BUBAMOTEYKA «MEPBOTO CENTABPA> Cepun «Anranfcxuh noste> Bunyex 2 Mpxna Koporxuna LOGICAL GRAMMAR: THE TENSES Mocxna “Suerse apy» 2005)yakes72 e820 ok 74265. Ket ‘sapere cp AAD EB. poo Koporanes ot LapealGratnar Tae Yeni -M 000 re apa 2008.32 cree eos cep, cope Ana 30). saw sonra Jnomesarpaere” arc HNO NHN scememn mes nia nse Senet wo Ffetinnee tor ctnoconsc nun esommer aprapemarera “Sees” spaces onic ae er ce Snes mm pet ans tap OPOTHIBLA Hp LocieaL crass Ma Fae Sopa S906. parsers Rw eee 220. Ties 31009 ya #23 orawrnoc eet armor + Pave er ‘aan rouse ster Passes, Capon Ter Won Eek meno sp 966700214 © 000 crs mya, 2005 Preface Dea teachers of English, Before getngto the croc tbe mater, es ask orseles a simple question: ‘hat do we each when we tach English? Most eachers would ay the answer epends om what sills ar actually tug, who they are aight, aa what he ‘oti of teaching ae, which means that "Yeaching English toa broad term ‘We might, of couse, putt staph, having io mind this panculrbrochze, ‘and sk, What do we fach when we tach granimar? og even more proves, ‘What grammar ough we fo teach? Some acers would amedaely Sar ising ‘grammar ters, and most probably thei list wil stat wid the Word Tease, However let sty to discos this very sbjet fist. Infact, what grammar we ought each depeads on tbe goal of eachng as ‘well Ifyou are a schoo! teaches, you kay ever hnow what your students Professional incest willbe very teacher of physics hopes there are at eat = ‘couple of future physicists in he cas, and every teacher of Hiterature hopes ‘there aresome fiers? eas? Perhaps aftr joumalst ora loge would do. But what sr of fture professional do ow imagine fr? And what willhe or she need English fer? Ifyou imagine ataslatr, an interpreter or Plillogst, you might be making a misake Thete arena he most common ‘rofsion, are they? However, eat lof your tents might need English inher wor hough the English thy will ee ray be quite dire tom the ‘en youtech them, tight vt necessarily imply spoken commniaton— the ‘nly sre in which wing the eses is eset. (By the way, ene s much ‘more important communication tha acursy Tn wnting and reading for occupational purposes, fr example, we ec feral English deprived of any emphasis questions, inversions, ast prfest or perfect ‘continuous forms unreal past statements Ifyou ar aia withthe TOEFL ‘es yourmust venation tat te section aimed checking acme, Sacre ‘ond Write Expression, deals withthe rd person -1inmost ems — despite ll, tho very speci advanced vocabulary grammar, reise pels, and cher "unimportant things! This docs nt mean that your students Won't need any grarnnar besides the preset simple, They ay justned something mer import. Aosray becomes paramour, bu the most “horrible” and misleading Russian mistakes are not ‘wih the tose, but with sentence sacar, prepasitons, and articles. These ‘ves categories should be considered the mest essential ones for every profesional nevery fl, “Today, European and Amevican universities are mainly concerned with teaching academic writing Chinese and Russians. They cooiger us ineapdleof expensing our on orignal des, a) orgning thet sta hey ences apes commen, Caren hatte {tpn tld be armed watson ssece wat concton ‘Malco. Tiny ep wrtg" erate” stead eth toes ey pant en Mary EL hers Rabi se sh cua od rae oto whichiradl eat iets Trocashoeve npr etna brea hs ols CohulfnahGrnmor ihe eval bees ore at tal Elec nt, my owe peters mana! teat sy Lage! Grmmor is he Toes bose= Yousstt it What is Difficult? Letas face he truth itis Russian that i fic t ean. not English Just think: which of the to as involved gender ~the mos ivexplsabie catego”? ‘Which one has dozens of diferent ease endings nt only for nouns, but also {or adjectives, pronouns, and umerals, and net only in Several genders, bat also in several systems in each of ther? Which one changes te verb accord- {ng t peron, number and gender? Why on earth does a Russian preposition epend upon apatcalar noun? Why do we use three of them instead of ene-e seacanuy na pars xdpyy when we mea where 1” andhavetwrerwenber ‘where we wert inorder ose the appropriate “where from’: ¢paom, m2 ‘uacaaa om dps? What fal the toubl learning the English tence 6 also caused by the ieguar Russian language? Thea looking at our native System of tenses might help us lo, abd we'll ind out the simple sor and ‘rom’ ofthe English verb? Fistofall let esmake things clear: whea we conside the ver thee ae swo bool diferent eatgories we del wih: ine and dense. The former exists {in all languages andi sed by al people, The later depends onthe langue. ‘Letus sar with the more objective and universal xtegory of time The Idea of Time Fintofal would soubelievewehave a different ida of ime herein Rasa? ‘Ofcourse not. Tin his one cisension, bat people allover the worl usually ‘efertoitas pest, present, or future Is uncountable tay nothing of expees- ‘sions hike ‘Times are changing Both past and irre depen on the preset. ‘or now. Everything before now is past, abd everything afer nw is ure. But ‘whats mow Actuals thas long itis ust he borden boteen past and aur. Moreover, it keeps moving ~ or we Keep moving wit i501 ust i= possible to ix iin one: Now er ‘Time categories sould therefore be viewod lik hie PAST FUTURE But there exists ao frre! What has really happened i inthe pst whereas ‘what hasn't happened yet an ody be mained (Al this ight seem pure phi-