Testing Numerical Transformer Differential Relays: Steve Turner Beckwith Electric Co., Inc

Doble Life of a Transformer 2011
Testing Numerical Transformer

Differential Relays
Steve Turner
Beckwith Electric Co., Inc.
Doble Life of a Transformer
2011
Power Transformers
Bushing
LTC
LTC
Control
Cabinet
Cooler Main Tank Cooler

Testing Numerical Transformer Differential
Relays
INTRODUCTION
Commissioning versus Maintenance Testing
Main Transformer Protection:

 Restrained Phase Differential
 High Set Phase Differential
 Ground Differential
Relays
INTRODUCTION
Topics:
 Transformer Differential Boundary Test
(Commissioning)
 Ground Differential Sensitivity Test
(Commissioning/Maintenance)
 Secondary Transformer Protection
 Harmonic Restraint for Transformer Inrush
(Maintenance)
Failure Statistics of Transformers

Failure Statistics of Transformers
1955- 1965 1975- 1982 1983- 1988
Number % of Total Number % of Total Number % of Total

Winding failures 134 51 615 55 144 37
Tap changer
failures 49 19 231 21 85 22
Bushing failures 41 15 114 10 42 11
Terminal board
failures 19 7 71 6 13 3
Core failures 7 3 24 2 4 1
Miscellaneous 12 4 72 6 101 26
Total 262 100 1127 100 389 100
Source: IEEE C37.91

Relays
Commissioning
Common Practice:
 Test all numerical relay settings –
verify settings properly entered
 Easily facilitated using computer –
automate test set & store results
 Hundreds of tests are possible –
numerical relays have many settings
Relays
Commissioning
Final Goal
 Ensure the transformer is properly protected for the
particular application
Testing Numerical Transformer Differential Relays
Typical Distribution Transformer
46 RG
46: Negative-Sequence Overcurrent Element

(sees ground faults through bank)
RG: Grounding Resistor

(Industrial Load)
Relays
E
+
46 RG
ZT
I2
3RG
Sensitive setting for ground fault -

overreach for phase-to-phase fault 46 ZT
ZT
Testing Numerical Transformer Differential Relays
Transformer Differential Characteristic

Boundary Test
I1 I2
Y Y
Y Y
87
* Simulate Through Current
I1 = Winding 1 per unit current (A, B or C-phase)

3 elements per function (A, B & C-phase)

Relays
Differential Characteristic
Operating Equations
Id = |I1 – I2|, Differential Current
Ir = |I1| + |I2|, Restraint Current

2
Relays
Id
% = Y *100%
X
Y
X
Minimum
Pickup
(per unit) Ir
Relays
Id
Minimum
Pickup
Ir
Relays
Matrix
[]
Id
Ir
= [ ][]
1 -1 *
½ ½
I1
I2
Relays
Inverted Matrix
[]
I1
I2
= [ ][]
½ 1
-½ 1
* Id
Ir
Relays
Test Current Equations
I1 = 0.5*Id + Ir, Winding 1 Test Current (per unit)
I2 = -0.5*Id + Ir, Winding 2 Test Current (per unit)

Relays
Test Points
Minimum Pickup = 0.2 per unit
Id
Slope = 28.6%
4
3
1 2
Minimum
Pickup
Ir
Relays
Test Points (Per Unit)
Id Ir I1 I2
1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.2

2 0.2 0.7 0.8 0.6
3 0.4 1.4 1.6 1.2
4 0.6 2.0 2.3 1.7
TABLE 1
Relays
Delta-Wye Differential Characteristic
DAB
I1 I2
Y
Y Y
87
* Simulate Through Current

3 elements per relay (A, B & C-phase)

Relays

(Relay Internally Compensates Test Currents)
DAB WINDING WYE WINDING

IA1relay = IA1/TAP1 IA2relay = (IA2- IB2)/(TAP2*SQRT(3))
IB1relay = IB1/TAP1 IB2relay = (IB2 - IC2)/(TAP2*SQRT(3))
IC1relay = IB1/TAP1 IC2relay = (IC2 - IA2)/(TAP2*SQRT(3))
MVA#
TAP# =
kV#LL*CTR#*SQRT(3)
Relays

(Single-Phase Test for A-Phase Element)
IA1 = I1*TAP1
IA2 = I2*TAP2*SQRT(3)
From TABLE 1:
Id Ir I1 I2
2 0.2 0.7 0.8 0.6
IA1test = 0.8*TAP1
IA2test = 0.6*TAP2*SQRT(3)
y g Relays
As an example, if we have a two winding transformer with Y/Delta-AC connection (or YD1)
with Y-Y cts. This will be equivalent to case 2 with a 30o phase shift.
A
 1 −1 0 
A
1: 1 0 0 2:
I ' ABC = 0 1 0 I ABC I ' ABC =  0 1 − 1 I ABC
0O 30O 1 
C
3
C B 0 0 1 − 1 0 1 
B
C
3:
C A
 0 −1 0  4:  0 −1 1 
60O I ' ABC =  0 0 − 1 I ABC 90O A I ' ABC =  1 0 − 1 I ABC
1 
− 1 0 0  3
B − 1 1 0 
B
C
− 1 0 1 
C
5: 0 0 1  6:
I ' ABC =  1 − 1 0  I ABC
1 
I ' ABC = 1 0 0 I ABC
120O 150O
B
3
B A 0 1 0  0 1 − 1
A
B
7:
B C
− 1 0 0  8: − 1 1 0 
I ' ABC =  0 − 1 0  I ABC I ' ABC =  0 − 1 1  I ABC
180O 210O C
1 
3
A  0 0 − 1  1 0 − 1
A
B
 0 1 − 1
B
9: 0 1 0  10:
I ' ABC = 0 0 1 I ABC I ' ABC = − 1 0 1  I ABC
240O 270O 1 
A
3
A C 1 0 0  1 − 1 0 
C
A
11:
A B
 0 0 − 1 12:  1 0 − 1
I ' ABC = − 1 0 0  I ABC I ' ABC = − 1 1 0  I ABC
300O 330O B
1 
3
C
 0 − 1 0   0 − 1 1 
C
Relays
Ground Differential Element

Sensitivity Test
Directionality
(I0 vs. IG)
Ground Fault Location along Windings

Relays

Directional Element
+90o
Internal External
I0 IG
-90o
Disabled if |3I0| less than 140 mA

(Improves Security for CT saturation during external faults)
Relays

Pickup
Operate When:
|3I0 – IG| > Pickup

Relays

Sensitivity Test
Power System Parameters:

•Source Impedance (Varies)
•XT = 10%
•RF (Varies)
•Ground Fault Location (5% from Transformer Neutral)
Relays

RF Coverage vs. Source Strength
87GD Sensitivity
180
160
140
Fault Resistance
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Source Impedance
IG = 200 mA IG = 500 mA IG = 1 Amp

Relays

Pickup Setting R
IG
Cold Load Pickup

Reclosing into Single-Phase Load
Pickup > Unbalance

Directional Element Disabled if 3I0 Low
Relays
IG2 = 0.3 Amps @ 177o
3I0(2) = 0.136 Amps @ 58o (Threshold = 0.14 Amps)
|CTCF*3I0(2) – IG2| = 0.75 Amps

Original Pickup = 0.3 Amps
Relays
Directional Element
INTERNAL EXTERNAL
IG2
IOP
CTCF*3I0(2)
New Pickup = 1.0 Amps
Other Transformer Protection

 24 – Overexcitation (V/Hz)
 46 – Negative-Sequence Overcurrent
 49 – Winding Overload
 50 – Instantaneous Phase Overcurrent (per winding)
 50G – Instantaneous Ground Overcurrent (per winding)
 50N – Instantaneous Neutral Overcurrent (per winding)
 51 – Inverse Time Phase Overcurrent (per winding)
 51G – Inverse Time Ground Overcurrent (per winding)
 51N – Inverse Time Neutral Overcurrent (per winding)
 59G – Ground Overvoltage (Ungrounded Windings)
 63 – Sudden Pressure
Causes of Overexcitation
 Generating Plants
Excitation system runaway
Sudden loss of load
Operational issues (reduced frequency)
 Static starts
 Pumped hydro starting
 Rotor warming
 Transmission Systems
Voltage and Reactive Support Control Failures
 Capacitor banks ON when they should be OFF
 Shunt reactors OFF when they should be ON
 Near-end breaker failures resulting in voltage
 rise on line (Ferranti effect)
 Runaway LTCs
System Control Issues:

Overvoltage and Overexcitation
10-20 MVAR
Ferranti Effect
10-20 MVAR
30-40 MVAR
Reactors are off but should be on

Overexcitation Curves
Through Fault Monitoring

Through Fault Monitoring

Relays
Even Harmonic Restraint during Inrush

COMTRADE PLAYBACK
Waveform Sources:
•Events from Numerical Relays
•Events from Digital Fault Recorders
•Simulate using Transient Software
Relays

Traditional Approach
•2nd Harmonic Restraint

•Cross Phase Blocking
Relays

Auto-Transformer Model
13.2 kV
W3
delta
345 kV 230 kV
wye wye
W1 W2
600 MVA Auto-Transformer (Tertiary Winding DAC)

Relays

Auto-transform er Characteristics
ZHM = 0.01073 per unit
ZHL = 0.04777 per unit
ZML = 0.03123 per unit
Z HM + Z HL − Z ML
ZH = 2 = 0.0140 per unit
Z HM + Z ML − Z HL
ZM =
2
= -0.0029 per unit
Z HL + Z ML − Z HM
ZL = 2 = 0.0340 per unit
CTRW1 = 1200:5 (wye connected)

CTRW2 = 2000:5 (wye connected)
Relays

600 MVA
TAP1 = = 4.18
345 kV * 240 * SQRT(3)
600 MVA
TAP2 = = 3.77
230 kV * 400 * SQRT(3)
Minimum Pickup* = 0.5 per unit
Slope = 25%
*Original Pickup = 0.45 per unit
Relays

Energize Bank with Heavy A-Phase Residual Flux
Total Phase Current

Relays

2nd Harmonic Phase Current

Relays
Even Harmonic Restraint
2 2 1/2
Ieven = (I2 + I4 )
Relays
Cross Phase Averaging
 Provides security if any phase has low harmonic

content during inrush
 Cross phase averaging uses the sum of

harmonics on all three phases as the restraint
value
Relays

4th Harmonic Phase Current

Relays

A-Phase Current (Winding 2)
Relays
CONCLUSIONS
Relays
CONCLUSIONS
 Transformer Differential Boundary Test
(Commissioning)
 Ground Differential Sensitivity Test
(Commissioning/Maintenance)
 Harmonic Restraint for Transformer Inrush
(Maintenance)
Relays
QUESTIONS

Testing Numerical Transformer Differential Relays: Steve Turner Beckwith Electric Co., Inc

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Testing Numerical Transformer Differential Relays: Steve Turner Beckwith Electric Co., Inc

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Doble Life of a Transformer 2011

Testing Numerical Transformer

Cooler Main Tank Cooler

Main Transformer Protection:

Failure Statistics of Transformers

Number % of Total Number % of Total Number % of Total

Source: IEEE C37.91

Typical Distribution Transformer

46: Negative-Sequence Overcurrent Element

RG: Grounding Resistor

Sensitive setting for ground fault -

Transformer Differential Characteristic

I1 = Winding 1 per unit current (A, B or C-phase)

3 elements per function (A, B & C-phase)

Id = |I1 – I2|, Differential Current

Ir = |I1| + |I2|, Restraint Current

I1 = 0.5*Id + Ir, Winding 1 Test Current (per unit)

I2 = -0.5*Id + Ir, Winding 2 Test Current (per unit)

1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.2

Delta-Wye Differential Characteristic

I1 = Winding 1 per unit current (A, B or C-phase)

3 elements per relay (A, B & C-phase)

Delta-Wye Differential Characteristic

DAB WINDING WYE WINDING

Delta-Wye Differential Characteristic

Ground Differential Element

Ground Fault Location along Windings

Ground Differential Element

Disabled if |3I0| less than 140 mA

Ground Differential Element

|3I0 – IG| > Pickup

Ground Differential Element

Power System Parameters:

Ground Differential Element

IG = 200 mA IG = 500 mA IG = 1 Amp

Ground Differential Element

Cold Load Pickup

Pickup > Unbalance

IG2 = 0.3 Amps @ 177o

3I0(2) = 0.136 Amps @ 58o (Threshold = 0.14 Amps)

|CTCF*3I0(2) – IG2| = 0.75 Amps

Other Transformer Protection

System Control Issues:

Reactors are off but should be on

Through Fault Monitoring

Through Fault Monitoring

Even Harmonic Restraint during Inrush

Even Harmonic Restraint during Inrush

•2nd Harmonic Restraint

Even Harmonic Restraint during Inrush

600 MVA Auto-Transformer (Tertiary Winding DAC)

Even Harmonic Restraint during Inrush

CTRW1 = 1200:5 (wye connected)

Even Harmonic Restraint during Inrush

Minimum Pickup* = 0.5 per unit

Even Harmonic Restraint during Inrush

Total Phase Current

Even Harmonic Restraint during Inrush

2nd Harmonic Phase Current

Even Harmonic Restraint

Cross Phase Averaging

 Provides security if any phase has low harmonic

 Cross phase averaging uses the sum of