Chapter 11-6 and 50-1 Bet vi b= Sap 0008 viv If 8 is accurate to within 1%, to ensure that the rinimum closed-loop gain realized is 9.8 VIV, we wa Fas nove car T+ Ap oy ona ~T¥0Lap a Dividing Ea. (1) by Ea, (2) gives 10( +0.148) TAB _l+ag “TAB 9 ap Lol = =1+ > bas = 90 Ap =99 ‘Substituting (1 + 48) = 900 into Eq. (1) yields 100x900 = 9,000 viv The alo is = so. 1A wer nce ef Le, Am 900,00, we on ‘900, 000 989 x 10-8 VV = me vi = Te g999 = 1001 IV IEA becomes infinite, we get A Tap S599 193 = TONY TUB A= Ay ‘ Tra, Aus/(6-+ 04) Tr AuBs/@+ ex) Aus Sha, + cAeB Aus 0+ AyBy Fo, Aw s T¥AuB sas +AuP) ‘Thus, Aw * T+ AW Ou TAB ‘Thus, both the midband gain end the 3-€B frequency ae lowered by the amount of feedback, CF AuD, (000 Ga) + aus = = ag) + Aut = AP? = 100 Ts, fay = (0+ AUB = 100 10-= 1000 kt = 1 Mite fi fem ae Aw 100 00 11.20 To capacitively couple the output signal to ‘an 8-9 loudspeaker and obtain fy, = 100 Hz, we need a coupling capacitor C, — Bah x8 tl 2 x 1008 Ifclosed-loop gain Ay of 10 V/V is obtained ‘rom an amplifier whose open-loop gain ‘Au = 1000 VIV, then 1000 V+ AyB = TP = 100 98.9 ul 200 KF ‘100 Ifthe required fi is 50 Hz, then Gi= 50x (1+ AB) = 50 x 100 = 5000 He, snd the coupling capacitor C will have a value of 1 Br xsoo xs ~ AHFChapter 1-7 1121 Let's first ry N = 2. The closed-loop gain of each stage must be VIO = 31.6 VV “Tims, the amountof-feedback in each stage ust be ‘The 3-0B frequency of each stage is Liatleag = + ABM 31.6 x 20. 632 ke ‘Thus, the 3-€B frequency of the cascade amplifieris ‘fotleneate = 32V BET = 406.8 kd hich isles than the required 1 M2. Next, we try N = 3, The closed-loop gain ofeach, stages Ay = (1000)! = 10 V/V and thus each stage will have an amount-of feedback 14p= P= 100 ‘hich results in a stage 3-4B frequency of falas = APY = 100 x 20 = 2000 ke =2Mi ‘The 3-€B frequency ofthe cascade amplifier will be 2WiRa1 alec = LOM. Which exceeds the required value of 1 MHz. ‘Thus, wo novd thee identical stages, each with a closed-loop gain of 10 V/V, an amount-of-feedback of 100, and loop gain vag Trace ‘To reduce Ve agp to 100 mV, 09 14 Aaah 1+ AAs 1.22 Verge ol=1x Aude THaad 0.942 089 VV ‘To reduce Voge 0 10 iV, og 00 Ea 1+ AAs = 90 Aids 1S 1S had 094s t= %0 4 = 1000 V/V ® Tox Tow “OPW To reduce Vs gps to LV, 01 = 1x 9% 31+ Aap = 900 899 ‘OS 10,000 104; Trans 10 0,000 viv Aide TF Aah “Te aimed 0.0999 VV (1+ AALp) «8 = 40 kit Sp LF Aap = 5 Substituting in (1) gives 1005 0 1410 x 50% f = f= 0.008 viv A 5 =s0vv pr aChapter 1-8 BB Similarly, for «7 = -0.7 V, we obtain vo = Oand 0: = =-7mv “Thos, the limits of the deadband are now +47 mV. Outside the deadband, the gain ofthe feedback amplifier, that is, vo/us, can be determined by noting tha the open-loop gain A = vol 100 V/V and the feedback factor @ = 1, thus a Ta5 = as =O ‘The transfer characteristic is depicted in Fig. 2 11.28 The closed-Joop gain for the first (Gigh-gain) segment is 1000 An= Ty T0008 a and that forthe second segment is aer00; P= T1008 We require Ay a ‘Ths, dividing Eq, (1) by Ea, (2) yields 1+ 100 T+ 10008 10+ 10008 Li=10 eae 000} Ty 1000 x 0085 p= 1 Se = TF T00 x 0085 ‘The ist segment ends at ual = 10 mV x 1000 = 10-V. This corresponds to An ‘The second segment ends at eo] = 10+ 0.05 x 100 corresponds to 15-10 an 094 “Thus, the transfer characteristic ofthe fedtback amplifier can be described as follows For xsl S09V, vo/y = 1.1 VV S1AV, vo/ve= 101 VV For 0.9 V < sl For|zy|214V, up =415V “The transfer characteristic is shown inthe figure ‘onnext page. 11.26 Because the op amp has an infinite input Tesistance anda zero output resistance this circuit is a direct implementation ofthe ideal feedback structure and thas A= 1000 VI and A 8 R+R "The ideal closed-loop gain is i 4 142 y R