CHAPTER 1

1.1
Answering machine Invisible dog fences
Alarm clock Laser pointer
Automatic door LCD projector
Automatic lights Light dimmer
ATM Keyboard synthesizer
Automobile: Keyless entry system
Engine controller Laboratory instruments
Temp. control Metal detector
ABS Microwave oven
Electronic dash Model airplanes
Navigation system MP3 player
Automotive tune-up equip. Musical greeting cards
Baggage scanner Musical tuner
Bar code scanner Pagers
Battery charger Personal computer
Cable/DSL Modems and routers Personal planner/organizer
Calculator Radar detector
Camcorder Radio
Carbon monoxide detector Razor
Cash register Satellite radio and TV receivers
CD and DVD players Security systems
Ceiling fan (remote) Sewing machine
Cellular phone Smoke detector
Coffee maker Sprinkler system
Compass Stereo system
Copy machine Amplifier
Cordless phone CD player
Depth finder Receiver
Digital watch Tape player
Digital recorder Stud sensor
Digital scale Talking toys
Digital thermometer Telephone
Electronic dart board Telescope controller
Electric guitar Toy robots
Electronic door bell Traffic light controller
Electronic gas pump TV & remote control
Elevator Variable speed appliances
Exercise machine Blender
Fax machine Drill
Fish finder Mixer
Garage door opener Food processor
GPS Fan
Hearing aid Vending machines

1
 Video games Electrical timer
Wireless headphones & speakers Iron, vacuum cleaner, toaster
Wireless thermometer Oven, refrigerator, stove, etc.
Workstations
*These appliances are historically
Electromechanical Appliances* based only upon on-off (bang-bang)
Air conditioning and heating systems control. However, many of the high end
Clothes washer and dryer versions of these appliances have now
Dish washer added sophisticated electronic control.

1.2 B = 19.97 x 100.1997(2020−1960) = 14.5 x 1012 =14.5 Tb/chip

1.3 (a)
B2 19.97 x10 0.1977(Y2 −1960)
= 0.1977(Y1 −1960)
= 100.1977(Y2 −Y1 ) so 2 = 10 0.1977(Y 2 −Y1 )
B1 19.97x10
log 2
Y2 − Y1 = =1.52 years
0.1977
log10
(b) Y2 − Y1 = = 5.06 years
0.1977

1.4 N = 1027x10 0.1505(2020−1970) = 34.4 x 109 transistors /µP

1.5
N 2 1027 x10 0.1505(Y2 −1970) 0.1505(Y 2 −Y1 )
= 0.1505(Y1 −1970)
= 10
N1 1027x10
log2
(a) Y2 −Y1 = = 2.00 years
0.1505
log10
(b) Y2 − Y1 = = 6.65 years
0.1505

1.6 F = 8.214 x10−0.06079(2020−1970) µm = 7.5 nm .

No, this distance corresponds to the
diameter of only a few atoms. Also, the wavelength of the radiation needed to expose
such patterns during fabrication is represents a serious problem.

1.7 From Fig. 1.5, there are approximately 3.5 million transistors on a Pentium IV
microprocessor. From Prob. 1.4, the number of transistors/µP will be 34.4 x 109.
Thus there will be the equivalent of 34.4x109/3.5x106 = 9830 Pentium IV processors.

1.8 P = (75 x 106 tubes)(1.5 W/tube) = 1.13 x 108 W = 113 MW

2 2
 8
1.13 x 10 W
I= = 511 kA!
220V

1.9 D, D, A, A, D, A, A, D, A, D, A

3
1.10
10V 10V 10V
VLSB = 12
= = 2.44 mV VMSB = = 5V
2 bits 4096bits 2
 10V 
1001001001002 = 211 + 28 + 2 5 + 2 2 = 234010 VO = 2340  = 5.71 V
 4096 

1.11
2.5V 2.5V mV
VLSB = 10
= = 2.44
2 bits 1024 bits bit
 2.5V 
01011001012 = (2 8 + 2 6 + 25 + 2 2 + 2 0 ) = 35710 VO = 357   = 0.872 V
10  1024 

1.12
5V 5V mV 2.77V
VLSB = = = 19.53 and = 142 bits
8
2 bits 256bits bit mV
19.53
bit
14210 = (128 + 8 + 4 + 2)10 =10001110 2

1.13

VLSB =
10V
15
2 bits
= 0.3052
mV
bit
and
10V
(2 bits)= 22381 bits
6.83V 15

2238110 = (16384 + 4096 +1024 + 512 + 256 + 64 + 32 + 8 + 4 +1)10

2238110 = 1010111011011012

1.14 A 4 digit readout ranges from 0000 to 9999 and has a resolution of 1 part in 10,000.
The number of bits must satisfy 2B = 10,000 where B is the number of bits. Here B =
14 bits.

1.15
5.12V 5.12V mV V
VLSB = 12
= =1.25 and VO = (1011101110112)VLSB ± LSB
2 bits 4096 bits bit 2
VO = (2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 +1)101.25mV ± 0.0625V
11 9 8 7 5 4 3

VO = 3.754 ± 0.000625 or 3.753V ≤ VO ≤ 3.755V

1.16 I B = dc component = 0.002 A, i b = signal component = 0.002 cos (1000t) A

1.17 VGS = 4 V, vgs = 0.5u(t-1) + 0.2 cos 2000πt Volts

1.18 vCE = [5 + 2 cos (5000t)] V

4
1.19 vDS = [5 + 2 sin (2500t) + 4 sin (1000t)] V

1.20 V = 10 V, R1 = 4.7 kΩ, R2 = 2.2 kΩ and R3 = 18 kΩ.

V
+ 1 -

I I3
R 2 +
1

V R2 V R
2 3

4.7kΩ 4.7kΩ
V1 = 10V =10V = 7.06 V
4.7kΩ + (2.2kΩ 18kΩ) 4.7kΩ + 1.96kΩ
1.96kΩ
V2 = 10V = 2.94 V
4.7kΩ + 1.96kΩ
18kΩ  10V  18kΩ
I2 = I1 =  = 1.34 mA
2.2kΩ + 18kΩ  4.7kΩ + 1.96kΩ  2.2kΩ + 18kΩ
2.2kΩ  10V  2.2kΩ
I3 = I1 =  = 0.164 mA
2.2kΩ + 18kΩ  4.7kΩ + 1.96kΩ  2.2kΩ + 18kΩ

1.21 V = 18 V, R1 = 39 kΩ, R2 = 43 kΩ and R3 = 11 kΩ.

39kΩ
V1 = 18V = 14.7 V
39kΩ + (43kΩ 11kΩ)
43kΩ 11kΩ
V2 = 18V = 3.30 V
39kΩ + (43kΩ 11kΩ)

11kΩ  18V  11kΩ

I2 = I1 =   = 76.7 µA
43kΩ + 11kΩ  39kΩ + (43kΩ 11kΩ) 43kΩ +11kΩ

43kΩ  18V  43kΩ

I3 = I1 =   = 0.300 mA
43kΩ + 11kΩ  39kΩ + (43kΩ 11kΩ) 43kΩ +11kΩ

1.22

I1 = 5mA
(2.2kΩ + 3.6kΩ) = 2.76 mA
(2.2kΩ + 3.6kΩ) + 4.7kΩ
4.7kΩ
I2 = 5mA = 2.24 mA
5.8kΩ + 4.7kΩ
V3 = 5mA(4.7kΩ 5.8kΩ)
3.6kΩ
= 8.06V
2.2kΩ + 3.6kΩ

5
6
1.23
150kΩ
I2 = 250µA = 150 µA
150kΩ + 100kΩ
100kΩ
I3 = 250µA = 100 µA
150kΩ + 100kΩ
V3 = 250µA(100kΩ 150kΩ)
82kΩ
= 8.20V
68kΩ + 82kΩ

1.24
+

v R
1

v
-
s
+
g v Summing currents at the output node yields :
m v th
v
- + .002v = 0 so v = 0 and v th = v s − v = v s
10 5

v R Summing currents at the output node :

1
v
-
ix
ix = − 5 − 0.002v = 0 but v = −v x
10
vx v 1
vx ix = + 0.002v x = 0 Rth = x = = 498Ω
g v
m 5
10 ix 1
+ gm
R1

498 Ω
vs

Thévenin equivalent circuit:

1.25 The Thévenin equivalent resistance is found using the same approach as Problem
 1 −1
=
1.24, and th 
R + .025  = 40.0 Ω
 40kΩ 

7
 The short circuit current is :
+

v R
1
v
- in = + 0.025v and v = v s
vs 40kΩ
g v
m in
vs
in = + 0.025v s = 0.025v s
40kΩ

0.025v s 40 Ω

Norton equivalent circuit

1.26 (a)

vs
+ Vth = Voc = −β i R2 but i = − and
βi R1
v R R2 v th
s 1

R2 39kΩ
i - Vth = β v s =150 v s = 58.5 v s
R1 100kΩ
ix

βi vx vx
Rth = ; ix = + βi
R
1 R2 Rth vx ix R2

i
but i = 0. Rth = R2 = 39 kΩ.

39 k Ω

58.5v s
Thévenin equivalent circuit:
(b)

+ Vth = Voc = −β i R2 where i + bi +i s = 0 and

βi
i R R2 v th
s 1
 i 
i - Vth = −β − s  R2 = 38700 is
 β + 1

8
 βi
vx vx
R
1 R2 Rth vx Rth = ; ix = + βi
ix R2
but i + βi = 0 so i = 0
i
and Rth = R2 = 39 kΩ

39 k Ω

38700i s
Thévenin equivalent circuit:

1.27

βi vs
vs R in = −β i but i = − and
1 R2 in R1
β β 80
i in = vs = vs =1.07 x 10−3 v s
R1 R1 75kΩ

From problem 1.22, Rth = R2 = 56 kΩ.

0.00107v s 56 k Ω

Norton equivalent circuit

1.28

vs v v β +1
is is = − β i = s + β s = vs
βi R1 R1 R1 R1
v R R2
s 1

vs R 100kΩ
i R= = 1 = = 662 Ω
i s β +1 151

1.29
The open circuit voltage is v th = −gmv R2 and v = +isR1.
v th = −gm R1R2is = −(0.002)(10 5 )(10 6 )i s = 2 x 108 i s
For i s = 0, v = 0 and Rth = R2 = 1 MΩ

9
1.30 1.31

5V

3V 2V

f (Hz) f (kHz)
0 0
0 500 1000 9 10 11

4
v = 4 sin (20000πt )sin (2000πt ) =
2
[cos(20000πt + 2000πt) + cos(20000πt − 2000πt )]
v = 2 cos(22000πt ) + 2cos(18000πt )

o
2∠36
1.32 A = −5 0 = 2x10 5∠36 o A = 2 x10 5 ∠A = 36o
10 ∠0

−2 −1
10 ∠ − 45 10 ∠ −12
o o

1.33 (a) A = −3
= 5∠ − 45o (b) A = −3
= 100∠ −12 o
2x10 ∠0 o
10 ∠0 o

1.34
R2 620kΩ 180kΩ 62kΩ
(a) Av = − =− = −41.3 (b) Av = − = −10.0 (c) Av = − = −41.3
R1 15kΩ 18kΩ 1.5kΩ

R2
v o (t ) = −v (t ) = (−90.1 sin 750πt ) mV
R1 s
1.35
V 0.01V
IS = S = =11.0µA and i s = (11.0 sin 750πt ) µA
R1 910Ω

1.36 Since the voltage across the op amp input terminals must be zero, v- = v+ and vo = vs.
Therefore A v = 1.

1.37 Since the voltage across the op amp input terminals must be zero, v- = v+ = vs. Also, i -
= 0.

v− − vo v vs − vo vs vo R
+ i− + − = 0 or + =0 and A v = =1 + 2
R2 R1 R2 R1 vs R1

10
1.38 Writing a nodal equation at the inverting input terminal of the op amp gives

v1 − v − v 2 − v− v −v
+ = i− + − o but v - = v + = 0 and i- = 0
R1 R2 R3
R R
v o = − 3 v1 − − 3 v 2 = −0.510sin 3770t −1.02 sin10000t volts
R1 R2

1.39
b b b   0 1 1  1 0 0
vO = −VREF 1 + 2 + 3  (a) v O = −5 + +  = −1.875V (b) v O = −5 + +  = −2.500V
2 4 8  2 4 8  2 4 8

b1b2b3 vO (V)

000 0

001 -0.625

010 -1.250

011 -1.875

100 -2.500

101 -3.125

110 -3.750

111 -4.375

1.40 1.41 1.42

Amplitude

5 10 32

f f f

5 kHz 1 kHz 5 kHz 10 kHz

11
 Low-pass Amplifier Band-pass amplifier High-pass amplifier

1.43
vO (t ) = 5x5sin (2000πt ) + 5x 3cos(8000πt ) + 0x3cos(15000πt )
vO (t ) = 25.0sin (2000πt ) +15.0 cos(8000πt ) volts

1.44
vO (t ) =10 x0.5 sin (2500πt ) + 10x0.75 cos(8000πt ) + 0x0.6cos(12000πt )
vO (t ) = 5.00sin (2500πt ) + 7.50 cos(8000πt ) volts

1.45 The gain is zero at each frequency: v o(t) = 0.

1.46
t=linspace(0,.005,1000);
w=2*pi*1000;
v=(4/pi)*(sin(w*t)+sin(3*w*t)/3+sin(5*w*t)/5);
v1=5*v;
v2=5*(4/pi)*sin(w*t);
v3=(4/pi)*(5*sin(w*t)+3*sin(3*w*t)/3+sin(5*w*t)/5);
plot(t,v)
plot(t,v1)
plot(t,v2)
plot(t,v3)

-1

-2
0 1 2 3 4 5
x10-3
(a)

12
 10

-5

-10
0 1 2 3 4 5
(b) x10-3

10

-5

-10
0 1 2 3 4 5
(c) x10-3

10

-5

-10
0 1 2 3 4 5
(d)
x10-3

1.47
(a) 2000(1 − .01) ≤ R ≤ 2000(1+ .01) or 1980Ω ≤ R ≤ 2020Ω
(b) 2000(1− .05) ≤ R ≤ 2000(1+ .05) or 1900Ω ≤ R ≤ 2100Ω
(c) 2000(1− .10) ≤ R ≤ 2000(1+ .10) or 1800Ω ≤ R ≤ 2200Ω

13
 0.05
1.48 Vnom = 3.3V ∆V ≤ 0.05V T= x 100% = 1.52%
3.30

1.49 10000µF (1− .5) ≤ C ≤ 10000µF (1+ .2) or 5000µF ≤ R ≤ 12000µF

1.50 8200(1− .05) ≤ R ≤ 8200(1+ .05) or 7790Ω ≤ R ≤ 8610Ω

The resistor i s within the allowable range of values.

1.51 (a) 5V (1− .05) ≤ V ≤ 5V (1+ .05) or 5.75V ≤ V ≤ 5.25V

V = 5.30 V exceeds the maximum range, so it is out of the specification limits.

(b) If the meter is reading 1.5% high, then the actual voltage would be
5.30
Vmeter = 1.015Vact or Vact = = 5.22V which is within specifications limits.
1.015

1.52
∆R 6562 − 6066 Ω
TCR = = = 4.96 o
∆T 100 − 0 C
R nom = R 0 oC + TCR (∆T) = 6066 + 4.96(27) = 6200Ω

14
1.53
V
+ 1 -

I I3
R 2 +
1

V R2 V R
2 3

R1 V1
Let RX = R2 R3 then V1 = V =
R1 + RX 1+ RX
R1
2.2kΩ(0.9)(18kΩ)(0.9) 2.2kΩ(1.1)(18kΩ)(1.1)
X =
R min = 1.78kΩ R max = = 2.18kΩ
2.2kΩ(0.9) + 18kΩ(0.9) 2.2kΩ(1.1) +18kΩ(1.1)
X

10(1.02) 10(0.98)
V1max = = 7.59V V1min = = 6.47V
1.78kΩ 2.18kΩ
1+ 1+
4.7kΩ(1.1) 4.7kΩ(0.9)
V R3 V
I1 = and I 2 = I1 =
R1 + RX R2 + R3 R1R2
R1 + R2 +
R3
10(1.02)
I2max = = 1.54 mA
4700(0.9)(2200)(0.9)
4700(0.9) + 2200(0.9) +
18000(1.1)
10(0.98)
I2min = = 1.17 mA
4700(1.1)(2200)(1.1)
4700(1.1) + 2200(1.1) +
18000(0.9)
R2 V
I3 = I1 =
R2 + R3 R + R + R1R3
1 3
R2
10(1.02)
I3max = = 0.209 mA
4700(0.9)(18000)(0.9)
4700(0.9) +18000(0.9) +
2200(1.1)
10(0.98)
I3min = = 0.128 mA
4700(1.1)(18000)(1.1)
4700(1.1) +18000(1.1) +
2200(0.9)

15
1.54
R2 + R3 1 1
I1 = I =I and similarly I2 = I
R1 + R2 + R3 R1 R + R3
1+ 1+ 2
R2 + R3 R1
5(1.01) 5(0.98)
I1max = mA = 2.92 mA I1min = mA = 2.59 mA
4700(0.95) 4700(1.05)
1+ 1+
2200(1.05) + 3600(1.05) 2200(0.95) + 3600(0.95)
5(1.01) 5(0.99)
I2max = mA = 2.39 mA I 2min = mA = 2.09 mA
2200(0.95) + 3600(0.95) 2200(1.05) + 3600(1.05)
1+ 1+
4700(1.05) 4700(0.95)
I
V3 = I 2 R3 =
1 1 R
+ + 2
R1 R3 R1R3
5(1.01)
V3max = = 8.72 V
1 1 2200(0.95)
+ +
4700(1.05) 3600(1.05) 4700(1.05)(3600)(1.05)
5(0.99)
V3min = = 7.41 V
1 1 2200(1.05)
+ +
4700(0.95) 3600(0.95) 4700(0.95)(3600)(0.95)

1.55
1
From Prob. 1.24 : Rth =
1
gm +
R1
1 1
Rthmax = = 622 Ω Rthmin = = 415 Ω
1 1
0.002(0.8) + 5 0.002(1.2) +
10 (1.2) 10 (0.8)
5

1.56 For one set of 200 cases using the equations in Prob. 1.53.

V =10 * (0.98 + 0.04 * RAND() ) R1 = 4700 * (0.9 + 0.2 * RAND() )

R1 = 2200 * (0.9 + 0.2 * RAND()) R3 = 18000 * (0.9 + 0.2 * RAND() )

V1 I2 I3

Min 6.65 V 1.20 mA 0.138 mA

Max 7.47 V 1.47 mA 0.201 mA

16
 Average 7.05 V 1.34 mA 0.165 mA

1.57 For one set of 200 cases using the Equations in Prob. 1.54:

I = 0.005 * (0.99 + 0.02 * RAND()) R1 = 4700 * (0.95 + 0.1* RAND() )

R1 = 2200 * (0.95 + 0.1* RAND() ) R3 = 3600 * (0.95 + 0.1* RAND())

I1 I2 V3

Min 2.63 mA 2.14 mA 7.53 V

Max 2.88 mA 2.34 mA 8.49 V

Average 2.76 mA 2.24 mA 8.03 V

1.58 3.29, 0.995, -6.16; 3.295, 0.9952, -6.155

1.59 (a) (1.763 mA)(20.70 kΩ) = 36.5 V (b) 36 V

(c) (0.1021 µA)(97.80 kΩ) = 9.99 V; 10 V

17