270 1 Chopter 4 Introduction to Process Analysis and Selection b, Linearize the mass-balance equation from Step 1a nx -2 6-6) c. On the plot prepared above draw a straight line from the point r, = 0 and C = 100 mg/L with a slope of — Q/V equal to — 0.5/d [— (500 m°sdy/1000 m’}. The line drawn intersects the graph of 7, versus C at r, = 0.25 and C, = 50 mg/L. Repeating the above procedure the final effluent concentration from the second reactor is found to be 30 mg/L, which is the same as the analyti- cal solution determined in Step 1. navies dSn bettie! nth St Ideal Plug-Flow Reactor with Reaction ‘The derivation of the mazesials-balance equation for an ideal plug-flow reactor, in which the concentration C of the constituent is uniformly distributed across the cross- sectional area of the control volume and there is no longitudinal dispersion, can be illus- trated by considering the differential volume element shown on Fig, 4-5. For the dif ferential volume element AV shown on Fig. 4-5, the materials balance on a reactive constituent C is written as follows: Accumulation = inflow — outflow + generation a Kaye OC|.— OCl-3, + AV (4) Accumulation = inflow - outflow + generation where éC/ar = change in average concentration with time, ML~*T~! (g/m?-s) C= constituent concentration, ML~* (g/m") AV = differentiat volume etement, L3 (mm!) Q = volumetric flow rate, LIT (mis) 7, = reaction rate for constituent C, ML“°T~', (g/m*+s) Substituting the differential form for the term QC\, . 4. in Eq. (4-111) results in a AC €ay age oc» ss) +7 AV (4-112) Substituting AAx for AV and dividing by A and Ax yields ac_ @ Ac ac_ OAC 4-113} a” A ax fer} ‘Taking the limit as Ax approaches zero yields «2% ,,, (4114) eA aeTable 4-8 Required reactor volumes expressed in terms of Q/k for complete-mix reaclors in series cand plug-fow reactors for various removal efficiencies for firstorder Kinetics® 4-7 Modeling Treatment Process Kinetics | 275, If steady-state conditions are ussumed (Jat — 0} and the sate of reaction is defined as AC", smegratng berween the limits C = C, and C = Cand.x =O and x= & (4-115) Equation (4-115) is the steady-state sulution to the materials-balance equation for a plug-flow reactor without dispersion, If it is assumed that 1 is equal to 1, Eq. (4-115) becomes a (4-116) which is equivalent to Eq, (4-92), derived previously for the batch reactor. Comparison of Complete-Mix and Plug-Flow Reactors with Reaction The combined effect of reactor type (e.g., complete-mix versus plug-flow) and kinetics is ulgo of interest, The (olal volume required for various removal efficiencies for first- order kinetics, using 1, 2, 4, 6, 8. or 10 reactors in series, is reposted in Table 4-8 and shown graphically on Fig. 4-23. The corresponding volume required for a plug-flow reactor 1s also reported in Tahie 4-8. As shown in Table 4-8, as the number of reactors in series is increased, the total reactor volume required approaches that of a plug-flow reactor A comparison of reactor types for second-order kinetics is examined in Exam- ple 4-7. Te should be noted, however, that for zero-order kinetics the volume of the two reactors will be the samc. [t is also important to note that biological processes do not obey the results presented in Table 4-8 ((.e., phug-flow is more efficient than compiete- mix) because biological processes are modeled using BOD and COD, which includes K values where V = K[@/k} Volume of individual reactors equals value in toble divided by the number of reactors in series.| 276 | Chapter 4 Introduction to Process Anclysis ond Selection Figure 4-23 = | Definition sketch for the totol volune required zr versus the number of campleomixreocersin. 20 series for various removal efficiencies. The K value ‘on tho vocal axis is rrutipied by the flowrate | cand divided by the 0 reaction cosficient to obtein the total volume 5 required. The volume of can individvel reactor is ol _. ‘equal to the total volume: a 2 4 é 8 10 did by the eumber Number conpete-miereactorsn snes, of reactors in series. a Tolal weactor volume V= KOR ‘Volume of mindual reator = Vin Constant K microbial products in addition to any residual substrate, As a result, the volumes required for the two reactors will be the same. The use of a plug-flow teactor, or mixed calls in series, is often favored to help control the growth of filamentous organisms (see discussion in Chap. 7). rover penn se EXAMPLE 4-7 Comparison of Required Reactor Volumes for Second-Order Kinetics Assuming that second-order kinetics apply (7, = ~kC*), compare the required volume of a complete-mix reactor to the volume of a plug-flow reactor to achieve a 90 percent reduction in the concentration (C, = 1 and C, = 0.1). Solution 1. Compute the required volume for a complete-mix reactor in terms of Qk. a. Atstendy state, a mass balance for a complete-mix reactor yields 0=0C,- QC, ~ KCW b. Simplify and substitute the given data. 2, Compute the tequired volume for a plug-flow reactor in terms of Ok a. At steady state. a muss ballance for a plug-flow seactor yields ~ 0% + Ade(- KC?)