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θεολογίας ἀπὸ τὴν ἑλληνικὴ στὴν ἀγγλικὴ γλῶσσα
A Study of English Orthodox Theological Terms
Compared to the Original Greek
Ἱ. Μ. Ὁσίου Γρηγορίου Ἁγίου Ὄρους
Holy Monastery of St. Gregoriou, Mt. Athos
July 2004
Περιεχόμενα – Contents
Εἰσαγωγή – Introduction 3
Κατάλογος βιβλίων – List of Books 6
Table 1: Translations of the terms found in the books reviewed
Μεταφράσεις τῶν ὅρων ἀπὸ τὰ ἐπιλεγμένα βιβλία 7
Table 2: Translations of the terms: General Synopsis
Μεταφράσεις τῶν ὅρων: Γενικὴ σύνοψις 8
Table 3: Translations of the terms as used within two periods
Μεταφράσεις τῶν ὅρων ποὺ χρησιμοποιήθηκαν σὲ δύο περιόδους 9
Table 4: Classification of the translations
Ταξινόμησις τῶν μεταφράσεων 10
Table 5: The immaterial dimension of the human person –
Semantic fields: ψυχή (psyche) in Greek compared to Soul and Psyche in
English
Ἡ ἄϋλος διάστασις τοῦ ἀνθρώπου – Σημασιολογικὰ πεδία:
ψυχή στὰ ἑλληνικὰ συγκρινόμενον μέ soul καὶ psyche στὰ ἀγγλικά 11
Table 6: Source material for study:
Ὑλικὸ πρὸς μελέτη: ψυχή (psyche) 12
νοῦς (nous) 13
διάνοια (dianoia) 16
λόγος (logos) 19
θέωσις (theosis) 25
2
ΕΙΣΑΓΩΓΗ INTRODUCTION
Κατ’ ἀρχήν, ὁ σκοπὸς τῆς συνόψεως αὐτῆς ἦταν νὰ ἀποδειχθῇ πρῶ‐ The original objective of this study was to show that Orthodox
τον ὅτι ἡ μετάφρασις τῆς Ὀρθοδόξου θεολογίας σὲ δυτικο‐εὐρωπαϊ‐ theology when translated into Western European languages
κὲς γλῶσσες δὲν εἶναι συστηματικὴ μέ ἀποτέλεσμα νά προκαλῇ is: (1) linguistically not systematic, and therefore causes con‐
σύγχυσι, καὶ δεύτερον ὅτι οἱ ἀντίστοιχες λέξεις τῶν γλωσσῶν αὐτῶν fusion; (2) that Western European word equivalents convey
μερικῶς μόνον ἐκφράζουν τὶς ἔννοιες τῶν ἑλληνικῶν πρωτοτύπων only partially the concepts and processes of their Greek
λέξεων. Ἡ γλῶσσα τὴν ὁποία ἀναλύσαμε στὴν παροῦσα σύνοψι prototypes. The language analysed in this study was English,
εἶναι ἡ ἀγγλική, ἀλλὰ μιὰ τέτοια ἐργασία θὰ μποροῦσε νὰ but the same could equally be applied, with similar results, to
παρουσιασθῇ, μὲ παρόμοια ἀποτελέσματα, γιὰ ὁποιαδήποτε ἄλλη any Latin or Germanic language. Along with the above also
λατινογενῆ ἢ γερμανογενῆ γλῶσσα. Ταυτοχρόνως δὲ ἀποδεικνύε‐ comes the proof that Western civilisation now distinguishes
ται, ὅτι στὴν ἐποχή μας ὁ δυτικὸς πολιτισμὸς χωρίζει τὴν ἔννοια τῆς the semantic field of Greek ψυχή (psyche) into two distinct
ἑλληνικῆς λέξεως ψυχὴ σὲ δύο ξεχωριστοὺς σημασιολογικοὺς fields, and today this has serious consequences for the whole
τομεῖς, γεγονός τὸ ὁποῖο ἐπιφέρει σοβαρὲς συνέπειες γιὰ ὅλο τὸν planet.
πλανήτη μας. This study took seven Greek books and compared them
Ἡ μελέτη αὐτὴ ἐπέλεξε ἑπτὰ ἑλληνικὰ βιβλία γιὰ σύγκρισι μὲ τὶς with their English translations. Five Greek words were
ἀγγλικὲς μεταφράσεις τους. Πέντε ἑλληνικὲς λέξεις ἐπιλέχθηκαν· selected for comparison: ψυχή (psyche), νοῦς (nous), διάνοια
ψυχή, νοῦς, διάνοια, λόγος καὶ θέωσις. Οἱ σημασίες, τὶς ὁποῖες δίνει (dianoia), λόγος (logos) and θέωσις (theosis). The meanings
ὁ Lampe στὸ Greek Patristic Lexicon, συμπεριλαμβάνονται κι αὐτὲς given in Lampeʹs Greek Patristic Lexicon are also included in
στὀ ὑλικό (βλ. Table 6). Αὐτὸ ποὺ θὰ διαπιστώσῃ κανεὶς ἀμέσως the source material (cf. Table 6). What will be immediately
εἶναι ἡ ποικιλία τῶν μεταφράσεων. Τὸ οὐσιαστικὸ πρόβλημα ὅμως noticeable will be the diversity of translated ʺequivalentsʺ. The
παρουσιάζεται, ὅταν διάφοροι μεταφραστὲς χρησιμοποιοῦν τὴν ἴδια real problem appears when various translators use the same
λέξι γιὰ διαφορετικὲς ἑλληνικὲς λέξεις. Π.χ., intellect χρησιμο‐ word for different Greek lexical items. For example, ʺintellectʺ
ποιεῖται γιά τήν μετάφρασι τῶν λέξεων νοῦς καὶ διάνοια, reason γιὰ is used to translate both nous and dianoia; ʺreasonʺ to
διάνοια καὶ λόγο, κτλ. Ἔτσι διά τόν Ἄγγλο ἀναγνώστη εἶναι translate dianoia and logos, etc. This can only lead the English
ἀναπόφευκτες οἱ παρεξηγήσεις καὶ ἡ σύγχυσι ὡς πρὸς τοὺς ὅρους reading public to misunderstanding and confusion of
τῆς Ὀρθοδόξου θεολογίας. Orthodox theology.
Θὰ φανερωθῇ ὅτι, στὴν ἀγγλικὴ γλῶσσα, ἡ πατερικὴ ὁρολογία It will be seen that in the English language, Orthodox
ἀκόμη εὑρίσκεται σ’ ἕνα ἐμβρυϊκὸ στάδιο, μολονότι κατὰ τὴν Patristic terminology is in an embryonic stage, although
3
Εἰσαγωγή Introduction
διάρκεια τῶν περασμένων 20 ἐτῶν οἱ ἀγγλικὲς μεταφράσεις ἔκαναν English translations in the last 20 years have made significant
σημαντικὰ βήματα πρὸς τὴν κατεύθυνσι τῆς χρησιμοποιήσεως moves towards using the original Greek words. This has
πρωτοτύπων ἑλληνικῶν λέξεων στὴν ἀγγλικὴ γλῶσσα. Προπαντὸς primarily come about from within monastic circles who
ἡ τάσις αὐτὴ ἐμφανίζεται σὲ μοναστικούς κύκλους, οἱ ὁποῖοι attempt to live Orthodox theology, rather than merely
προσπαθοῦν νὰ ζοῦν τὴν Ὀρθόδοξο θεολογία καὶ ὄχι νὰ φιλοσο‐ conceptualising and reasoning away the experiences revealed
φοῦν διανοητικῶς περὶ τῶν ἀποκεκαλυμμένων στοὺς Ἁγίους to the Holy Fathers of the Church. In earlier translations,
Πατέρες τῆς Ἐκκλησίας ἐμπειριῶν. Σὲ παλαιότερες μεταφράσεις many Latin and Germanic words were used. This is not
ἐχρησιμοποιοῦντο πολλὲς λατινικὲς καὶ γερμανικὲς λέξεις. Αὐτὸ desirable, because the original Greek words contain a breadth
δὲν εἶναι ἐπιθυμητό, διότι οἱ πρωτότυπες ἑλληνικὲς λέξεις ἔχουν, ὡς and a depth of meaning representative of spiritual states and
πρὸς τὴν σημασίαν των, μία βαθύτητα ἐκφράσεως πνευματικῶν psychic functions and experiences, which do not exist in their
καταστάσεων, ψυχικῶν λειτουργιῶν καὶ ἐμπειριῶν, ἡ ὁποία δὲν Western equivalents.
ὑπάρχει στὶς δῆθεν ἀντίστοιχες λέξεις τῶν ἐννοιῶν αὐτῶν στὶς For example, Word and sacrament are poor equivalents for
δυτικὲς γλῶσσες. Logos and mystery respectively. Also, the word νοῦς (nous) has
Παραδείγματος χάριν, Word καὶ sacrament εἶναι πτωχὲς μετα‐ been misleadingly translated by such words as mind or
φράσεις γιὰ τὶς ἀντίστοιχες λέξεις Λόγος καὶ μυστήριο, ἐνῷ ἡ λέξις intellect–where in fact no Western concept exists which is
νοῦς ἔχει μεταφρασθῆ κατὰ λανθασμένο τρόπο διά τῶν λέξεων equivalent to the Patristic concept of νοῦς (nous). Recent
mind ἢ intellect, ἐπειδή στὴν πραγματικότητα δὲν ὑπάρχει ἀντίστοιχη monastic translations have begun to use the original Greek
λέξις γιὰ τὴν πατερικὴ ἔννοια νοῦς. Σύγχρονες μοναστικὲς words, by doing so the ambiguities and misunderstands born
μεταφράσεις ὅμως ἔχουν ἀρχίσει νὰ χρησιμοποιοῦν τήν ἑλληνική of the intellect are eliminated.
λέξι ὅπως εἶναι ἀποφεύγοντας μὲ αὐτὸ τὸν τρόπο νοηματικές ἀμφι‐ The greatest and least understood fault lies in the Biblical
βολίες καὶ παρεξηγήσεις. word ψυχή (psyche). In English, the meaning of this word
Τὸ μεγαλύτερο καὶ μάλιστα ἐλάχιστα γνωστὸ λάθος ἀφορᾶ τὴν over the last 150 years or so has constellated into two distinct
βιβλικὴ λέξι ψυχή. Κατά τὴν διάρκεια τῶν περασμένων 150 ἐτῶν, τὸ conceptual fields. On the one hand, we have the words soul,
σημασιολογικὸ πεδίο τῆς λέξεως αὐτῆς ἐχωρίζετο σὲ δύο διαφορετι‐ life and breath, which form one field. On the other hand, we
κούς τομεῖς. Ἀπὸ τὴν μία πλευρά, ἔχουμε τὶς λέξεις soul, life καὶ have the words psyche (as in modern psychology) and mind (as
breath, οἱ ὁποῖες ἀποτελοῦν τὸν ἕνα τομέα. Ἀπὸ τὴν ἄλλη, τὶς λέξεις in the mind‐body dichotomy), comprising the other field. For
psyche (ὅπως στήν psychology) καὶ mind (ὅπως στὸν δυϊσμὸ mind‐body), example, in Greek it is patently clear that it is necessary to
οἱ ὁποῖες ἀποτελοῦν τὸν ἄλλο τομέα. Π.χ., στὰ ἑλληνικά, εἶναι cure the ψυχή (psyche), so that it may be saved. In English,
ὁλοφάνερο, ὅτι ἡ ψυχὴ πρέπει πρῶτα νὰ θεραπευθῇ γιὰ νὰ σωθῇ, one talks of curing the psyche, but never of saving it–salvation
4
Εἰσαγωγή Introduction
ἐνῷ στὰ ἀγγλικὰ, λὲγεται ὅτι θεραπεύεται ἡ psyche, ἀλλὰ ποτὲ ὅτι being reserved exclusively for the soul. The two words remain
σώζεται – ἡ σωτηρία ἀποδίδεται ἀποκλειστικῶς στὸ soul. Ἐπειδὴ οἱ distinct; there is little or no connection between psychic health
δύο αὐτὲς λέξεις εἶναι διακεκριμένες, ὑπάρχει μόνον λίγη ἢ μᾶλλον and the eternal animating principle known as soul (cf. Table
καμμία σχέσις μεταξὺ psychic (ψυχικῆς) ὑγείας καὶ τῆς αἰωνίου 5).
ζωοποιοῦ ἀρχῆς, γνωστῆς ὡς soul (βλ. Table 5). This study in effect achieves two goals. The first objective is
Ἡ ἐργασία αὐτὴ ἀποβλέπει σὲ δύο στόχους: Ὁ πρῶτος εἶναι νὰ the well‐known (at least to the English speaking Orthodox
ἀποδειχθῇ ἡ σύγχυσις τῆς ἀγγλικῆς ὁρολογίας, ἡ ὁποία εἶναι πολὺ theologians) but never spoken aim of disclosing the confusion
γνωστὴ μέν, ἀλλὰ ποτὲ δὲν ἔχει συζητηθῆ μέχρι τώρα. Ἐπίσης, present in English terms, and in doing so help to approach an
πρέπει νὰ διαμορφωθῇ μία ἑνιαία θεολογική ὁρολογία, πιστὴ στὴν agreed theological terminology, which will be faithful to the
παράδοσι τῶν Ἁγίων Πατέρων. Ὁ ἄλλος στόχος εἶναι νὰ ὑπογραμ‐ Holy Fathers. The second objective is to highlight the dis‐
μισθῇ ὁ ἐνοιολογικός διχασμός τῆς ψυχῆς στὸν δυτικὸ πολιτισμό. Ὁ location of the psyche (ψυχή) in western civilisation. This
διχασμὸς αὐτὸς εἶναι καὶ συστηματικὸς καὶ ἐνδεικτικὸς μιᾶς βαθεί‐ fragmentation is both systematic and indicative of a deep
ας ἀσθενείας, ἡ ὁποία δὲν παρουσιάζει καμμία ἔνδειξι τερματισμοῦ, spiritual malady, which shows little or no sign of abating, and
καὶ οἱ συνέπειες τῆς ὁποίας ἀντανακλῶνται σ’ ὅλο τὸν κόσμο. whose consequences reverberate throughout the whole world.
Ὅπως ὁ George (Robin) Amis, ὁ ὁποῖος ἀπό ὅτι γνωρίζομε πρῶτος As George (Robin) Amis, who to our knowledge is the first
ὑπογράμμισε τὸν διχασμὸ αὐτό, λέγει: ʺΑὐτὸ εἶναι ὰποδεικτικὸ γιὰ person to highlight this rift, says, ʺthis is indicative of the
τὴν ἐξάρθρωσι, στὴν ὁποίαν τώρα ὑποτάσσεται ὁ δυτικὸς πολιτι‐ dislocation of the psyche that Western civilisation is now
σμός.ʺ Ἡ psychic (ψυχικὴ) δυσλειτουργία τοῦ δυτικοῦ πολιτισμοῦ subject toʺ. This psychic disfunctionality of Western civilisation
μόνο προσφάτως διεγνώσθη καὶ μέχρι στιγμῆς δὲν ἔχει ἐπιρροὴ has only been diagnosed recently, and has as yet had no
οὔτε στὸ ὑγειονομικὸ σύστημα οὔτε στὴν θεολογία. impact on either the health care system or theology.
Αὐτὴ ἡ μελέτη πρωτίστως δείχνει τά ἐλαττώματα τῶν μεταφρά‐ Although this study primarily points to the shortcomings
σεων στὰ ἀγγλικά. Ὑπάρχουν βεβαίως στὴν μελέτη αὐτὴ ὁδηγίες of translations into English, there also appear inherent
ἔμμεσες γιὰ τὴν βελτίωσι αὐτῶν. Πρέπει νὰ ἔχουμε ὑπʹ ὄψιν, ὅτι ἡ directions for improvement. On must bear in mind that this is
παροῦσα ἐργασία θέλει νὰ ἀποδείξῃ τὰ προβλήματα ποὺ ὑπάρχουν. intended as a brief study to show the existing problems. It is
Δὲν ἔχει πληρότητα καὶ μπορεῖ νὰ ἐπεκταθῆ, καί νὰ καλύψῃ περισ‐ far from comprehensive, and could be expanded to cover a
σότερους ὅρους, λαμβανομένους ἀπὸ ἕναν μεγαλύτερο ἀριθμό wider range of terms from a larger number of translations.
μεταφράσεων.
5
Κατάλογος βιβλίων – List of Books
List of books (The titles are in chronological order according to the date of the translation)
Lampe 1961 A Patristic Greek Lexicon. Ed. by G.W.H. Lampe, D.D., Oxford 1961.
Φιλοκαλία 1957‐1958 Φιλοκαλία τῶν Ἱερῶν Νηπτικῶν συνερανισθεῖσα παρὰ τῶν Ἁγίων και Θεοφόρων Πατέρων. ἔκδοση Γʹ,
Ἀθῆναι, “Ἀστήρ”, Τόμος Αʹ, 1957; Βʹ, 1958.
Philokalia 1979‐1981 The Philokalia. The Complete Text. Tr. by G.E.H. Palmer, Philip Sherrard, Kallistos Ware. London/Boston, Vol.
One, 1979; Vol. Two, 1981.
Νἐλλας 1981 Παναγιώτη Νέλλα: Ζῶον θεούμενον. Προοπτικές γιά μία Ορθόδοξη κατανόηση τοῦ ἀνθρώπου. Ἔκδοση
Βʹ, Ἀθήνα 1981.
Nellas (Russell) 1987 Panayiotis Nellas: Deification in Christ. The Nature of the Human Person. Tr. by Norman Russell. New York
1987.
Theoleptos (Sinkewicz) 1992 Theoleptos of Philadelphia: The Monastic Discourses. A Critical Edition, Translation and Study by Robert E.
Sinkewicz, C.S.B. Toronto, Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 1992.
Μαντζαρίδης 1986 Γεωργίου Ἰ. Μαντζαρίδη: Ὀρθόδοξη πνευματική ζωή. Θεσσαλονίκη 1986.
Mantzarides (Schram) 1994 Giorgios I. Mantzarides: Orthodox Spiritual Life. Tr. by Keith Schram. Brookline, Holy Cross Orthodox Press,
1994.
Ἱερόθεος 1987 Ἀρχιμ. Ἱεροθέου Σ. Βλάχου: Ὀρθόδοξη Ψυχοθεραπεία (πατερική θεραπευτική ἀγωγή). Ἔκδοση Βʹ, Ἔδεσσα
1987.
Hierotheos (Williams) 1994 Bishop of Nafpaktos Hierotheos: Orthodox Psychotherapy. The science of the Fathers. Tr. by Esther Williams.
Levadia 1994.
Γέρων Ἰωσήφ 1985 Γέροντος Ἰωσήφ: Ἔκφρασις Μοναχικῆς Ἐμπειρίας. Ἔκδοσις Ἱερᾶς Μονῆς Φιλοθέου, Ἅγιον Ὄρος, ἔκδοσις
Γʹ 1985.
Elder Joseph 1998 Monastic Wisdom. The Letters of Elder Joseph the Hesychast. St. Anthonyʹs Greek Orthodox Monastery,
Florence, Arizona, 1998.
Ρωμανίδης 1957 Πρεσβ. Ἰωάννου Σάββα Ρωμανίδου: Τό προπατορικόν ἁμάρτημα. Ἀθῆναι 1957.
Romanides (Gabriel) 2002 John S. Romanides: The Ancestral Sin. Tr. with an Introduction by George S. Gabriel (MA Dr., Académie de
Paris‐Saint‐Denys Institut de Théologie Orthodoxe de Paris). Ridgewood, NJ, 2002.
6
Table 1: Translations of the terms found in the books reviewed Note: [ ] denote translations of derived terms, { } translations with different syntax in English.
Terms translated
Translation ψυχή (psyche) νοῦς (nous) διάνοια (dianoia) λόγος (logos) θέωσις (theosis)
Φιλοκαλία soul intellect (νοῦς – nous) Glossary reason, mind (διάνοια – dianoia) Logos (Λόγος – Logos) Glossary deification
intellect Glossary Logos [divinize]
Philokalia 1979‐1981 [intelligible] mind intelligence
[thoughts] reason principle
Νέλλας soul intellect (nous) intellectual Logos deification (theosis)
intellect reason (logos) deification
Nellas (Russell) 1987 mind essence (logos)
[intelligible] reason
word
essences
principle
[rational (logikos)]
[intelligence]
Theoleptos (Sinkewicz) 1992 soul mind (νοῦς) Index discursive mind (διάνοια) Index reason [divinization]
mind mind Word [divinize]
discursive intellect word [divinizing]
Μαντζαρίδης soul intellect mind Logos deification
mind thought Word (Logos) [deified]
Mantzarides (Schram) 1994 understanding inner principles (logoi)
[intellectual] Word
[rational (logiko)]
[logical]
[rationality]
Ἱερόθεος ʹpsycheʹ nous mind (dianoia) Logos deification
soul (psyche) understanding (ʹnousʹ) mind intelligence [deified]
Hierotheos (Williams) 1994 soul (ʹpsycheʹ) reason speech
his own (psyche) Word
himself (psyche) word
his true self (psyche) [intelligence]
soul [intelligent]
ʹsoulʹ [word]
Γέρων Ἰωσήφ soul nous (νοῦς) Glossary intellect (διάνοια) Glossary Word theosis (θέωσις) Glossary
nous intellect words
Elder Joseph 1998 mind [rational]
[noetically]
Ρωμανίδης soul mind (nous) Intellect Logos theosis
intellect [mentally] reason theosis (divinization)
Romanides (Gabriel) 2002 mind [reasoning]
{understanding} [rational]
[endowed with reason]
[rationality]
7
Table 2: Translations of the terms: General Synopsis Note: [ ] denote translations of derived terms, { } translations with different syntax in English.
Terms translated
ψυχή (psyche) νοῦς (nous) διάνοια (dianoia) λόγος (logos) θέωσις (theosis)
ʹpsycheʹ nous (νοῦς) Glossary intellect (διάνοια) Glossary Logos (Λόγος – Logos) Glossary theosis (θέωσις) Glossary
nous intellect Logos theosis
soul (psyche) [noetically] intellectual [logical] theosis (divinization)
soul (ʹpsycheʹ) [intellectual]
soul mind (νοῦς) Index reason (logos) deification (theosis)
ʹsoulʹ mind (nous) discursive intellect reason deification
mind [rational (logikos)] [deified]
his own (psyche) discursive mind (διάνοια) [rational (logiko)]
himself (psyche) intellect (νοῦς – nous) Glossary Index [rational] [divinize]
his true self (psyche) intellect (nous) mind (dianoia) [rationality] [divinizing]
intellect mind [reasoning] [divinization]
[intelligible] [mentally] [endowed with reason]
[thoughts] reason, mind (διάνοια – inner principles (logoi)
dianoia) Glossary principle
understanding (ʹnousʹ) reason
{understanding} essence (logos)
thought essences
understanding intelligence
[intelligence]
[intelligent]
Word (Logos)
Word
word
words
[word]
speech
8
Table 3: Translations of the terms as used within two periods Note: [ ] denote translations of derived terms, { } translations with different syntax in English.
Dates Terms translated
ψυχή (psyche) νοῦς (nous) διάνοια (dianoia) λόγος (logos) θέωσις (theosis)
1979‐1993 soul mind (νοῦς) Index discursive mind Logos (Λόγος – Logos) deification (theosis)
intellect (νοῦς – nous) (διάνοια) Index Glossary deification
Glossary reason, mind (διάνοια – Logos [divinize]
intellect (nous) dianoia) Glossary reason (logos) [divinization]
mind mind essence (logos) [divinizing]
intellect reason intelligence
[intelligible] discursive intellect reason
[thoughts] intellectual Word
word
essences
principle
[rational (logikos)]
[intelligence]
1994‐2002 ʹpsycheʹ nous (νοῦς) Glossary intellect (διάνοια) Logos theosis (θέωσις)
soul (psyche) nous Glossary Word (Logos) Glossary
soul (ʹpsycheʹ) mind (nous) mind (dianoia) inner principles (logoi) theosis
his own (psyche) understanding (ʹnousʹ) mind intelligence theosis (divinization)
himself (psyche) mind intellect reason deification
his true self (psyche) intellect reason speech [deified]
soul [noetically] understanding Word
ʹsoulʹ {understanding} thought word
[mentally] words
[intellectual] [intelligence]
[intelligent]
[logical]
[rational (logiko)]
[rational]
[rationality]
[reasoning]
[endowed with reason]
[word]
9
Table 4: Classification of the translations (derivations not included except for λόγος)
A ψυχή νοῦς διάνοια λόγος λόγ‐ (derivations) θέωσις
ʹpsycheʹ nous Logos [logical] theosis
B
theosis (divinisation)
soul (psyche) mind (nous) mind (dianoia) Word (Logos) deification (theosis)
C [rational (logikos)]
soul (ʹpsycheʹ) intellect (nous) reason (logos)
[rational (logiko)]
his own (psyche) understanding (ʹnousʹ) essence (logos)
his true self (psyche) inner principles (logoi)
himself (psyche)
soul mind mind deification
ʹsoulʹ intellect intellect intelligence [intelligence]
intellectual [intelligent]
reason reason [reasoning]
[endowed with reason]
D [rational], [rationality]
discursive intellect principle
understanding essences
thought Word
word [word]
words
speech
A Greek terms
B Translations by transliterated Greek terms
C Translations by English terms with transliterated Greek in brackets
D Translations by English terms only
10
Table 5: The immaterial dimension of the human person – Lexical fields: ψυχή (psyche) in Greek vs. Soul and Psyche in English
Greek English
Ψυχή
Soul Psyche
Life Soul
Soul
Life‐processes Subject of our
Subject of our Breath
Birth to death salvation
salvation Essence of our Psyche
Life Subject of
modern
Life psychology
Mind Psyche
Life‐processes
Mental faculty Subject of Birth to death
modern
psychology
Mind
Mental faculty
Breath
Essence of our
Life
1 field 2 fields
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Table 6: Source material for study: ψυχή (psyche) Note: [ ] denote translations of derived terms, { } translations with different syntax in English.
ψυχή
Original Book Translation Terms translated Definition
Φιλοκαλία 1957‐1958 Philokalia 1979‐1981
ψυχή soul soul
Νέλλας 1981 Nellas (Russell) 1987
ψυχή soul soul
Theoleptos (Sinkewicz) 1992 Theoleptos (Sinkewicz) 1992
ψυχή soul soul
Μαντζαρίδης 1986 Mantzarides (Schram) 1994
ψυχή soul soul
Ἱερόθεος 1987 Hierotheos (Williams) 1994
σ.91 Ἡ Ψυχή ... Τἰ εἶναι ἡ ψυχή p.97 The Soul (ʹPsycheʹ) ... What the soul soul
is soul (ʹpsycheʹ)
σ.92 ... ὁ ὅρος ψυχή σημαίνει τήν ζωή. p.98 ... the term used for ʹlifeʹ is ʹpsycheʹ. ʹpsycheʹ
σ.92 Ψυχή εἶναι ἡ ζωή ... Ἐπειδή εἶναι p.98 Soul is the life ... Since the term ʹsoulʹ ʹsoulʹ
πολυσήμαντος ὁ ὅρος ψυχή ... has many meanings ...
σ.93 Ἡ διαφορἀ μεταξύ τῆς ψυχῆς ... καί p.99 The difference between soul soul (psyche)
τῆς ζωῆς φαίνεται καί ἀπό μιά ἄλλη (psyche) ... and life (psyche) ... appears
διδασκαλία τοῦ Χριστοῦ: ʺὅς γάρ ἄν θέλῃ also in another of Christʹs teachings:
τήν ψυχήν αὐτοῦ σῶσαι, ἀπολέσει αὐτήν· ʺWhoever cares for his own safety his own (psyche)
ὅς δ’ ἄν ἀπολέσῃ τήν ψυχήν αὐτοῦ ἕνεκεν (psyche) is lost; but if a man will let
ἐμοῦ, εὑρήσει αὐτήνʺ (Ματθ. ιστ’, 25). himself (psyche) be lost for my sake, he himself (psyche)
will find his true self (psyche)ʺ (Matt. his true self
16,25, NEB). (psyche)
σ.93 Ἀκόμη ἡ λέξη ψυχή χρησιμοποιεῖται .. p.99 The word ʹsoulʹ is also used ...
Γέρων Ἰωσήφ 1985 Elder Joseph 1998
ψυχή soul soul
Ρωμανίδης 1957 Romanides (Gabriel) 2002
ψυχή soul soul
Translation Definition
Lampe 1961 Lampe 1961
p.1542b soul, ... vital principle p.1542b i.e. vital principle in creatures
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Table 6: Source material for study: νοῦς (nous) Note: [ ] denote translations of derived terms, { } translations with different syntax in English.
νοῦς
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Table 6: Source material for study: νοῦς (nous) Note: [ ] denote translations of derived terms, { } translations with different syntax in English.
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Table 6: Source material for study: νοῦς (nous) Note: [ ] denote translations of derived terms, { } translations with different syntax in English.
15
Table 6: Source material for study: διάνοια (dianoia) Note: [ ] denote translations of derived terms, { } translations with different syntax in English.
διάνοια
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Table 6: Source material for study: διάνοια (dianoia) Note: [ ] denote translations of derived terms, { } translations with different syntax in English.
* (p.410, footnote to Gossary) We chose to translate διάνοια (dianoia) as intellect, because it is the word closest in meaning to the Greek term. For, according to the Oxford Dictionary of the English
Language, the intellect is : ʺthat faculty or sum of faculties of the mind or soul by which one knows and reasons (excluding sensation, and sometimes imagination; distinguished from feeling and will);
power of thought; understanding. Rarely in reference to the lower animals.ʺ (vol. IX, p.369)
The word ʺmindʺ could be used to translate ʺdianoiaʺ because one of the meanings of the word ʺmindʺ, according to the same dictionary, is: ʺthe cognitive or intellectual powers, as distinguished from the
will and emotions. Often contrasted with heart.ʺ (vol. XIII, p.461) However, this word also has other meanings which render it ambiguous. In particular, the primary sense of the word is: ʺthe seat of a
personʹs consciousness, thoughts, volitions, and feelings; the system of cognitive and emotional phenomena and powers that constitutes the subjective being of a person; also, the incorporeal subjects of
psychical faculties, the spiritual parts of a human being; the soul as distinguished from the body.ʺ (Ibid) This meaning of the word ʺmindʺ is not only different than the meaning of the word ʺdianoiaʺ, but
it is also remarkably similar to the meaning of the word ʺνοῦςʺ (nous). Furthermore, the word mind is needed to translate the term nous in phrases such as ʺkeep in mind,ʺ ʺthe mind wanders,ʺ etc. Thus, if
the word ʺmindʺ were employed to translate the term ʺdianoiaʺ, it would be unclear whether dianoia or nous is meant. Therefore, in order to avoid this confusion, we decided to use the clearer word
ʺintellectʺ.
Unfortunately, though, the word ʺintellectʺ has been used with a new meaning in recent years. Some Orthodox books published today have translated the word ʺnousʺ as ʺintellectʺ and the word ʺdianoiaʺ
as ʺmindʺ. As explained above, it is not wrong to use the word ʺmindʺ for the word ʺdianoiaʺ, given that the reader understands that it is the limited meaning of the word ʺmindʺ which is intended.
However, to use the word ʺintellectʺ for the term ʺnousʺ is inaccurate – or at best, innovative (if one bears in mind that the meaning of a word in a language is not static, but develops according to usage).
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Table 6: Source material for study: διάνοια (dianoia) Note: [ ] denote translations of derived terms, { } translations with different syntax in English.
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Table 6: Source material for study: λόγος (logos) Note: [ ] denote translations of derived terms, { } translations with different syntax in English.
λόγος
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Table 6: Source material for study: λόγος (logos) Note: [ ] denote translations of derived terms, { } translations with different syntax in English.
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Table 6: Source material for study: λόγος (logos) Note: [ ] denote translations of derived terms, { } translations with different syntax in English.
21
Table 6: Source material for study: λόγος (logos) Note: [ ] denote translations of derived terms, { } translations with different syntax in English.
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Table 6: Source material for study: λόγος (logos) Note: [ ] denote translations of derived terms, { } translations with different syntax in English.
Translation Definition(s)
Lampe 1961 Lampe 1961
p.807b word; p.807b
I. in gen.
A. spoken expression;
1. word
2. statement, sentence
3. command 3. of divine authority in gen.
4. promise
5. story, conversation, discourse
6. report, tale
7. treatise 7. dist. from sermon
8. sermon, homily
9. passage 9. of scripture
10. form of words, manner of speaking 10. opp. literal sense
p.808a p.808a
11. mere talk 11. opp. truth or fact
12. teaching, opinion, knowledge 12. substance of what is said, ... esp. of doctrine ...
13. learning, education 13. hence, plur.
14. speech, language 14. in gen.
B. immanent rationality
1. reason, understanding
2. ground, reason, motive
3. explanation
4. definition, description
5. principle;
a. ground a. of cosmic order
b. law, essential disposition b. formative and regulative law of being
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Table 6: Source material for study: λόγος (logos) Note: [ ] denote translations of derived terms, { } translations with different syntax in English.
Translation Definition(s)
p.808b p.808b
c. principle or rule c. principle or rule embodying the result of
λογισμός
6. – – – 6. for λ. σπερματικός, ...
C. reckoning;
1. computation
2. account
3. account, credit account, credit 3. financial account; hence credit account
4. εἰς λόγον on account of, for the sake of; in regard to, in
respect of
5. λόγῳ for, on behalf of
D. matter, fact
E. regard, esteem
F. concern, interest
G. relation
H. manner, arrangement
I. condition, limitation
J. status
K. function
II. II. theol., of second Person of Trinity;
(...) (...)
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Table 6: Source material for study: θέωσις (theosis) Note: [ ] denote translations of derived terms, { } translations with different syntax in English.
θέωσις
Original Book Translation Terms translated Definition
Φιλοκαλία 1957‐1958 Philokalia 1979‐1981
Βʹ 98 Εἰς τοῦτο ἡμᾶς πεποίηκεν ὁ Θεός, ἵνα 2,173 God made us so that ... we might deification
... φανῶμεν αὐτῷ ὅμοιοι κατὰ τὴν ἐκ come to be like Him through deification
χάριτος θέωσιν. by grace.
Αʹ 22 Καὶ νοῦς μὲν τῆς ψυχῆς ἀποθέωσίς 1,349 The soul is divinized through the [divinize]
ἐστιν intellect
Νέλλας 1981 Nellas (Russell) 1987
σ.40 περιεχόμενο τῆς θεώσεως p.39 meaning of deification deification
σ.41 Τὸ “ἐν Χριστῷ ζῇν” τοῦ Παύλου οἱ p.39 The Fathers described the Pauline deification
πατέρες ... ὠνόμασαν θέωση ... ʺlife in Christʺ as deification (theosis) ... (theosis)
σ.243 ἀγάπην ... θεοποιητικήν (Μαξ. p.218 love ... productive of deification
Ὁμολ.)
Theoleptos (Sinkewicz) 1992 Theoleptos (Sinkewicz) 1992 Theoleptos (Sinkewicz) 1992
p.86 1,3 καρπὸς δὲ τῶν ἀρετῶν ἡ κτίσις καὶ p.87 1,3 Its fruit is the acquisition of the [divinizing] p.407 (General Index):
ἡ θεοποιὸς ἀγάπη καὶ ἡ ἐκ τούτων μὴ virtues, divinizing love and the joy which divinization (θεοποιῶ)
διακοπτομένη εὐφροσύνη... cannot be severed from these.
p.264 13,4 ... τὴν φροντίδα τῶν θεοποιῶν p.265 13,4 mindfulness for the divinizing
ἐντολῶν ... commandments ...
p.342 21,5 ἀλλ’ ὁ τοῦ θεοῦ υἱός ... p.343 21,5 But the Sun of God ... he [divinize]
ἐθεοποίησεν ἡμᾶς ... divinized us ...
p.358 23,12 ... καὶ ὁ νοῦς ... τὴν θείαν p.359 23,12 ... so, too, the mind, ... [divinization]
ἀλλοιοῦται ἀλλοίωσιν, ζωογονούμενος καὶ undergoes a divine transformation ...
θεοποιούμενος ἐκ τοῦ γινώσκειν καὶ Thus the mind receives life and
ἀγαπᾶν τὸν θεόν. divinization from knowing and loving
God.
Μαντζαρίδης 1986 Mantzarides (Schram) 1994
σ.132 Θέωση p.149 Deification deification
σ.133 ὁ πόθος τῆς θεώσεως εἶναι ἔμφυτος p.150 The longing for defication is innate
στόν ἄνθρωπο. in man.
αὐτόθι ... ὁ ἄθρωπος ... δέν μπορεῖ νά ibid. ... man ... he cannot be fulfilled if he [deified]
ὁλοκληρωθεῖ, ἄν δέν ὁδηγηθεῖ σ’ αὐτά, ἄν is not led to what he desires, if he is not
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Table 6: Source material for study: θέωσις (theosis) Note: [ ] denote translations of derived terms, { } translations with different syntax in English.
26