674 Chapler 8 Suspended GrowihHislogical Trachnan Procasses EXAMPLE 8-1 TKN = NHN + ON ON = bON + nbON abON = nbsON + nbpON where the terms are as defined in Table 8-2 The application of the above equations in determining the charactcristies of a wastewater is illustrated in Exumple 8-1 Wastewater Characterization Evaluation Given the following wastewater char- acterization results, determine concentrations for the following: ~eweepe bCOD (biodegradable COD) nbpCOD (uondiodegrduble particulate COD) sbCOD (slowly biodegradable COD) ABYSS (nonbiodegradable VSS) nbpON (nonbiodegradabl: particulate organic nitrogen) “Total degradable TKN Influent wastewater characteristics: Activated-studge effluent: Concentration, Constituent mg/L —— 80D 195 800 94 cop 465 scoD 170 rCOD 80 158 220 VSS 200 TKN 40 NH oN % Alkelin'ty 200 fas CoCO} Concentration, Constituent mg/L sCODe x” SON 128-2 Wastewater Characterization | 675 Solution J, Determine biodegradable (bCOD) using Eq. (8-8). bCOD = ~1.6(BOD) = 1.6(195 mg/L.) = 312 mg/L. 2. Determine the nbpCOD. a, Determine the nbCOD using Eq. (8-7). abCOD = COD - bCOD abCOD = (465 ~ 312) mg/L. ~ 153 mg/L. b. Determine the nbpCOD using Eq, (8-9). nbpCOP = nbCOD ~ sCODe = (153 - 30) mg/L = 123 mg/L 3. Determine the sbCOD using Eg, (8-10) sbCOD = bCOD — COD = (312 — 80) mg/L = 232 mg/L. 4, Determine the nbVSS. a. Determine the bpCOD/pCOD ratio using Eq. (81), bpCOD _ (bCOD/BOD)(BOD ~ sBOD) pcoD — COD - sCOD bpCOD _ 1.6(195 ~ 94) mall _ 9 COD (465- 170} mg/l, b. Determine the nbVSS using Eq. (8-3). ene) bvss = |1 - {= =) vss aovss~[)- (op nbVSS = (1 — 0,95)(200 mg/L) = 90 mg/L. 5, Determine the inert TSS, iTS$ = TSS — VSS = (22% - 200) mg/L = 20 mg/L 6. Derenmine the nbpON a, Determine the organic N content of VSS using Eq, (8-5). _ (TKN - SON ~ NHeN) fe VSS _ 40-1226) mg/L io iingny676 | Chapter 8 Susponded Growh Biologic! Toatmen Process 8-3 b. Determine the nbpOS using Eq. (8-6) nbpON = f,(nbVSS) ibpON = 0.004(90 mg/L) ~ 5.8 mg/L. 7. Determine totat degracab’e TEN bTKN = TKN — ubpON = sON = (40 — 5.8 - 1.2) mg’t. = 33 mg/l. Recycle Flows and Loadings “The impact of recycle “lows must also be quantified and included in defining the influ- ent wastewater characteristics 19 the aetivated-sludge process. The possible sources of recycle flows include digester supernatant flows (if settling and decanting are practiced in the digestion operation), reeycle of centrale or filtrate from solids dewatering equip- ment, buckwash water {rom efftuent filtration processes, and water from odor-contral scrubbers. Depending, on the source, & significant BOD, TSS, and NH,-N load may be added to the influent wasiewatet, The levels of BOD and TSS concentrations possible for various solids processing unit operations are given in Table 14—49 in Chup. 14, Compared to untreated wastewater or primary clarifier effluent, the BOD/VSS ratio is often such lower for recycle streams, addition, a significant NH,-N Jowd can be returned (o the influent wastewater irom anaerobic digestion-related processes. Con- centrations of NH,-N in dhe range of 1000 to 2000 mg/L are possible ia centrate of fil- trate from the dewatering of anaerobically digested solids, Thus, the ammonia load froma a retum Mow af about one half percent of the influent flow can inerease the influ- ent'TKN lod to the activated-sluige process by 1010 20 percent. The tetum solids toad from effiuent polishing filtors van he estimated by & mass bake on solids removed across the fillration process, and thus released in the backwash water flow. In all eases, a mass balance for flow and important constituents, such as BOD, TSS/VSS, nitrogen compounds, and phosphorus should be done to account for all contributing flows and loads to the activated-sludge proces, FUNDAMENTALS OF PROCESS ANALYSIS AND CONTROL ‘The purpose of this secliain is to introduce (1) the basic considerations involved in provess desiga, (2) process contr! measures, (3) operating problems associated with the activuted-sludge process. and i) activuted-sludge selector processes. The information presented ia this section is applied to the analysis and design of alremative activated- sludge processes in the reminder of this chapter. Many af the equations presented in this chapter were derived previously in Chap. 7 and are summarized in this section for con- venient reference.