74 CChopter 11 Advonced Wastewater Treatment where Kyayge = system mass transfer coefficient, if K,do, = system oxygen mass transfer coefficient, 17h Dyog = diffusion coefficient of VOC in water, ems Do, = diffusion cozifivient of oxygen in water, cm/s coefficient (0.5 for steipping towers) Air and water tempermure are significant factors in the design of stripping towers because of their effect on air and water viscosities, Henry's law constants, and volu- metric mass transfer coefficients. The effect of temperature on the Henry’s law constant is illustrated on Fig. 11-65. ‘Ihe value of K,q can be adjusted for temperature effects using Eq. (2-25) with a theta value of 1.024, Design of Stripping Towers In its simplest form a stripping tower consists of a tower (usually circular), a support plate for the packing material, a distribution system for the liquid to be stripped, located above the packing material, and an ait supply located at the bottom of the stripping tower (see Fig. 11-62), The process design variables include (1) the type of packing material, (2) the stripping factor, (3) the cross-sectional area of the tower, and (4) the height of the stripping tower. The cross-sectional area will depend on the pressure drop through the packing. Representative design values for stripping of VOCs and ammonia are presented in Table 11-25. The significant difference in the amount of air required for stripping is a clear illustration of the importance of the Henry's constant, “The headloss through the pucking is determined using a generalized gas pressure- drop relationship such as that plotted on Fig, 11-70 (Eckert, 1975). The pressure drop is expressed in newtons per square meter per meter of depth (Nim2)fm. The upper line on Fig. 11-70 labeled approximate flooding represents the condition that occurs when the amount of water and air applied is so great that the pore spaces fill to the point where water starts to flood within the tower. The units for the x and y axes are as follows: Lag\' ~ E(t) (11-105) ohn (14-106) xaxis: which can be rewritten us follows: (value from y axis){pe) lar — Pa) (Mae) where L’ = liquid loading rate, ke/m’-s G = gas loading rate, kef més pg = density of ges, kein! 1p, = density of liquid, kg/m’ = packing factor for packing material, unitless sey = viscosity of liquid, Nim’ {11-207}Table 11-35 Typical design parameters for stripping towers for the removal of VOC and ammonia? tem Liquid loading rete: Airtorliquid ratio! Stripping foctor Allowable oir pressure drop Heighto-diameler ratio Packing depth Foctor of safety Wostewater pH Approximate packing factors Pal rings, nlalox saddles Berl saddles, Raschig rings Symbol G/L $ * 20 z SF pH G G & G & & Unit Ue? min mfmt vies (N/m2j/m, nim m 8D, &Z Unless 12.5 mm! 25 mm! 50mm 12.5 mmf 25 mm! 50 mat 11-8 Gos Stripping | 1175 1% 55-85 180-240 30-40 20-25 300-600 120-160 45-60 Ainenonia. ‘removal 40-80 2000-6000:1 1560 100-400 10:1 2 20-50 108-115 180-240 “ Adapled in port rom Eckert (1970, 1975], Kavanaugh and Trussell (1980), end Hand et cl. (1999) “typical data for VOCs with Henry's constants greater than 500 alm jmole H,0/mole air), ‘Ammonia with a Heary’s constant of 0.75 arm {role H,O/mole al} is considered only marginally stippable, which accounts for the low loading rate and high airte-liguid ratio. Ratio is highly tomperatyre-deponden’ *For packing degths greater than 5 te 6 m, redistribution ofthe liquid flow is recommended [see Fig. 11-626 ‘Size of packing motericl. The packing factor C, depends on the type and size of the packing. Typical ranges for packing factors that can be used for preliminary assessments are reported in Table 11-35. For more detailed design calculations, current values should be obtained from manufacturers. ‘To use Fig. 11-70, select a value for L'/G’ and compute the corresponding x value. Enter the plot at the computed value of x and move vertically upward to a preselected pressure-drop line. Move horizontally from the point of intersection to the y axis and note the value on the y axis, Using the y-axis value, determine the gas loading rate G' using Eq. (11-107) and the corresponding liquid loading rate L’, To determine the requited cross-sectional area the liquid flowrate is divided by the liquid loading rate, L A generalized analysis procedure is as follows: Select a packing material and its corresponding packing factor for use in Eq. (11-105). 2. Solect several stripping factors for successive tials (e.g., 2.5, 3.0, 4.0)| 1176 | Ghopler 11 Advanced Wastewater Treatment | Figure 11-70 Generalized pressure: drop curves for packed. bec! sipping towers | {From Ecked, 1975 EXAMPLE 11-14 oa - oe Approximate a0} 0.98] ace] 00] 0.02| pete va}ae oot o.00a| 1.006| 7.004 noc 6.001 a 3. Solect ucceptuble pressure dap SP aypically a function of the packing material selected). 4. Determine the cross-sectional area of the tower, based on the allowable pressure drop using the data presented on Fig, [1-70 of other appropriate relationships, 5. Determine the height of the transfer units using Fq. (11-100). To apply Eq, (11-100), the value of Ka: must be known or estimated using Eq. (11-104. 6, Determine the number of sansfer units asing Eg, 11 1-102) 7. Determine the height of the stripping tower using Fq. (1-99). ‘The design procedure outlined above is illustrated in Exaruple 11-14, Representative design values for stripping towers are given i Tahle 11-35. To evaluate the stripping process more thoroughly, any of the commercially available software packages can be used, Determination of Height of Stripping Tower for the Remaval of Ammonia Determine the diameter and height of the stripping tower required to treat the waste- water in Example 11—13 using the data given in Tuble 1}~35, Assume 25 mm Pall rings will be used as the packing material in the stripping tower, The ammonia concentration im a treated wastewater from 2 flow of 4000 md is to be reduced from 40 to 1 mg/L. Assume that the Henry's constant for ammonia at 20°C is 0.75 atm, and the air enter ing the bottom of the tower does not comtain any anamonia, Assutic the Kya value for ammonia is 0.0125 s 7