Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Contents
1Origins
2Early military exploits
3First Serbian Uprising (1804–1813)
o 3.1Revolt against the Dahis
o 3.2Rebellion against the Porte
3.2.1Initial successes
3.2.2Losses mount
3.2.3Defeat
4Exile, return to Serbia and death
5Legacy
6Family tree
7Footnotes
8References
9Sources
10Further reading
Origins[edit]
Đorđe Petrović was born into an impoverished family in the village of Viševac, in
the Šumadija region of Ottoman Serbia, on 16 November [O.S. 3 November] 1768.[1][a] He was
the oldest of his parents' five children. His father, Petar Jovanović, was
a highwayman (or hajduk) in his youth, but had since become a peasant farmer. His mother,
Marica (née Živković), was a homemaker.[3] Petrović's surname was derived from his father's
given name, in line with contemporary Serbian naming conventions.[4] Like most of his
contemporaries, Petrović was illiterate.[5][6] His family celebrated the feast day of Saint
Clement.[7] They are said to have been descended from the Vasojevići tribe of
Montenegro's Lim River valley.[8] His ancestors are thought to have migrated from Montenegro to
Šumadija in the late 1730s or early 1740s.[9] Petrović's childhood was strenuous and
difficult.[3] His parents were forced to move around often in search of a livelihood.[10] His father
worked as a day labourer and servant for a sipahi (Serbo-Croatian: spahija), an
Ottoman cavalryman. Petrović himself spent his adolescence working as a shepherd.[9] In 1785,
he married Jelena Jovanović,[11] whose family hailed from the village of Masloševo.[9] The couple
had seven children, six of whom reached adulthood.[1]
Petrović worked for several landlords across Šumadija until 1787, when he and his family left the
region and settled in the Austrian Empire, fearing persecution at the hands of
the Ottoman janissaries.[10] It is said that as they were preparing to cross the Danube into Austria,
Petrović's father began to have second thoughts about leaving Šumadija. Knowing that the entire
family would be put in jeopardy if his father stayed behind, Petrović either took his father's life or
arranged for someone to kill him instead.[12][b]
Following the outbreak of the Austro-Turkish War of 1788–1791, Petrović joined the Serbian Free
Corps (German: Serbische Freikorps), and took part in fighting the Ottomans in western
Serbia.[10][15] The Free Corps was a volunteer militia made up of both Ottoman and Habsburg
Serbs that was armed and trained by the Austrians. It was led by a Habsburg Serb officer,
Major Mihailo Mihaljević.[16] Petrović's participation in the war brought him invaluable military
experience, as well as insight into the Austrians' military techniques.[10] He distinguished himself
in combat and was decorated for bravery, reaching the rank
of sergeant (German: Wachtmeister).[17][18] In this capacity, he was given command over a squad
of 25 men.[19]
The Austrians and Serb rebels briefly succeeded in liberating a strip of land east and south
of Belgrade, which in Serbian historiography came to be known as Koča's Frontier (Serbo-
Croatian: Kočina Krajina), after one of the senior rebel leaders, Koča Anđelković. In 1791, the
Austrians and Ottomans signed the Treaty of Sistova. The Austrians agreed to return all the
territory that they and the Serbs had captured south of the Danube in exchange for minor
territorial concessions in northern Bosnia, effectively abandoning the Serbs and leaving them to
resist the Ottomans on their own. The rebels were crushed by 1792 and most of their leaders
executed.[20]Unwilling to surrender, Petrović became a hajduk and briefly fought the Ottomans as
an outlaw.[21] He and his family once again sought refuge in the Austrian Empire, this time finding
sanctuary in the Krušedol Monastery, at the foot of Fruška Gora, where Petrović worked as a
forester.[14][22]
In 1793, Hadji Mustafa Pasha was appointed governor of the Pashalik of Belgrade. He declared
a general amnesty for former rebels and announced that Muslims would no longer serve as tax-
collectors in areas where Christians formed a majority of the population. These changes were
part of a plan devised by Sultan Selim aimed at improving relations with the Pashalik's Christian
population.[23] Sensing that it was safe, Petrović returned to Šumadija in 1794, together with his
family.[24] He settled in Topola, where he became a livestock merchant and traded with the
Austrians. His business dealings led him to establish connections with many Habsburg
Serbs.[10] In 1796, Osman Pazvantoğlu, the renegade governor of the Sanjak of Vidin, who had
rejected the authority of the Sublime Porte, launched an invasion of the Pashalik of Belgrade.
Overwhelmed, Mustafa Pasha formed a Serbian national militia to help stop the
incursion.[20] Petrović joined the militia and became a boluk-bashi (Serbo-
Croatian: Buljukbaša),[c] leading a company of 100 men.[10]
In return for their service, the Serbs of the Pashalik were granted a number of privileges. They
were allowed to bear arms and raise autonomous military units. After the Serb militias joined the
war on Mustafa Pasha's side, Pazvantoğlu suffered a string of defeats. He retreated to Vidin,
which was subsequently besieged.[23] The war against Pazvantoğlu marked the first time that
Petrović distinguished himself in the eyes of the Ottomans, who bestowed him with
the sobriquet "Black George" (Serbo-Croatian: Karađorđe; Turkish: Kara Yorgi), partly because
of his dark hair and partly because of his sinister reputation.[22][25]Karađorđe's service in the
Serbian militia resulted in him becoming well acquainted with Ottoman military doctrine.[26]
As the revolution progressed, rebel strength peaked at around 50,000 fighters.[38] Despite their
initial successes, the rebel leaders were seldom on good terms, and constant infighting plagued
their camp. In the western part of the country, Jakov Nenadović was the principle figure. In the
east, Milenko Stojković and Petar Dobrnjacheld sway. The latter two opposed Karađorđe's
attempts to create a centralized state, fearing that this would result in their own power being
diminished.[26] Others, such as Nenadović, complained that Karađorđe was becoming
too authoritarian. Nenadović suggested that the rebels establish a central council to rein in
Karađorđe's power and write up a constitution based on the rule of law.[58] Karađorđe balked at
the possibility. "It's easy for this sovereign law of yours to rule in a warm room, behind this table,"
he responded, "but let us see tomorrow, when the Turks strike, who will meet them and beat
them."[59][60]
In May 1809, the rebels captured Sjenica. They repulsed an Ottoman attack on the village
of Suvodol in early June, and seized Novi Pazar later that month, but failed to take its
fortress.[61] Minor clashes also took place in the north of Kosovo.[46] Lacking numbers and
adequate military training, the rebels failed to establish a corridor to Montenegro and never came
close to the Adriatic Sea. Karađorđe had described acquiring access to the sea as one of his key
aims.[61] The rebels experienced further setbacks in Niš, where 3,000
were surrounded at Čegar Hill in May–June 1809. Knowing that he and his men would
be impaled if captured, rebel commander Stevan Sinđelić fired at his entrenchment's gun
powder magazine, setting off a massive explosion that killed him and everyone else in the
vicinity. On the site of the battle, the Ottoman commander Hurshid Pasha built a stone tower with
the skulls of Sinđelić and his fighters embedded in its walls as a warning to others who wished to
rebel.[61][62]
The fall of Čegar allowed the Ottomans to establish a land corridor extending along the Morava
River valley from Niš to the Danube. The advance was brought to a halt after the Russians
crossed the Danube in September 1809 and attacked the Ottomans in northern Bulgaria, offering
the rebels temporary respite. The rebels soon recaptured all the land that they had lost, but were
exhausted by the fighting.[63]Henceforth, they were continuously on the defensive.[64] The rebel
leaders quarrelled among themselves, blaming each other for the recent defeats. Karađorđe
blamed the Russians for not intervening earlier on the rebels' behalf.[61] He subsequently wrote
Napoleon seeking military assistance, and in 1810, dispatched an emissary to France.[65] Nothing
came of these requests as the French did not believe that they had the military capacity to
dislodge the Ottomans from the Balkans.[66] As his battlefield setbacks mounted, Karađorđe's
behaviour became more volatile. In late 1809, he shot and wounded one of his commanders,
Petar Jokić, for making a poor military decision in the vicinity of Ćuprija.[12][57]
A map of Revolutionary Serbia in 1809 (left) and 1813 (right)
In 1810, Dobrnjac mutinied against Karađorđe and nearly succeeded in dislodging him. He was
joined in his revolt by Milenko Stojković.[67] In June 1810, Russian troops entered Serbia for a
second time, distributing weapons and supplies to Karađorđe and his followers. Field
marshal Mikhail Kutuzov took part in planning joint actions against both the Ottomans and the
mutineers.[64] By the following year, Dobrnjac and Stojković were defeated.[67] Karađorđe
attempted to placate the mutineers. In January 1811, he established the People's Governing
Council (Serbo-Croatian: Praviteljstvujušči Sovjet), a cabinet consisting of members who
supported Karađorđe as well as those who opposed him.[68] It consisted of twelve members, one
for each of the nahije (districts) of rebel Serbia.[58] Karađorđe appointed Stojković as the Minister
of Foreign Affairs, Nenadović as the Minister of the Interior, and Dobrnjac as the Minister of
Justice. Also inducted into Karađorđe's cabinet were Mladen Milovanović, as the Minister of
War; Dositej Obradović, as the Minister of Education; and Sima Marković, as the Minister of
Finance. Dobrnjac and Stojković refused to accept the posts that were offered to them, fearing
that their acceptance would legitimize Karađorđe and undermine their own position. Karađorđe
accused them of insubordination and exiled them to Wallachia, replacing them with
loyalists.[68] The Governing Council soon recognized Karađorđe as Serbia's hereditary leader and
pledged allegiance to his "lawful heirs".[58]
Defeat[edit]
In mid-1812, Russia and the Ottoman Empire signed the Treaty of Bucharest, bringing the
Russo-Ottoman War to a close. For his efforts, Karađorđe received the Order of Saint Anna from
the Russians. The Governing Council scrambled to take an oath of loyalty to Russia in the hope
that this would garner them further protection, to no avail.[69] The Russian Emperor, Alexander,
was aware of Napoleon's plans to invade Russia and desperately sought to return as many
Russian soldiers as possible in order to repel the attack.[64][70] As part of the Treaty of Bucharest,
the Russians and Ottomans agreed that Serbian fortifications built after 1804 were to be
destroyed, while cities and forts from which the Ottomans had been expelled over the course of
the uprising were to be reoccupied and garrisoned by Ottoman troops. In exchange, the
Ottomans agreed to declare a general amnesty for former rebels, as well as to grant the Serbs of
the Pashalik of Belgrade some degree of autonomy. As part of the agreement, the Russians
agreed to withdraw their forces from Serbia, as well as from Wallachia and Moldavia. The
Russians encouraged Karađorđe and his followers to negotiate directly with the Porte regarding
the minutiae of the handover of cities and fortifications to the Ottomans. Trepidation filled the
rebel camp once it became clear that there was nothing to prevent the Ottomans from exacting
reprisals against the Pashalik's Serb population after the Russians withdrew. Karađorđe thus
refused to abide by the terms of the Treaty of Bucharest and fighting continued.[71]
Deprived of foreign assistance, the rebels were quickly routed by the Ottomans, whose units
were manned primarily by Albanians and Bosnian Muslims.[66][72] In early October, Karađorđe fled
to the Austrian Empire.[73] He was joined by around 100,000 other Serbs fleeing the Ottoman
advance, including 50,000 from Belgrade and its environs alone.[74] Belgrade fell later that
month.[66][75] The city's fall marked the end of the First Serbian Uprising.[71] The Ottomans singled
out men and boys over the age of 15 for execution, and sold women and children into slavery.
Torture was used extensively and executions were particularly brutal.[66] "Men were roasted alive,
hanged by their feet over smoking straw until they asphyxiated, castrated, crushed with stones,
and bastinadoed," one eyewitness wrote. "Their women and children were raped and sometimes
taken by force to harems. Outside Stambul Gate in Belgrade, there were always on view the
corpses of impaled Serbs being gnawed by packs of dogs."[76][77] Another account relays how
infants and toddlers were boiled alive.[78] In one day alone, 1,800 women and children were sold
into slavery at a Belgrade market.[79] Churches across the city were destroyed and mosques that
had been converted into churches following the city's capture in 1806 were returned to their
original use.[55] Others were deliberately torched by the Ottomans for the purpose of inflicting
suffering on the city's inhabitants. In one instance, several dozen Serb refugees seeking shelter
in a mosque were burned alive inside.[78]
In late October 1813, Hurshid Pasha declared a general amnesty for the rebels that had
survived, though Karađorđe and some senior Orthodox clerics were specifically
exempted.[66] Many rebel leaders agreed to lay down their arms, the most notable of these
being Miloš Obrenović, the rebel commander in Užice.[80] A large number of Serb refugees
subsequently returned to their homes, as did many of the Muslims that had been displaced in the
fighting.[30]
Upon crossing the Danube, Karađorđe and his followers were arrested by the Austrian
authorities. They were initially detained at the Petrovaradin Fortress in Novi Sad and later
transferred to a prison in Graz. The Ottomans demanded that Karađorđe and the other rebel
leaders be extradited to face punishment. The Austrians refused and instead turned them over to
the Russians.[81] Karađorđe spent a year in Austrian custody before being allowed to go to
Russia.[22] Like many of the other rebel leaders, he settled in Bessarabia.[81] He attempted to
adjust to civilian life, commissioning a portrait of himself by the painter Vladimir Borovikovsky.[82]In
April 1815, Obrenović orchestrated another anti-Ottoman rebellion in Serbia, which came to be
known as the Second Serbian Uprising. Unlike Karađorđe's revolt, the Second Serbian Uprising
ended relatively quickly and resulted in a rebel victory. In November 1815, the Ottomans
accepted Obrenović's demands for wide-ranging autonomy. The terms that they agreed to were
identical to those rejected by Karađorđe in 1807.[80]
The Russians prohibited Karađorđe from returning to the Balkans to take part in the Second
Serbian Uprising. Karađorđe objected and traveled to Saint Petersburgto plead his case, but was
arrested and detained.[22] Upon his release, he joined the Filiki Eteria, a Greek nationalist secret
society that intended to launch a pan-Balkan uprising against the Ottomans. The Filiki
Eteria promised Karađorđe a position of military leadership in the planned uprising and offered to
smuggle him into the Pashalik of Belgrade. Karađorđe secretly entered the Pashalik on 24
July [O.S. 12 July] 1817, crossing the Danube together with his servant, Naum Krnar. He then
contacted his kum, Vujica Vulićević, who offered him an abode in the oak forest of Radovanje
Grove, near Velika Plana. Unbeknownst to Karađorđe, Vulićević was on Obrenović's payroll.
After escorting Karađorđe and his servant to a tent in the forest, Vulićević informed Obrenović of
Karađorđe's whereabouts through a courier. Shortly thereafter, he received a letter from
Obrenović telling him that Karađorde was to be killed.[81] Vulićević enlisted one of his close
confidantes, Danilo Novaković, to take Karađorđe's life. The following morning, just before
sunrise, Novaković snuck into Karađorđe's tent and axed him to death while he slept. He then
went to the riverside and shot Krnar with a rifle as he was gathering water. Karađorđe's lifeless
body was beheaded.[83] His severed head was taken to Belgrade and presented to Marashli Ali
Pasha,[83] who had been appointed the governor of the Pashalik two years prior.[80] Ali Pasha had
the head flayed, stuffed and sent to the Sultan himself.[83]
Obrenović feared that Karađorđe's return would prompt the Ottomans to renege on the
agreement reached by the Porte and Obrenović's followers in November 1815.[84] By extension,
Karađorđe's murder precluded the Serbs of the Pashalik from taking part in the Balkan-wide
rebellion that the Filiki Eteria had been planning.[85] In Constantinople, Karađorđe's head was
impaled on a stake and left on public display for a week. His body was buried on Serbian soil, but
his skull ended up in the hands of a Constantinople museum. It was stolen some years later and
buried in Greece.[86]
Legacy[edit]
Karađorđe's descendants adopted the surname Karađorđević in his honour.[87] His murder
resulted in a violent, decades-long feud between his descendants and those of Obrenović, with
the Serbian throne changing hands several times.[85][88] The feud came to an abrupt end in June
1903, when rebellious Royal Serbian Army officers killed the Obrenović king, Alexander, and his
wife, Queen Draga, thereby rendering the Obrenović line extinct. Karađorđe's grandson, Peter
Karađorđević, then ascended the throne.[89][90] In order to tie himself to his grandfather's legacy,
Peter commissioned a bronze crown cast from a piece of Karađorđe's first cannon.[91] In addition,
the Order of Karađorđe's Star was introduced as Serbia's highest state decoration.[92][93] The first
feature-length film to emerge from Serbia and the Balkans, whose plot revolves around
Karađorđe and his actions before, during and after the First Serbian Uprising, was released in
1911.[94] Work soon began on the construction of the Church of Saint George, a Karađorđević
dynasty mausoleum at Oplenac, near Topola.[86] In November 1918, Peter ascended the throne
of the newly established Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, which was later
renamed Yugoslavia.[95] Karađorđe's head was repatriated from Greece in 1923 and reunited with
the rest of his body. His remains were buried in a white marble sarcophagus within the church in
1930.[86] The Karađorđević dynasty ruled Yugoslavia until 1941, when its members were forced
into exile by Germany's invasion and occupation of the country.[96] The monarchy was abolished
by Josip Broz Tito's communist government in 1945.[97]
Misha Glenny, a journalist specializing in the Balkans, believes that the First Serbian Uprising
"marked the beginning of modern history on the Balkan peninsula."[98] The uprising kindled the
flame of ethno-religious nationalism among the Christians of Southeastern Europe and inspired
the subsequent Greek War of Independence.[99] Karađorđe's struggle against the Ottomans also
had an important influence on the Bosnian Muslim revolutionary Husein Gradaščević, who
instigated the Great Bosnian Uprising.[100] Karađorđe is viewed in a negative light by some
modern Bosniaks. In 2011, the chief Mufti of the Islamic Community of Serbia, Muamer Zukorlić,
filed a petition to rename a street in Sjenica named after Karađorđe. Zukorlić alleged that
Karađorđe and his followers had indiscriminately targeted the town's residents in 1809, a notion
disputed by Serbian historians.[101] The historian Ivo Banac surmises that "there would be no
Bosnian Muslims today" had Karađorđe extended his uprising west of the Drina.[102]
Karađorđe's exploits were popularized across Europe by the linguist and folklorist Vuk Karadžić,
who recorded and published the ballads of the blind gusle player and epic poet Filip Višnjić,
many of which pertained to the First Serbian Uprising.[103] Karađorđe is referenced in a number of
works of 19th-century fiction. While he was still alive, the Hungarian dramatist István
Balog [hu] wrote a stage play about him, titled Black George, which premiered in August
1812.[104] Several years later, the Russian poet Alexander Pushkin penned a ballad about
Karađorđe titled The Song of George the Black.[105] The Irish poet George Croly also wrote a
ballad about him. Karađorđe is mentioned in Honoré de Balzac's 1842 novel A Start in Life, as
the grandfather of one of the book's main characters.[106] The Montenegrin prince-bishop and
poet Petar II Petrović-Njegoš dedicated his 1847 epic poem The Mountain Wreath to "the ashes
of the Father of Serbia", a reference to Karađorđe.[107][108] The surname Karamazov, used in the
Russian writer Fyodor Dostoyevsky's 1880 novel The Brothers Karamazov, is believed to have
partially been inspired by Karađorđe, whose exploits popularized the use of the prefix "kara" to
mean "black" within Russia.[109]
Karađorđe's likeness was featured on the obverse of five-million dinar banknotes issued by the
National Bank of Yugoslavia in 1993 and 1994.[110] The anniversary of the First Serbian Uprising's
commencement, 15 February, is celebrated annually in Serbia through a public holiday known
as Statehood Day, first introduced in July 2001.[111] A statue of Karađorđe stands in front of
Belgrade's Church of Saint Sava, within the eponymous Karađorđe's Park.[112]
Family tree[edit]
Karađor
đe
b. 1768
– d.
1817
reigned
1804–
1813
Alexander
Karađorđ
Alexis ević
b. 1801 b. 1806 –
– d. d. 1885
1830 reigned
1842–
1858
Peter I
George
b. 1844 – Arsen
b. 1827
d. 1921 b. 1859 –
– d.
reigned d. 1938
1884
1903–1921
Paul
Bojid Geor Alexander Karađorđe
Alexis ar ge I vić
b. 1859 b. b. b. 1888 – b. 1893 –
– d. 1862 1887 d. 1934 d. 1976
1920 – d. – d. reigned ruled
1908 1972 1921–1934 1934–1941
(as Prince
Regent)
Nichol
Tomisl as
Peter II
av Andrew b.
b. 1923 – Alexander
b. b. 1929 1928 –
d. 1970 b. 1924 –
1928 – – d. d.
reigned d. 2016
d. 1990 1954
1934–1945
2000
Nichol Sergi
as us
b. Michae b.
Karl
1958 l 1963
Vladimir
Alexander Georg b. Duša
Karađorđe e Dimitri 1958 n
b. 1964
vić b. b. 1958 b.
Dimitri
b. 1945 1984 1977
Mihailo
Michae
b. 1965
l
b.
1985
Philip Alexand
Peter
b. er
b. 1980
1982 b. 1982
Stefan
b.
2018
Footnotes[edit]
1. ^ The year of his birth is uncertain, though most historians believe it to have been 1768.[2]
2. ^ According to the historian Michael Broers, the story is likely apocryphal.[13] The historian Michael
Boro Petrovich disagrees, saying "it is no legend" that the event occurred.[12] According to the
author and diplomat Duncan Wilson, rumours that Karađorđe had killed his own father had spread
throughout Šumadija by 1804.[14]
3. ^ Boluk-bashi was equivalent to the rank of captain.[19]
4. ^ The Serbs referred to all Muslims in the Pashalik as "Turks", though most of them were Bosnian
Muslims, Albanians, or Muslims from other parts of the Ottoman Empire.[32]
5. ^ Among the old heraldic symbols was the double-headed white eagle used by the Nemanjić
dynasty.[41]
References[edit]
1. ^ Jump up to:a b Johnson 2014, p. 158.
2. ^ Stojančević 1982, p. 23; Mackenzie 1996a, p. 211; Jelavich & Jelavich 2000, p. 29.
3. ^ Jump up to:a b Mackenzie 1996b, p. 137.
4. ^ Jump up to:a b Petrovich 1976, p. 30.
5. ^ Jump up to:a b c Berend 2003, p. 123.
6. ^ Anscombe 2014, p. 163.
7. ^ Petrovich 1976, p. 63.
8. ^ Stojančević 1982, p. 23; Banac 1984, p. 45; Roberts 2007, p. 118; Morrison 2008, p. 21.
9. ^ Jump up to:a b c Stojančević 1982, p. 23.
10. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f g Jelavich & Jelavich 2000, p. 29.
11. ^ Roberts 2007, p. 486.
12. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e Petrovich 1976, p. 49.
13. ^ Broers 2010, pp. 177–178.
14. ^ Jump up to:a b Wilson 1970, p. 38.
15. ^ Judah 2000, p. 50.
16. ^ Singleton 1985, p. 76.
17. ^ Palmer 1970, p. 32.
18. ^ Skrivanić 1982, p. 311.
19. ^ Jump up to:a b Skrivanić 1982, p. 310.
20. ^ Jump up to:a b c Singleton 1985, p. 77.
21. ^ Jump up to:a b c d Singleton 1985, p. 78.
22. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e Rehm 1992, p. 392.
23. ^ Jump up to:a b c Jelavich & Jelavich 2000, pp. 27–28.
24. ^ Jump up to:a b Fotić 2009, p. 308.
25. ^ Jump up to:a b Pavlowitch 2002, p. 29.
26. ^ Jump up to:a b c d Jelavich & Jelavich 2000, p. 30.
27. ^ Petrovich 1976, p. 26.
28. ^ Jelavich & Jelavich 2000, p. 31.
29. ^ Pavlowitch 2002, p. 28.
30. ^ Jump up to:a b Judah 2000, p. 87.
31. ^ Jelavich & Jelavich 2000, p. 29; Berend 2003, p. 123.
32. ^ Jump up to:a b Judah 2000, p. 51.
33. ^ Glenny 2012, p. 11.
34. ^ Jump up to:a b Singleton 1985, p. 79.
35. ^ Judah 2000, p. 52; Pavlowitch 2002, p. 28; Sperber 2017, p. 168.
36. ^ Castellan 1992, p. 238.
37. ^ Judah 2000, pp. 51–52.
38. ^ Jump up to:a b Broers 2010, p. 179.
39. ^ Lampe 2000, p. 49.
40. ^ Pavlowitch 2002, p. 31.
41. ^ Banac 1988, p. 142.
42. ^ Judah 2000, p. 61.
43. ^ Esdaile 2007, p. 251.
44. ^ Broers 2010, p. 178.
45. ^ Reinhartz 2006, p. 87.
46. ^ Jump up to:a b Malcolm 1998, p. 179.
47. ^ Jump up to:a b Castellan 1992, p. 239.
48. ^ Petrovich 1976, p. 40.
49. ^ Vucinich 1982, p. 97.
50. ^ Jelavich & Jelavich 2000, p. 32.
51. ^ Vucinich 1982, p. 180.
52. ^ Jump up to:a b Lebl 2007, p. 70.
53. ^ Vovchenko 2016, p. 299.
54. ^ Ristović 2016, p. 26.
55. ^ Jump up to:a b Hall 1995, p. 67.
56. ^ Singleton 1985, p. 83.
57. ^ Jump up to:a b Stojančević 1982, p. 39.
58. ^ Jump up to:a b c Singleton 1985, p. 80.
59. ^ Petrovich 1976, p. 51.
60. ^ Lampe 2000, p. 48.
61. ^ Jump up to:a b c d Vucinich 1982, p. 141.
62. ^ Judah 2000, pp. 279–280.
63. ^ Petrovich 1976, p. 68.
64. ^ Jump up to:a b c Jelavich & Jelavich 2000, p. 34.
65. ^ Singleton 1985, p. 81.
66. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e Singleton 1985, p. 82.
67. ^ Jump up to:a b Petrovich 1976, p. 47.
68. ^ Jump up to:a b Petrovich 1976, pp. 73–74.
69. ^ Petrovich 1976, p. 76.
70. ^ Judah 2000, p. 53.
71. ^ Jump up to:a b Jelavich & Jelavich 2000, p. 35.
72. ^ Pavlowitch 2002, p. 30.
73. ^ Petrovich 1976, p. 80.
74. ^ Ninić 1989, p. 93.
75. ^ Castellan 1992, p. 242.
76. ^ Petrovich 1976, p. 84.
77. ^ Glenny 2012, p. 19.
78. ^ Jump up to:a b Vovchenko 2016, pp. 301–302.
79. ^ Petrovich 1976, p. 81; Castellan 1992, p. 243; Judah 2000, p. 53.
80. ^ Jump up to:a b c Jelavich & Jelavich 2000, p. 36.
81. ^ Jump up to:a b c Petrovich 1976, p. 110.
82. ^ Segesten 2011, p. 142; p. 158, note 5.
83. ^ Jump up to:a b c Petrovich 1976, p. 111.
84. ^ Singleton 1985, p. 86.
85. ^ Jump up to:a b Jelavich & Jelavich 2000, p. 37.
86. ^ Jump up to:a b c Jovanović 1989, pp. 70–72.
87. ^ Norris 2008, p. 30.
88. ^ Judah 2000, pp. 53, 56.
89. ^ Singleton 1985, p. 98.
90. ^ Pavlowitch 2002, p. 73.
91. ^ Banac 1984, p. 143.
92. ^ Banac 1984, p. 150.
93. ^ Todić 2014, p. 450.
94. ^ Norris 2008, p. 111.
95. ^ Pavlowitch 2002, p. 111.
96. ^ Pavlowitch 2002, pp. 137–139.
97. ^ Pavlowitch 2002, pp. 157–158.
98. ^ Glenny 2012, p. 2.
99. ^ Jelavich & Jelavich 2000, p. 68.
100. ^ Turhan 2014, p. 206.
101. ^ Barlovac 11 May 2011.
102. ^ Banac 1996, p. 132.
103. ^ Wilson 1970, pp. 110–111.
104. ^ Gyõre 2007, pp. 77–78.
105. ^ Shaw 1993, p. 163.
106. ^ Goldsworthy 1998, p. 24.
107. ^ Djilas 1966, p. 332.
108. ^ Wachtel 1998, p. 45.
109. ^ Martinsen 2003, p. 57.
110. ^ Živančević-Sekeruš 2014, p. 46.
111. ^ Šarić 2012, pp. 38–39.
112. ^ Norris 2008, p. 195.
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Further reading[edit]
Baranin, Dušan (1957). Karađorđe. Nolit.
Ćorović, Vladimir (1923). Karađorđe: život i delo.
Desnica, Gojko (1977). Karađorđe: celokupna istorija vožda Srbije (1768-1817). Škola Vuk Stefanović
Karadzić.
Dimitrijević, Kosta (1971). Vožd Karađorđe (in Serbian). Industrodidakta.
Ljušić, Radoš (2003). Vožd Karađorđe: biografija (in Serbian). Завод за уџбенике и наставна
средства. ISBN 978-86-17-10705-3.
Milićević, Milan Đ. (1904). Karađorđe u govoru i u tvoru. Čupićeva zadužbina. ( Public domain)
Nenadović, Konstantin N. (1903). Život i dela velikog Đorđa Petrovića Kara-Đorđa Vrhovnog Vožda,
oslobodioca i Vladara Srbije i život njegovi Vojvoda i junaka: Kao gradivo za Srbsku Istoriju od godine
1804 do 1813 i na dalje. Sloboda. ( Public domain)
Novaković, Stojan (1931). Karađorđe uskrs države srpske: političko-historijska studija o prvom
srpskom ustanku 1804-1813 : prema trećem beogradskom izdanju od 1914. Jugoslovenska štampa.
Savić, Velibor B. (1988). Карађорђе, документи I. Горњи Милановац.
Smiljanić, Radomir; Ličina, Vladimir (1993). Karađorđe, vožd serbski. Metalograf. ISBN 978-86-473-
0002-8.
Stranjaković, Dragoslav (1938). Karađorđe. G. Kon.
Vukićević, Milenko M. (1912). Karađorđe: Istorija ustanka od 1804–1807. Štampano u Državnoj
štampariji Kraljevine Srbije. ( Public domain)
Vukićević, Milenko M. (1907). Karađorđe: 1752–1804. Štampano u Državnoj štampariji Kraljevine
Srbije. ( Public domain)
Karađorđe
Karađorđević
Born: 16 November 1768 Died: 24 July 1817
Regnal titles
Grand Vožd of Succeeded by
Preceded by
Serbia Miloš
Title created
14 February 1804 Obrenović I
– 21 September as Prince of
1813 Serbia
Political offices
President of the
Preceded by Administering Succeeded by
Jakov Council Mladen
Nenadović 22 January 1811 – Milovanović
3 October 1813