474 Chapter 5. Physical Unit Operations WEF (19980) Design of Munteipud Bastewarer Treaument Plants, vol. 1: Chaps. 1-8, WEF Manual of Practice No. 4. ASCE Mnnal and Report on Engineering Practice No. 76, ‘Water Environment Federation, Alexandria, VA. WEE (199853 Design of Moncipal Wastewater Treatment Plants, vol. 2: Chaps. 9-16, WEF Manual of Practice No. 8. ASCE Manual and Report on Engineering Practice No. 76. ‘Water Environment Federation, Alexandria, VA. WEF (1998c) Design of Wastewater Trearmera Plants, 4h ed.. vol. 3. Chaps. 17-24, WEE Manual of Practice No. 8. ASCE Manual sad Report on Engineering Practice No. 76, ‘Water Enviriment Federation, Alexandria, VA. Williams, R. (2000) “Louisville Tests New Treatment to Meet EPA CSO Guidelines,” Public Works, Februsey. Wong, T. H. #1997) “Continuous Deflection Separation: lis Mechanisrn and Applications,” Proceedings of WEFTEC ‘97, Chicago. 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(1957) "Continuous Thiekesing of Homogencous Flocculated Sluries,” Kagatu Kogaku, vol. 26 (also in Journal of Chemical Engineering of Japan, vol. 21, ‘Tokyo, 1957).ol 62 Chemical Unit Processes ROLE OF CHEMICAL UNIT PROCESSES iN WASTEWATER TREATMENT 476, Application of Chemical Unit Processes 477 Considerations in the Use of Chemical Unit Processes 478 FUNDAMENTALS OF CHEMICAL COAGULATION 478 Basic Definitions 479 Nature of Particles in Wastewater 480 Development and Measurement of Surface Chorge 481 PorticlePorticle Interactions 482 Particle Destabilization with Potential-Determining ions and Electrolytes 483 Porticle Destabilization and Aggregation with Polyelectrolytes 485 Particle Destabilization and Removal with Hydrolyzed Metal fons 486 CHEMICAL PRECIPITATION FOR IMPROVED PLANT PERFORMANCE 493 Chemical Reactions in Wostewater Precipitation Applications 493 Enhanced Removal of Suspended Solids in Primary Sedimentation 497 Independent PhysicalChemical Treatment 498 Estimation of Sludge Quontities from Chemical Precipitation 499 CHEMICAL PRECIPITATION FOR PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL 500 Chemistry of Phosphate Precipitation 501 Strategies for Phosphorus Removal 503 Phosphorus Removal Using Matal Saks and Polymers 505 Phosphorus Removal Using lime 507 Phosphorus Removal with Eflvent Filtration 508 Comparison of Chemical Phosphorus Removal Processes 508 Estimation of Sludge Quantities from Phosphorus Precipitation 509 CHEMICAL PRECIPITATION FOR REMOVAL OF HEAVY METALS AND DISSOLVED INORGANIC SUBSTANCES 514 Pracipitation Reactions 514 Coprecipitation with Phosphorus 517 CHEMICAL OXIDATION 517 Fundamentals of Chemical Oxidation 517 Applications 522 Chemical Oxidation of BOD and COD 523 Chemical Oxidation of Ammonia 524a7 Choptor 6 Chemicei Unit Processes 67 CHEMICAL NEUTRALIZATION, SCALE CONTROL, AND STABILIZATION 526 pH Adjustment 526 Anolysis of Scaling Potential 528 Scaling Contra! 532 Stobilization 532 CHEMICAL STORAGE, FEEDING, PIPING, AND CONTROL SYSTEMS 532 Chemical Storage ond Handling 533 Dry ChemicatFeed Systems 533 liquid ChemicalFeed Systems 536 Gas ChemicatFoed Systems 537 Initial Chemical Mixing 540 PROBLEMS AND DISCUSSION TOPICS 541 REFERENCES 543 6-1 ‘Those processes used for the treatment of wastewater in Which change is brought about by means of of through chemical reactions are known as chemical unit provesses. In the field of wastewater treatment, chemical unit processes usually afe used in conjunction with the physical unit operations discussed in Chap. 5, and the biological unit processes to be discussed in Chaps. 7 through 10, to meet specific treatment objectives. “The purpose in this chapter is to present and discuss: (1) the tole of chemical unit processes in wastewater (reatinent; (2) some fundamentals of chemical coagulation; {@) the precipitation reactions that occur when various chemicals are added to impcove the performance of wastewater-treatment facilities; (4) the chemical reactions involved in the precipitation of phosphorus from wastewater; (5) the precipitation of heavy met- als and dissolved inorganic substances; (6) chemical oxidation; (?) chemical neutral- ization, scale control, and stabilization; and (8) chemical storage, feeding, piping, and control systems. Advanced chemical oxidation and ioa exchange are considered in Chap. 11. Adsorption, sometimes classified as a chemical unit process, but which, more correctly, should he classified as a physical unit operation, is considered in Chap. 11. Chemical disinfection, an extremely important and mach-used chemical unit process, is considered separately in Chap. 12. ROLE OF CHEMICAL UNIT PROCESSES IN WASTEWATER TREATMENT The principal chernical unit processes used for wastewater meatment inelude () chem- ical coagulation, (2) chemical precipttation, (3) chemical disinfection, (4) chemical oxi- dation, (5) advanced oxidation processes, (6) ion exchange. and (7) chemical neutral- ization, scale control, and stabilization. The applications and the limitations invoived in the use of these processes ace considered in the following discussion.