,
306-317.
Deacon, T., Amyotte, P. R. & Khan, F. I. 2010. Human Error
Risk Analysis In Offshore Emergencies. Journal Of Safety
Science.
Metin Celik, S. M. L., Jin Wang 2010. A Risk Based Modelling
Approach To Enhance Shipping Accident Investigation.
Journal Of Safety Science, Pp. 18-27.
Books:
Chris Dalton, T. M. 2005. Syncopation Software.
Michael Stamatelatos, W. V. 2002. Fault Tree Handbook With
Aerospace Applications.
STANDARDS:
Authority, H. A. S. 2006. Guidelines On Risk Assessments And
Safety Assessments.
Veritas, D. N. 2002. Marine Risk Assessment. First Ed.
PROCEEDINGS:
Andrews, J. Year. Tutorial Fault Tree Analysis. In:
International System Safety Conference, 1998.
Silvianita., M.F. Khamidi., V.J. Kurian. (2011) Operational
Risk Assessment Framework Of Mobile Mooring System.
National Postgraduate Conference. Tronoh, Malaysia.
Silvianita., M.F. Khamidi., V.J. Kurian. (2012) An Application
Of Fault Tree Analysis For Mobile Mooring System. In:
International Conference On Civil, Offshore &
Environmental Engineering, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

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