ee Oa eee is 1 Chapter MECHANICS OF FLUIDS ui SYNOPSIS The total normal force exerted by a fluid at rest ona given surface in contact with itis called thrust of the fluid on that surface. 2. Fluids in Equilibrium When a fluid is in equilibrium, forces acting on it are always perpendicular to its surface, 3.Buoyancy When a body is immersed wholly or partially in a fluid, it experiences a loss of weight, because it experiences an upward force called up thrust or buoyant force. 4. Archimedes Principle It states that when a solid body is immersed wholly or partially ina liquid, then there is some apparent loss in its weight. This loss of weight is equal to weight of liquid displaced by the body. 5.Stream Line Flow or Steady Flow The flow of a fluid is said to be steady if'each particle of the fluid follows a smooth path, and the paths of the particles do not cross each other. 6. Turbulent Flow: Above a certain critical speed, fluid flow becomes unsteady. This irregular flow is called turbulence. Surface Tension Attractions of molecules by others in the bulk of the fluid lead to negative potential energy for the molecule. For each molecule, the potential energy might differ based upon how many molecules surround it. But the average potential energy remains the same. 9, This potential energy we talk about is significantly large. This is supported by the fact that Latent heat of vaporization of water is 40 kJ/mol. 10. For surface molecules, Forces do not balance out and there is a net force downwards. Also, they are not surrounded by molecules on all sides, so they have lesser negative potential energy; ie. they are at a higher energy level than the ones in the bulk. 11. Reduction in Potential Energy leads to an increased entropy. You can take it as the main of all systems is to increase entropy. Any system would try to minimize its potential energy. Even the liquid would try to minimize its potential energy by reducing its surface area (rather trying to occupy minimum possible surface) Surface can be defined as a border across which there is a sudden change in density in a in order of a few molecular sizes. distanes 13. Surface tension is defined as a force per unit length acting in the plane of interface. This force ‘arose as an attempt to reduce the surface area of the fluid. 14, Surface tension (T) can also be defined as the extra energy that the molecules possess at the surface per unit surface area 15. A fluid will stick to a solid surface when the surface energy between fluid and the solid is ier than the sum of surface energies between solid-air and fluid air interface. snts reduce the surface tension between the water-oil interface, which would then energetically favour to form globules of dirt and grease surrounded! by detergent in water 17. 17, Hot water isa better cleaning agent because the lower surface tension makes ita better ng agent” to get into pores and fissures rather than bridging them with surface tension. small 16. DetergePHYSICS | AIIMS 16 bebe would ols inward (lid wre want occupy minimum surface ara) there weren't any excess pressure inside the bubble. This pressure force acts as opposite 19. There is more pressure always towards the concave surface. —=<=—— 20. Ifangle of contact is obtuse, the fluid doesn't stick to the sariace the Salsa ia 71 Surface tension arises due to excess potential energy of the molecules on the surface in-comparison to their potential energy in the interior. Such a surface energy is Dee ee interface separating two substances atleast one of which isa fluid. Itis not theproperty fluid alone, Fluid Statics 22, Pressure is experienced from all sides when an object is immersed in a fluid. The question is whether the pressure experienced is equal throughout or net. 25. Pressure of a fluid is not only exerted on the wall, Pressure exists everywhere in a fluid, Any layer of 2s inside the volume of a container is in equilibrium because the pressure is the same on both sides of the layer. 24-4 longitudinal pressure gradient is naturally formed due to the effect of gravity. 25 Gauge pressure is the excess pressure due to the height variation; i.e. only hpg (not considering atmospheric pressure) 26, Pascal's Law states that pressure exerted anywhere in a confined incompressible fluid is {ransmittedequally in all directions throughout the fluid such that the pressure variations remain the same. 27. The upward force on an object when immersed in a fluid is known as buoyancy. 28, Archimedes’ principle states that when a body is partially or wholly immersed ina fluid it apparently loses weight. The apparent loss in weight of the body is equal to the weight ofthe liquid displaced, 29, When the density of the body is equal to the densi immersed in the fluid but doesn't sink. 30. Streamlines show the path taken by a fluid particle. The ta density of streamlines represents the density. Never can fields cant cross each other. ty of the fluid, the body remains completely ingent represents the direction and the two streamlines cross same as two electric Fluid Dynamics 31. Bernoulli's principle is guiding for the lift in airfoils, tis so de: ‘upper surface than the lower. This creates a high pressure n compared to the top. Leading to production of a lifting force, signed that there is more speed on the egion on the bottom than when Cross section of 32.Assumptions in Bernoulli's Principle ee. + the flow must be incompressible - even though pressure varies, the density must remain constant along a streamline; + friction by viscous forces has to be negligible. In lo: ng lines mechanical energy dissipation as heat will occur, ' ‘The velocity profile for Vistous uid wing fo Pipe tas patubeic shape, er atbotkc ape, PIPPI rrr ee PRP FTL Ad sade5S.Dissipative forces can’t be escaped from in nature. In liquids, there is relative motion between layers of the fluid and also resting on, Viscosity is the reason of parabolic profile fluid flowing in a tul Prescribes that there are a bunch of circular layers (lamina) of liqy determined only by their radial distance from the center of the tu fastest while the liquid touching the walls of the tube is stationary Unlike a solid, the stress here is directly proportional to the strain rate but not d coefficient of viscosity id also defined as the ratio of shearing stress to the rate of ch $4. There are more chances for flow to be turbulent when - ‘ + dic ‘ipe is sti iameter of pipe is more ‘Concept of fluid mechanics is used by the students in MBBS to * viscosity is less J + velocity of flow is more understand the working of heart and vasculature. + density of fluid is more 35. Turbulence again wastes energy in the form of heat, Streamlining design is done to reduce turbulence to reduce the air drag. 36, Reynolds number gives us a range above which flow will be turbulent and below which flow will be streamline. Itis defined as the ration of inertial force to the force of viscosity. Roughly remember the ranges for Reynold’s number. Re is a dimensionless constant + Re<1000 flow is laminar ++ 10002000 flow is turbulent + There is a critical value of Re where turbulence sets in for a particular fluid 37, Stokes Law says that the retarding force, viscous force is proportional to the velocity. This leads us to the concept of terminal velocity where the velocity can no more increase/ decrease due to balance of net forces.on it. As, all forces balance out - generally gravitational, buoyant, viscous there is no net force and no net acceleration. F Formula: uf or, ov (E)Reynolae's Nember 1y, =O = emo 1 Viscous Forces (1) Na< 2000, flow is stream line (2) N,> 3000, flow is turbulent. @) 2000 3000, flow is unstable, (4) When Ng = 2000, flow is critical. PYD _ 4990 = v, =2000- (Critical velocity) n pe) 9 (F2)Stokes Law When a small spherical body of radius r is moving with velocity vthrough a perfectly homogeneous medium having coefficient of viscosity nit experiences a retarding force. F=6ry (1) A body of radius r released from rest in a fluid wes, c = density of body ia p = density of liquid or fluid (F3)Terminal velocity 2 y,=278 (-p) an Velocity increases from 0 to Vr ° ‘A body is thrown downwards with speed greater than ve then its speed decreases, becomes equal to Vs.