Class 12 Biology TM - Complete Guide - Ceo Virudhunagar

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caphp - jhtutpay;
ghlk; 1
MQ;rpNah];ngh;k;fspd; tifg;ghL
ghlE}y; xUkjpg;ngz; tpdh – tpilfs;
1. nraw;if Kiw jhtu tifg;ghl;bid epWtpath;.
(M) ];tPld; jhtutpayhh;
2. ve;j tifg;ghL ,dg;ngUf;f tifg;ghL vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
(M) nraw;if Kiw tifg;ghL
3. ,Unrhw; ngahpLKiwia mwpKfg;gLj;jpath;.
(M) fh];ghh;L gh`pd;
4. nge;jk;> `Pf;fh;> ntspapl;l n[dpuh gpshz;lhuk;.
(,) %d;W njhFjpfis cilaJ.
5. nge;jk;> `Pf;fh;> tifg;ghl;bay;> jw;fhyj; Jiwfs; ,t;thW miof;fg;gl;ld.
(M) Nfh`hh;l;Lf;fs;
6. ,izahj jdpj;j my;ypfis cila jhutuq;fs; fPo;fz;l vtw;Ws; ,lk;ngWk;.
(<) ghypngl;lhNy
7. ,d;/ngNu thpirapy; cs;s Jiwfs; kw;Wk; FLk;gq;fspd; vz;zpf;if KiwNa
(,) 3 kw;Wk; 9
8. nge;jk;> `Pf;fh;> tifg;ghl;bay; vj;jid FLk;gq;fis tpthpj;Js;sdh;?
(,) 202
9. nge;jk;> `Pf;fh;> tifg;ghl;bay;> jw;fhyj; FLk;gq;fs; vt;thW tifg;gLj;jg;
gl;bUe;jd? (<) Jiwfs;
10. jyhkpGNshNutpy; vj;jid Jiwfs;> FLk;gq;fs; cs;sd?
(M) 6 Jiwfs;> 34 FLk;gq;fs;.
11. gpd;tUk; ve;j thpirapy; R+yff; fPo;kyh;fs; nfhz;l jhtuq;fs; cs;sd?
(,) ,d;ngNu
12. A+dpnrf;RNty;]; vd;w thpirapy; cs;s FLk;gk;
(M) A+Nghh;gpNarp
13. nj];gPrpah ghGy;dpah ,lk; ngw;Ws;s FLk;gk;
(,) khy;Ntrp
14. khy;Ntrp ,lk; ngw;Ws;s thpir
(m) jyhkpGNshuh
15. Xuiw cila kfue;jg;ig fhzg;gLk; FLk;gk; (,) khy;Ntrp
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16. Vngy;kh];f]; v];Fyz;l]; jhtuj;jpd; fdp (<) R+yf miw ntbfdp

17. ntz;il jhtuj;jpd; ,Unrhw; ngah; (<)Vngy;kh];f]; v];Fnyz;l];
18. nrhyNdrp ,lk; ngw;Ws;s Jiw (M) ghypNkhdpNay;];
19. eLeuk;G kw;Wk; gf;f euk;Gfspd; kPJ kQ;rs; epwKl;fs; fhzg;gLk; jhtuk;
(,) nrhyhdk; rhe;Njhfhh;gk;
20. R+ypiyfs; Neh;Nfhl;by; mikahky; rw;W rha;thf mike;Js;s kyh;fis
cila FLk;gk; (M) nrhyhNdrp
21. cyfstpy; A+/Nghh;Narp FLk;gj;jpy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;s Nghpdq;fs; : (,) 300
22. Hprpd]; fk;A+dp]; xU (M) Fw;W kuk;.
23. fpshNlhbw;F xU vLj;Jf;fhl;L (<) A+/Nghh;gpah jpUf;fs;sp
24. `Ptpah gpNurpypad;rp]; jhtuj;jpd; ,iyfs;
(M) %d;W rpw;wpiyfis cila $l;biy
25. gwitfspd; nrhh;f;fkyh; vd;wiof;fg;gLtJ (M) ];nlhpypl;rpah nu[pNd
26. kpA+rh jhtuj;jpd; ,iyaikg;G. (<) R+oy; ,iyaikg;G
27. uhtndyh klfh];fhhpad;rp]; jhtuj;jpd; kQ;rhp (m) $l;Lirk;
28. uhtndyh klfh];fhhpad;rp]; kyhpy; fhzg;gLk; tskhd kfue;jjhs;fspd;
vz;zpf;if. (<) MW
$Ljy; xU kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs; :
1. jhtu tifg;ghl;bay; - Kiwg;ghl;Lj; jhtutpay;

2. ypd;Nda]; vOjpa E}y; - ];gprp]; gpshz;lhuk;
3. vq;sh;> kw;Wk; gpuhz;by; vOjpa E}y; - il Ner;rh;uypf;fd; / gpshd;]d; /
ghkpypad;
4. Nkk;ghile;j ,Utpj;jpiy> xUtpj;jpiy FLk;gq;fs; - M];l;Nurp> MHf;fpNlrp
5. “capUs;s jhtuj; njhifapd; Kiwghl;bay;” vdg;gLtJ – ghpNrhjid
tifg;ghl;bay;
6. NfhpNah/gpy;yj;jpd; gy nrhy; ngah; - NfhpNah/gpy;yk; rhf;rhbyp]; /Nghyp];
fpuhkpdp]; mk;Ngyl;l]; Nfhhpk;gp];
7. Ie;jhtJ mfpy cyf jhtutpay; $l;lk; - Nfk;gphpl;[;> ,q;fpyhe;J.
8. mfpy cyf jhtutpay; ngah; R+l;Lr; rl;lk; gpd;gw;wg;gl;l Mz;L – 1978 Kjy;.
9. ,Unrhw; ngahpL Kiwapid rhpahd tpjj;jpy; gad;gLj;jpath; -fNuhy];
ypd;Nda];
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10. Nghpd> rpw;wpdg; ngah; ,uz;Lk; xd;whf ,Uj;jy; - lhl;Nlhdpk;

11. lhl;Nlhdpk; - v.fh.-rhrh/g;u]; rhrh/g;u];.
12. n`h;nghpa jahhpg;gpy; GQ;irf;nfhy;yp – 0.1% nkh;Fhpf; FNshiuL fiury;.
13. n`h;Nghpa jahhpg;gpy; G+r;rpf;nfhy;yp – ehg;jyPd; > fhh;gd; - il- ry;igL
14. nug;gpnel; n`h;Nghpak;> jpUr;rpapy; cs;s cyh; jhtuq;fs; - 12,000 jpw;F Nky;.
15. nge;jk;> `Pf;fh;> tpsf;fpAs;s rpw;wpdq;fs; - 97,205 (202 FLk;gq;fs;)
16. NghNlh];nlNkrpapd; thpir – ky;b XTNyl;Nl mf;thl;bf;Nf
17. thpir fh;ntk;gphpNatpd; JiztFg;G – khNdhf;sikbNa
18. el;rj;jpu tbt J}tpfs; fhzg;gLk; FLk;gk; - khy;Ntrp
19. gNthdpah XNlhNul;lhtpd; kQ;rhp – Edp my;yJ ,iyf;Nfhz irk;.
20. Gwg;Gy;yp tl;lk; ,jpy; ,y;iy. – mGl;byhd; ,z;bfk;
21. My;j;jpahtpy; cs;s R+ypiyfs; - gj;J
22. Vgy;kh];frpd; fdp – miwntb fdp
23. tpij Nkw;Gw ehh;fs; cs;s jhtuk; - fhrpg;gpak; ghh;gnld;];
24. nlf;fhd; gUj;jpapd; ,U nrhw;ngah; - i`gp];f]; nfd;dhgpd];
25. G+turpd; jhtutpay; ngah; - nj];gPrpah ghg;Gy;dpah
26. N`hypfhf;fpd; ,U nrhw;ngah; - My;jpah Nuhrpah
27. khy;Ntrp FLk;g my;ypapd; ,joikT – jpUF ,joikT
28. nrhyNdrpapd; Jiw – ghypNkhdpNay;];
29. nrhyNdrp FLk;g kuk; - nrhyhdk; n[a;[hd;\pak;
30. G+tbr; nrjpyw;w kyh; - nrhyhdk; ief;uk;
31. epiyahd Gy;yp – nrhydhk; nkyhQ;rpdh
32. ,Utskhd kfue;jJ}s;> 3 ];lhkpNdhL – i\rhd;j]; gpd;Ndl;l];>
33. ngha;ahd FWf;Fr;Rtiu cila R+ypiy – lhl;Luh nkl;ly;.
34. ngl;Ldpahtpd; fdp – fhg;rpA+y; (ntbfdp)
35. kOq;fpa R+y;Kb – lhl;ûh nkl;ly;
36. jir typapid Nghf;Fk; kUe;J – ml;Nuh/gpd; (ml;Nuhgh ngy;yNlhdh)
37. euk;Gj; jsh;rpapid Nghf;Fk; kUe;J – m];tfe;jh
(itj;jhdpah rhk;dp/nguh)
38. jirgpbg;G typfSf;F kUe;J – epf;Nfhl;bahdh nlhghf;fk;
39. ,uT ky;yp - nr];lu; k; ehf;lh;dk;
40. J}Jtis – nrhyhdk; biuNyhNgl;lk;.
4
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41. R+yf ,iyfs; mr;rpw;F ,izahf mikahky; rw;W rha;thf fhzg;gLk; FLk;gk;
- nrhyhNdrp
42. %d;W rpw;wpiyapy; KbAk; $l;biy – `_tpah gpNurpypad;rp];
43. ,iyabr; nrjpy;fs; Kl;fshf khwpAs;s jhtuk; - A+Nghh;gpah ];gpyd;nld;];
44. ,iyabr; nrjpy;fs; cNuhk Rug;gpahf khwpAs;s jhtuk; - [l;Nuhgh Fh;fh];.
45. mfhypghtpd; kQ;rhp – Nfl;fpd;

46. gyfw;iw kfue;jJ}s; - hprpd]; fk;A+dp];
47. ,j;jhtu Nth;fs; ];lhh;r; rj;J epiwe;jit - khdp`hl; v];Fnyz;lh
48. gNah – Bry; - [l;Nuh/gh Fh;fh];
49. [l;Nuh/gh fh]pg;gp/Nghypah ,iy> Nth; - ghk;Gf;fb kw;Wk; njhONeha;fF
; kUe;J
50. Njhl;lq;fspd; FNuhl;ld; - Nfhbak; NthpNfl;lk;
51. ghy; Gjh; - A+Nghh;gpah jpUf;fs;sp
52. gpy;yhe;j]; vk;gpspf;fh fdp – itl;lkpd; -C epiwe;jJ.
53. fpshNlhL – A+. Mz;bNfhuk;> A+. jpUf;fs;sp.
54. kzpf;Nfhgh ug;gh; - khdp`hl; fpshrpNahtp
55. khNdhfhh;gpf; gy;yhz;L jhtuk; - kpA+]h
56. kpA+]htpd; cz;ikahd jz;L – jiuab iuNrhk;.
57. rpwF ,izg;Nghf;F euk;gikg;G – kpA+Nrrp> kpA+rh.
58. kpA+]htpd; kQ;rhp – fpisj;j ];ghbf;];
59. Mz; kyh;fs;. ngz; kyh;fs;> kw;Wk; ,Ughy; kyh;fs;> xNu jhtuj;jpy; ,Ug;gJ –
ghypNfk]; v.fh.kpA+]h
60. kpA+]htpd; fdp – ngh;hp
61. uhtndyhtpd; fdp – ntbfdp.
62. gazpfspd; gid – uhtndyh klfh];fhpad;rp];
63. kzpyh ehh;j; jhtuk; - kpA+]h nlf;];ilyp];
64. mghfh Jzp – kpA+]h nlf;];ily;];
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%d;W kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;

1. jhtu tifg;ghl;bd; Nehf;fq;fs; ahit?
1. xj;jg; gz;Gfspd; mbg;gilapy; jhtuq;fis xOq;fhd Kiwapy;

thpirg;gLj;Jjy;
2. ntt;NtW njhFjpf;F ,ilNa cs;s jhtuq;fspd; kuG topia

epiyepWj;Jjy;
2. tifg;ghl;L Kiwfspd; tiffs; ahit?
1. nraw;if tifghL
2. ,aw;if tifghL
3. kuGtop tifghL
3. ghpNrhjid tifghl;bid Fwpj;J Fwpg;G vOJ?
capUs;s jhtuj; njhifapd; Kiwghl;bay; vd tiuaWf;fyhk;. mwpKfk;

nra;jth;fs;: Nfk;g;> fpy;yp.
4. ghpNrhjid tifghl;bd; Nehf;fq;fs; ahit?
1. ,aw;if caph; myFfspd; tiuaiwfis eph;zapj;jpy;
2. #o;epiyr; rpw;wpdk;> #o;epiy tif> $l;Lr;rpw;wpdk;> fk;Nghpak; Nghd;w

ghpNrhjid tifghl;Lf; FOkq;fis mwpjy;.
5. gynrhw;ngahpL Kiw vd;why; vd;d?
jhtuq;fs; gy nrhw;fshy; Md ngah;fshy; miof;fg;gLtJ v.fh

NfhpNah/gpy;yk; rhf;rhbyp]; /Nghyp]; fpuhkpdpa]; mk;ngy;Nyl;b]; Nfhhpk;gp];.
6. ,Ur;nrhw; ngahpL Kiw vd;why; vd;d? vLj;Jf;fhl;L jUf
 Xt;nthU jhtuj;jpw;Fk; Nghpdg;ngah; rpw;wpdg;ngah; Mfpa ,uz;L ngah;fs;

toq;fg;gLk; Kiw ‘,U nrhw; ngahpL Kiw’ vdg;gLk;.
 v.fh. khQ;rpnguh ,z;bfh. ,jpy; khQ;rpnguh-Nghpdg;ngah;> ,z;bfh – rpw;wpdg;
ngah;. ,e;j ,uz;L nrhw;fSk; Nrh;e;J jhtuj;jpd; KOg;ngauhf mika
Ntz;Lk;.
7. nraw;if Kiw tifg;ghl;bd; Fiwfs; ahit?
i) neUq;fpa njhlh;Gila jhtuq;fs; jdpj;jdp gphpTfspd; fPOk; khWgl;l
gz;Gfis nfhz;l jhtuq;fs; xNu gphptpd; fPOk; ,lk; ngw;wpUg;gJ
FiwahFk;.
ii) rpQ;[pngNurp jhtuq;fSk; mdhfhh;bNarp jhtuq;fSk; xNu kfue;jj;jhis
ngw;wpUg;gjhy; Nkhdhd;l;hpah tFg;gpy; tifg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ FiwahFk;.
iii) ntt;NtW gphpTfspy; cs;s jhtuq;fspd; ,aw;if my;yJ kuGtop
njhlh;Gf;F ve;j Kf;fpaj;JtKk; nfhLf;fg;gltpy;iy.
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8. %ycyh; jhtu khjphp vd;why; vd;d?

xU jhtuj;jpw;Fg; Gjpa ngah; #l;Lk; NghJ> mj;jhtuj;jpd; n`h;Nghpak;
jahh; nra;ag;gl;L tpsf;fj;Jld; Nrkpf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,J %ycyh; jhtu khjphp
vdg;gLk;.
9. lhl;Nlhdpk; tiuaW vLj;Jf;fhl;L jUf.
xU jhtuj;jpd; Nghpdr; nrhy;Yk;> rpw;wpdr; nrhy;Yk; xNu khjphpahf
,Uf;FNkahdhy; mj;jifa ngah; lhl;Nlhdpk; vdg;gLk;.
v.fh.rhrh/g;u]; rhrh/g;u];.
10. n`h;Nghpa cyh; jhtu khjphpfis Nrkpf;Fk; NghJ ifahs Ntz;ba

epge;jidfis vOJ.
G+Q;irf; nfhy;yp kUe;J 0.1% nkh;Fhpf; FNshiuL fiuriy midj;J
n`h;Nghpa jhtu khjphpfspd; kPJ njspf;f Ntz;Lk;. G+r;rpfspd; jhf;FjypypUe;J
ghJfhf;f G+r;rpf;nfhy;yp kUe;Jfshd ehg;jyPd; kw;Wk; fhh;gd; il ry;igL
Nghd;witfis gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
11. nge;jk; kw;Wk; `Pf;fh; tifg;ghl;bid gpd;gw;Wk; ehLfs; ahit?

,e;jpah> ,q;fpyhe;J> fhnkd;nty;j; ehLfs;.
12. G+f;Fk; jhtuq;fspd; %d;W tFg;Gfs; ahit?

ilfhl;byplNd> [pk;Ndh];ngh;k;> kw;Wk; khNdhfhl;byplNd.
13. nge;jk; kw;Wk; `_f;fh; tifg;ghl;bYs;s [pk;Ndh];ngh;k; jhtuf; FLk;gq;fs;

ahit?
ePl;Nlrp> Nfhdp/ngNu> irf;fNlrp.
14. ghypngl;lhNy vd;why; vd;d?
i) ,izahj my;ypfisAila kyh;fs; tifg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.
ii) njspthd my;yptl;lk; kw;wk; Gy;yp tl;lq;fis nfhz;lit.
iii) jyhkp/GNsNu> b];fp/GNsNu kw;Wk; fhyprp/GNsNu vd %d;W thpirfshf
gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
15. khNdhf;sikbNa – rpWFwpg;ngOJf.
i) XH mLf;F ,jo;fSila kyh;fisf; nfhz;l jhtuq;fs;; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd.
ii) Gy;yp kw;Wk; my;yp ,jo;fs; njspthf fhzg;gLtjpy;iy.
iii) Gy;yptl;lk; my;yptl;lk; NtWgLj;jpf; fhzKbahJ. ,jw;F G+tpjo; tl;lk;
vd;W ngah;.
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16. yhhpNdapd; tifg;ghl;L epiyia jUf.

tFg;G – khNdhf;sikbNa
thpir – lh/g;Ndy;];
FLk;gk; - yhhpdpNa
17. khy;Ntrpapd; tifg;ghl;L epiy

tFg;G – ilfhl;byplNd
Jiz tFg;G – ghypngl;lhNy
thpir – jyhkp / GNshuh
Jiw – khy;Nty;];
FLk;gk; - khy;Ntrp
18. Gwg;Gy;yptl;lk; vd;why; vd;d? mGbyhd; ,z;bfk; jhtuj;jp;y; cs;sjh?
i) G+f;fhk;Gr; nrjpy;fs; xU tl;lj;jpy; Gy;yp ,jo;fSf;F Gwj;Nj mike;J
cUthJ Gwg;Gy;yp tl;lkhFk;.
ii) mGbyhd; ,z;bfk; jhtuj;jpy; Gwg;Gy;yp tl;lk; fhzg;glhJ.
19. ml;Nuhgpd; vd;why; vd;d?
ml;Nuhgh ngy;yNlhdh jhtu Nth;fspypUe;J ml;Nuhgpd; vd;w My;fyha;L
gphpj;njLf;fg;gLfpwJ.,J jir typia ePf;f gad;gLfpwJ.
20. nrhyhNdrp FLk;gj;jpd; tifg;ghl;L epiy
Jiz tFg;G – NfNkhngl;lhNy
thpir - igfhh;gNyl;Nl
Jiw – ghypNkhdpNay;];
FLk;gk; - nrhyhNdrp
21. nrhyhNdrp FLk;gj;jpd; gy;NtW kQ;rhpfis vLj;Jf; fhl;Lld; vOJf.
,iyf;Nfhz irNkh]; - lhl;û ];l;uhNkhdpak;
];fhh;gpsha;L irNkh]; - nrhyhdk; ief;uk;
n`ypf;fha;L irNkh]; - nrhyhdk; bA+gNuhrk;
mk;ngy;l; irNkh]; - itj;jhdpah rhk;dp/nguh
22. Gifapiy cs;s My;fha;Lfis vOJf.
epf;Nfhl;bd;> ehh;epf;Nfhl;bd; kw;Wk; mdNgrpd;.
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23. A+/Nghh;gpNarp FLk;gj;jpd; tifg;ghl;L epiyia vOJf.

JiztFg;G – khNdhf;isikbNa
thpir – A+dpnrf;RNty;];
FLk;gk; - A+/Nghh;gpNarp
24. fpshNlhL vd;why; vd;d? vLj;Jf; fhl;Lj; jUf.

A+/Nghh;gpahtpd; gy rpw;wpdq;fspd; jz;L xspr;Nrh;f;ifia Nkw;nfhs;s
cUkhw;wk; mile;Js;sJ. ,j;jifa cUkhw;wk; fpshNlhL vdg;gLk;.
v.fh.A+.jpUf;fs;sp.
25. irahj;jpak; kQ;rhpia tpsf;Ff.
i) A+/Nghh;gpahtpd; rpwg;G kQ;rhp irahj;jpak; MFk;. Nfhg;ig tbt ,d;tY}f;fh;
cs;sJ.
ii) FWf;fk; mile;j kQ;rhp mr;R fhzg;gLfpwJ . irNkh]; tif mikg;gpy;
xUghy;kyh;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
iii) xU ngz; kyiur; R+o;e;J ,uz;L mjw;F Nkw;gl;l Mz;kyh;fs; fhzg;gLk;.
26. A+/Nghh;Narp FLk;gj;jpd; gy;NtW kQ;rhpfis vLj;Jf;fhl;Lld; vOJ.
irahj;jpak; - A+/Nghh;gpah
ghdpf;fps; - hprpd]; fk;A+dp];
jdpj;j nurpNkh]; - FNuhl;ld; ];ghh;rp/GNshu];
Nfl;fpd; - mf;fhypgh ,z;bfh
jdp kyh;fs; - /gpy;yhe;j]; mkhu];
27. ghypNfk]; vd;why; vd;d?
i) Mz;kyh;fs;> ngz;kyh;fs; ,Ughy;kyh;fs; xNu jhtuj;jpy; fhzg;gLtJ
ghypNfk];; vd;W miof;fg;gLk;.
ii) kQ;rhpapd; Nky; kly;fSf;Fs;shf Mz;kyh;fSk;> fPo;kly;fSf;Fs;
ngz;kyh;fSk>; ika kly;fSf;Fs;shf ,Ughy; kyh;fSk; cs;sd.
v.fh. kpA+]h
28. khNdhfhh;gpf; gy;yhz;Lj; jhtuk; vd;why; vd;d?
jdJ tho;fhyj;jpy; xUKiw kl;LNk kyh;fis cw;gj;jp nra;J fdpfis jUk;
jhtuk; khNdhfhh;gpf; gy;yhz;L jhtuk; vdg;gLk;. v.fh. kpA+]h
29. kpA+Nrrpapd; tifg;ghl;L epiyia vOJ.
tFg;G – khNdhfhl;byplNd
thpir - vg;gpifNd
FLk;gk; - kpA+Nrrp
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30. ngha;j;jz;L vd;why; vd;d? kpA+]h ghub]pahfhtpy; ngha;j;jz;L vt;thW

cUthfpwJ?
i) kpA+]htpd; cz;ikj;jz;L jiuab iuNrhk; MFk;. jiuf;F Nky;
fhzg;gLk; fpisaw;w epkph;e;j jz;L Nghd;w gFjp ngha;j;jz;lhFk;.
ii) ,J ePz;l fbdkhd kw;Wk; mfd;w ciwNghd;w gy ,iyabg;gFjpfs;
xd;iwnahd;W jOtp cUtkhd jiuNky; ngha;j;jz;lhFk;.
Ie;J kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs; :
1. n`HNghpaj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ahit?

 xU ehl;bd; my;yJ Fwpg;gpl;l gFjpapd; jhtuq;fspd; tptuq;fis mwpe;J
nfhs;Sk; %ykhf cs;sJ.
 guhkhpf;fg;gLk; midj;J jhtuq;fspd; tptuq;fisr; Nrkpf;Fk; epiyakhf
cs;sJ.
 jhtuq;fis ,dq;fz;lwpjypy; %y cyh; jhtu khjphpfs; kpfTk;
gad;gLfpd;wd.
 tifg;ghl;bay;> cs;sikg;gpay; Mfpa Jiwfspy; Ma;T
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLtjw;F n`HNghpak; gad;gLfpwJ.
 nry;ypay;> b.vd;.V mikg;G> vz;zpay; tifg;ghL> NtjpKiw tifg;ghL>
[Pd;fspd; Ma;Tfs; MfpaitfSf;F n`HNghpak; gad;gLfpwJ.
2. mfpy cyj; jhtutpay; ngah; #l;Lr;rl;lj;jpd; Kf;fpa mk;rq;fs;:
1. Nghpdg; ngah; xw;iwg; ngah;r;nrhy; MFk;. ,g;ngahpd; Kjy; vOj;ij

Mq;fpyj;jpy; vOJk;NghJ nghpa vOj;Jfspy; vOJjy; Ntz;Lk;. Rpw;wpdg;
ngah; xU gz;Gr; nrhy; MFk;. ,g;ngahpd; Kjy; vOj;ij Mq;fpyj;jpy;
vOJk; NghJ rpwpa vOj;Jf;fspy; vOJjy; Ntz;Lk;. v.fh. xiurh rl;ilth
2. xU jhtuj;jpw;Fg; Gjpa ngah; #l;Lk; NghJ> mj;jhtuj;jpd; n`h;Nghpak; jahh;

nra;ag;gl;L tpsf;fj;Jld; Nrkpf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,J %ycyh;jhtukhjphp
vdg;gLk;.
3. xU jhtuj;jpw;F Kjd; Kjypy; tpsf;fk; mspj;j Mrphpahpd; ngah;r; RUf;fk;
mj;jhtuj;jpd; rpw;wpdg; ngahpd; ,Wjpg; gFjpapy; vOJjy; Ntz;Lk;. v.fh.
khy;th rpy;nt];lh; p]; ypd;.
4. jtwhd %yj;jpypUe;J xU jhtuj;jpw;Fg; ngah; #l;lg;gl;L ,Ue;jhy;
‘mg;ngah; jtwhd ngah;’ vdg;gLk;. ,J ‘ehnkd; Mk;gpFtk;’ vd;Wk;
miof;fg;gLfpwJ. ,g;ngah; gad;ghl;bypUe;J Kw;wpYk; epuhfhpf;fg;gLk;.
5. xU jhtuj;jpd; Nghpdg; ngaUk;> rpw;wpdg; ngaUk; xNu khjphpahf
mike;jpUf;Fk; epiyapy; mg;ngah; ‘lhl;Nlhdpk;’ vdg;gLk;. v.fh. rhrh/gu];.
rhrh/g;u];.
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3. nge;jk; kw;Wk; `Pf;fh; tifg;ghl;bd; epiwfis vOJf.
1. ,e;j tifg;ghL Ez;zpa Neub Ma;tpw;F cl;gl;L ,aw;if Kiwapy;

cUthd tifg;ghL MFk;.
2. jhtuq;fspd; tpsf;fq;fs; njspthfTk;> KOikahfTk;> rhpahfTk;> ,Ug;gJ
rpwg;G MFk;.
3. ,e;j tifg;ghL gpd;gw;Wjw;F vspikahfTk;> jhtuq;fis ,dq;fz;lwpa xU
jpwTNfhyhfTk; cs;sJ.
4. ,e;j tifg;ghl;bd; fUj;Jf;fs; jw;fhy kuGtop nfhs;fifSf;F xj;jikfpd;wd.
(v.fh.) uhNdy;]
; ; vd;w Jiw Kjyplk; ngw;wpUg;gJ ,t;tifg;ghl;bd;
rpwg;G MFk;.
5. khNdhfhl;byplNd ,t;tifg;ghl;bd; ,Wjpapy; ilfhl;byplNd jhtuq;fSf;F
gpwF ,lk; ngw;wpUg;gJ kuG topapy; mike;jjhf fUjg;gLfpwJ.
4. nge;jk; kw;Wk; `Pf;fh; tifg;ghl;bd; Fiwfis vOJf.
1. ,t;tifg;ghl;by; ilfhl;byplNd jhtu tFg;gpw;Fk;> khNdhfhl;byplNd jhtu

tFg;gpw;Fk;> ,ilapy; [pk;Ndh];ngh;k; ,lk; ngw;wpUg;gJ FiwahFk;.
2. kyhpd; gy gz;Gfs; ,lk; ngwhky; epuhfhpf;fg;gl;bUg;gJ FiwahFk;.
3. xUtpj;jpiyj; jhtuf; FLk;gkhd Mh;f;fpNlrp kpfTk; vspa njhd;ikahdnjdf;

fUjp njhlf;fj;jpy; itj;jJ ,J xU jtwhFk;.
4. neUq;fpa njhlh;gpidAila rpy jhtuf;FLk;gq;fs;> jdpikg;gLj;jg;gl;L

ntt;NtW gphpTfspd; fPo;,lk; ngw;Ws;sd. (v.fh.) fh;ntk;gphpNa thpirapd;
jhtuq;fSk; NfhpNa/gpy;Nyrp thpirapd; jhtuq;fSk; neUq;fpa njhlh;GilaJ
,itfs; jdpj;jdp gphptpy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sd ,J jtwhFk;.
5. njhlh;gw;w jhtuf;FLk;gq;fs; xNu gphptpy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sd.

v.fh. kNdhf;sikbNatpd; fPo; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s NghNlh];nlNkrp ghypngl;lhNytpd;
fPo; NuhNry;]; Jiwapy; ,lk; ngw;wpUf;f Ntz;Lk; Mdhy; ,t;thW ,lk;
ngwtpy;iy ,J FiwahFk;.
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5. n`h;Nghpak; (cyh; jhtuj; njhFg;G) Fwpj;J fl;Liu tiuf.
tiuaiw :
mOj;jp> cyh;j;jg;gl;L> jhspy; xl;lg;gl;l> Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l VjhtnjhU
tifg;ghl;bd; gb thpirg; gLj;jg;gl;l cyh; jhtu njhFg;G ‘n`h;Nghpak;’vdg;gLk;.
Nrfhpj;jy;:
 Fw;W kuk;> kuk; Mfpatw;wpypUe;J ,iyfs;> kQ;rhp> kyh;fs; Mfpatw;Wld;
$ba xU rpwpa fpisiar; Nrfhpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
 rpW nrbahf ,Ug;gpd; mjd; KOikahd gFjpiaAk; (Nth;> jz;L> ,iy>
kyh; cs;spl;l ghfq;fs;) Nrfupj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
mOj;jp cyh;j;Jjy;:
 Nrfhpj;j jhtuq;fisg; gioa nra;jpj; jhs;fs; ,ilNa itj;J mOj;jpa
gpd;dh; cyur; nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;. jhtug; gFjpfs; KOikahf cyUk;
tiu> Fwpg;gpl;l fhy ,ilntspapy; nra;jpj; jhs;fis khw;Wjy;
Ntz;Lk;. jhtug;gFjpfis cyh;j;jpl ,uz;L gyiffshy;
cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;s ‘jhtu mOj;jpia’ gad;gLj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;.
jhspy; xl;Ljy;:
 cyHe;j jhtug; gFjpfis 41nrkP. X 29nrkP. mstpy; cs;s n`HNghpak;
; p ‘n`HNghpak;
fhfpjj; jhs; ml;ilapy; xl;Ljy; Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j epfo;rr
nghUj;Jjy;’ vdg;gLk;.
ghJfhj;jy;:
 n`HNghpaj;ijg; ghJfhg;gjw;fhf ehg;jypd;> fhHgd;-il-ry;igL Nghd;w
G+r;rpf; nfhy;yp kUe;JfisAk; 0.1% nkHFhpf; FNshiuL fiuriyak;
gad;gLj;Jjyhk;.
%ycyh; jhtu khjphp
 xU jhtuj;jpw;Fg; Gjpa ngah; #l;Lk; NghJ> mj;jhtuj;jpd; n`h;Nghpak;
jahh; nra;ag;gl;L tpsf;fj;Jld; Nrkpf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,J %ycyh; jhtu
khjphp vdg;gLk;.
tptur;rl
P ;L
 tptur;rl
P ;L xd;W n`h;Nghpaj; jhSld; ,ize;Nj fhzg;gLk;. ,jpy;
jhtuj;jpd; ngah;> FLk;gk;> tshpay;G> Nrfhpj;j ,lk;> Nrfhpj;j ehs;
kw;Wk; Nrfhpj;j eghpd; ngah; ,lk; ngw;wpUf;Fk;.
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6. jhtu tifg;ghL Kiwfspd; tiffs; ahit? xt;nthd;wpw;Fk; Fwpg;G vOJf.

jhtu tifg;ghL %d;W tifg;gLk;.
nraw;if tifghL> ,aw;if tifghL> kuGtop tifghL MFk;.
v ,aw;if
nraw;if tifghL kuGtop tifghL
z; tifghL
1 cUthf;fpath; fNuhy]; ypd;Nda]; nge;jk;> `Pf;fh; vq;sh;> gpuhz;ly;
2 ntspaplg;gl;l 1753 -- --
Mz;L
3 ];gP]p]; gpshd;lhuk; n[dpuh ilNer;rh;ypf;fd; - /
ntspahd E}y; gpshd;lhuk; (3 gpshd;rd; ghkpypad;
njhFjpfs;)
4 tpthpj;Js;s 7300 97205 --
rpw;wpdq;fs;
5 1.Xd;W my;yJ xU rpy 1. jhtuj;jpd; 1. gy;NtW jhtug;
ntspg;Gwgz;Gfis kl;Lk; gy Kf;fpag; gphpTfspy; cs;s
mbg;gil Mff; nfhz;Ls;sJ. gz;Gfis jhtuq;fspd; kuTtop>
2. kfue;jj;jhs;fspd; mbg;gilahf ghuk;ghpak; Mfpatw;iw
vz;zpf;if> ,izT> ePsk;> nfhz;lJ. mbg;gilahff;
gy;NtW gz;Gfs; mbg;gilapy; nfhz;lJ.
tifg;ghl;bd; jhtuq;fs; 24 tFg;Gfshfg; 2. jhtuq;fis
mbg;gil gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. Nehpy; cw;W 2. ngUk;ghd;ikahd
3. ,dg;ngUf;f tifg;ghL Nehf;Fk; NghJ tifghl;Lg; gz;Gfs;
vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpwJ. fpilf;fg;ngWk; ifahsg;gl;Ls;sd.
midj;Jg;
gz;GfSk;
mbg;gilahf
mike;Js;sd.
6. kyhpd; gz;Gfs; ,lk; gy;NtW gphpT ,Utpj;jpiyj; jhtu
ngw;Ws;sd jhtuq;fSf;F tFg;gpy; M];;l;Nurp
,ilNa cs;s jhtuq;fSk;
epiw njhlh;G kw;Wk; xUtpj;jpiyj; jhtu
cwtpid tFg;gpy; MHf;fpNlrp
mwpa jhtuq;fSk; Nkk;ghL
cjTfpwJ mile;jit.
7 1. neUq;fpa njhlh;Gs;s 1. 1. xuLf;F
jhtuq;fs; jdpj;jdp gphpTfspd; jhtuq;fSf;F G+tpjo;fisAila
fPOk;> khWgl;l gz;Gfs; cs;s ,ilNa cs;s fhw;wpd; %yk; kfue;j
jhtuq;fs; xNu gphptpd; fPOk; kuGtopj; Nrh;f;ifAWk; xUghy;
,lk; ngw;Ws;sd. njhlh;gpid kyh;fs; vspikahdit
v.fh.xUtpj;jpiyj; jhtuk;> tpsf;ftpy;iy. vdTk;.
rpQ;rpngNurpAk; ,Utpj;jpiyj; 2. <uLf;F
jhtuk; mdf;fhh;bNarpAk;> xU 2. njhlh;gw;w G+tpjo;fisAila
Fiwfs;
kfue;jj; jhisg; ngw;wpUg;gjhy; jhtuf; G+r;rpfspd; %yk;
Nkhdhz;l;hpah tFg;gpy; FLk;gq;fs; kfue;jr; Nrh;f;ifAWk;
tifg;gLj;jg; gl;Ls;sJ xNu gphptpy; ,Ughy; kyh;fs; Nkk;ghL
FiwahFk;. ,lk; mile;jit vdTk;
2. ntt;NtW gphpTfspy; cs;s ngw;Ws;sd. fUjg;gLfpd;wd.
jhtuq;fspd; ,aw;if my;yJ
kuG topj; njhlh;Gf;F
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; jug;gltpy;iy.
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7. khy;Ntrp jhtuq;fspd; nghUshjhu Kf;fpaj;Jtk; .
gad;ghLfs; jhtutpay; ngah; gad;fs;
fh]pg;gpak; ghh;gnld;];
tpijapd; Nkw;Gw
1. ehh;j;jhtuq;fs; fh. `ph;R+l;lk;
ehh;fs;> Jzp jahhpf;f
fh. n`h;Ngrpak;
2. czTj; CWfha;> n[y;yp> rl;dp
Vngy;kh];f];
jhtuq;fspd; jahhpf;f.
v];Fyd;l];
ngah;
3. fl;ilj; kuf;fl;il> glF>

nj];gprpah ghg;Gy;dpah
jhtuq;fs; kur;rhkhd;fs; jahhpf;f
mGl;byhd; ,z;bfk; Nth; kw;Wk; ,iyfs; fha;r;ry;>

4. kUj;Jtj; ff;Fthd;> ,Uky;
khy;th rpy;nt];lu; p];
jhtuq;fs; tapw;Wg;Nghf;F
My;jpah Nuh]pah.
kUe;J jahhpf;f.
My;jpah Nuh]pah
5. myq;fhuj; i`gp];f]; Nuhrh – kyh; mofpw;fhf
jhtuq;fs; irndd;rp]; tsh;f;fg;gLfpwJ.
i`. irNrhngl;lhy];
(3 kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fspy; ehh; jhtuq;fs;> czT jhtuq;fs;> kUj;Jtj; jhtq;fs; (k)

myq;fhuj; jhtuq;fs; jdpj; jdpahf Nfl;fyhk;.)
8. nrhyhNdrp jhtuq;fspd; nghUshjhu Kf;fpaj;Jtk; .
t.
vz;
nrhyhdk; bA+gNuhrk;> fpoq;F (k) fdp czT
1. czTj;jhtuq;fs; nrh. nkyhQ;rpdh>
iyf;Nfhngh;rpfhd; v];Fnyz;lk;.
jahhpf;f.
ml;Nuhgh ngy;yhNlhdh> jirtyp> ,Uky; (k)

2. kUj;Jtj; jhtuq;fs; lhl;ûh ];l;uhNkhdpak;> M];Jkhtpw;F kUe;J
nrhyhdk>; biuNyhNgl;lk;. jahhpf;f.
rpfnul;> gPb (k) %f;Fg;

3. Gifapiy epf;Nfhl;bahdh nlhghf;fk;
nghb jahhpf;f.
nr];lu; k; ilA+h;dk;>
myq;fhuj; kyh; mofpw;fhf
4. nr];lu; k; ehf;lh;dk;>
jhtuq;fs; tsh;f;fg;gLfpwJ.
ngl;Ldpah i`gphplh.
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9. A+Nghh;gpNarp jhtuq;fspd; nghUshjhu Kf;fpaj;Jtk; .
t.
vz;
khdp`hl; v];Fnyz;lh ];lhh;r; czthfTk;>

1. czTj;jhtuq;fs; /gpy;yhe;j]; vk;gpspf;fh CWfha; jahhpf;fTk;.
Hprpd]; fk;A+dp]; rikay; vz;izahfTk;>

2. vz;nza;j; jhtuq;fs; [l;Nuhgh Fh;fh]; igNah Bry; jahhpf;fTk;.
/gpy;yhe;j]; mkhu];
kQ;rl;fhkhiy> kw;Wk;
3. kUj;Jtj; jhtuq;fs; [l;Nuh/gh fh]pg;gp/Nghypah ghk;Gf; fbf;F
kUe;jhf.
`Ptpah gpNurpypad;]p]; ,aw;if ,ug;gh;
4. ,ug;gh; jhtuq;fs;
khdp`hl; fpNshrpNahtp jahhpf;f.
A+/Nghh;gpah gy;Nrhpkh kyh;> ,iyfs;

5. myq;fhuj; jhtuq;fs; A+. jpUf;fs;sp mofpw;fhf
Nfhbak; NthpNfl;lk; tsh;f;fg;gLfpwJ.
kUj;Jtj; jhtuq;fs; (k) myq;fhuj; jhtuq;fs; jdpj; jdpahf Nfl;fyhk;.

A+Nghh;gpNarp jhtuq;fspd; nghUshjhu Kf;fpaj;Jtk;.
10. kpA+Nrrp jhtuq;fspd; nghUshjhu Kf;fpaj;Jtk;.
t.vz; gad;ghLfs; jhtutpay; ngah; gad;fs;
fha;> fdpahfTk;>
czTj; kpA+]h ghub]pahfh>
1. ghk;gpd; er;rpid
jhtuq;fs; kpA+]h irdd;rp];.
Kwpf;Fk; kUe;jhfTk;
mghf;fh Jzp kw;Wk;

2. ehh; jhtuq;fs; kpA+]h nlf;];ilyp];
fapW jahhpf;Fk;.
uhtndyh klfh];fhpad;rp];>
];nlhpypl;rpah nu[pNd> moFj; jhtukhf
3. myq;fhuj; jhtuk;
n`ypNfhdpah. tsh;f;fg;gLfpwJ.
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gj;J kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs; :

1. nge;jk; kw;Wk; `_f;fh; ml;ltiz vOJf.
G+f;Fk; jhtuq;fs;
tFg;G I tFg;G II tFg;G III

,Utpj;jpiyj; jhtuq;fs; [pk;Ndh];ngh;k;fs; xUtpj;jpiyj; jhtuq;fs;
%d;W FLk;gq;fs; 7 thpirfs; kw;Wk;
1. irf;fNlrp 34 FLk;gq;fs;
2. Nfhdp/ngNu kw;Wk;
3. ePl;Nlrp thpir : vg;gpifNd
FLk;gk; : kpA+Nrrp
Jiz tFg;G I Jiz tFg;G 2 Jiz tFg;G 3

ghypngl;lhNy NfNkhngl;lhNy khNdhf;sikbNa
8 thpirfs;
36 FLk;gq;fs;
thpir (i) jyhkp/GNshNu thpir (i) ,d;.ngNu
6 Jiwfs; kw;Wk; 34 FLk;gq;fs; 3 Jiwfs; kw;Wk; 9 FLk;gq;fs; thpir : A+dpnrf;RNty;];
Jiw : khy;Nty;]; FLk;gk; : A+/Nghh;gpNarp
FLk;gk; : khy;Ntrp thpir (ii) n`l;bNuhkpNu
thpir (ii) b];fp/GNshNu 3 Jiwfs; kw;Wk; 12 FLk;gq;fs;
4 Jiwfs; kw;Wk; 23 FLk;gq;fs;
thpir (iii) fhyprp/GNshNu thpir (iii) igfhh;ngy;Nyl;Nl
5 Jiwfs; kw;Wk; 27 FLk;gq;fs; 4 Jiwfs; kw;Wk; 24 FLk;gq;fs;
Jiw : ghypNkhdpNay;];
FLk;gk; : nrhyhNdrp
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2. i`gp];f]; Nuhrhirds;rp]>; lhl;Luh nkl;ly;> kw;Wk; uprpd]; fk;A+dp]; fiyr; nrhw;fspd; %yk; tpsf;Ff.
khy;Ntrp
jhtug;gz;Gfs; nrhyhNdrp A+NghHgpNarp
i`gp];f]; Nuhrhirdd;rp];
lhl;Luh nkl;ly; uprpd]; fk;A+dp];
clyg; Gwg; gz;Gfs;

tshpay;G gy;yhz;L GjHnrb rpWnrb gy;yhz;L GjHnrb
NtH MzpNtHj; njhFg;G MzpNtHj; njhFg;G MzpNtHj; njhFg;G
jz;L epyj;jpd; Nky; fhzg;gLk; fl;ilj; epyj;jpd; Nky; fhzg;gLk; epyj;jpd; Nky; fhzg;gLk;
jd;ikAilaJ nkd;ikahdJ> gRikahdJ cl;Fop cilaJ
,iy ,iyf;fhk;GilaJ> jdp,iy> ,iyf;fhk;GilaJ> jdp,iy> ,iyf;fhk;GilaJ> jdp,iy>
khw;wpiy mikT tiyg;gpd;dy; khw;wpiy mikT tiyg;gpd;dy; khw;wpiy mikT mq;if tbt
euk;gikT euk;gikT tiyg;gpd;dy;
kyh;g;gz;Gfs;
,iyf;Nfhzj;jpy; mike;j xw;iw ,iyf;Nfhzj;jpy; mike;j jdpj;j ghdpf;fps; my;yJ $l;L
kQ;rhp kyh; irk; irNkh]; nurpNkh];
Mz;kyh;
G+tbr; nrjpYilaJ G+f;fhk;G G+tbr; nrjpy; cilaJ G+f;fhk;G G+tbr; nrjpy; cilaJ
kyh; nrjpy; cilaJ. ,Ughy; kyh;fs;> nrjpy; mw;;wJ. ,Ughy; kyh;fs; G+f;fhk;G nrjpy; mw;wJ xU
Mur;rkpr;rPh; cilaJ Mur;rkr;rhP ; cilaJ ghy; kyh;fs; Mur;rkr;rhP ;
cilaJ KOikahdJ
Gwg;Gy;yp tl;lk; 5 Kjy; 8 G+f;fhk;Gr; nrjpy;fs; - -

Gy;ypf;F Gwj;Nj mike;Js;sJ.
5 Gy;ypfs;> ,ize;jit> njhL 5 Gy;ypfs;> ,ize;jit njhL G+tpjo; tl;lk;
Gy;yptl;lk; ,jo; mikT ,jo; mikT 5 G+tpjo;fs;> ,ize;jit
njhL ,jo; mikT
5 my;ypfs;> ,izahj my;ypfs;> 5 my;ypfs;> ,ize;jit jpUF
my;yptl;lk; jpUF ,joikT ,joikT -
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vz;zw;wit> xUfw;iw kfue;j 5 kfue;jjhs;fs;> jdpj;jit> kfue;j jhs; tl;lk;

jhs;fs;> ,ize;jit> rpWePuf my;ypxl;bait> ePs;thf;fpy; gy kfue;j jhs;fs; gy
kfue;jj; jhs; tl;lk; tbtpy; cs;sJ> FWf;fhf ntbf;Fk;. <uiw cilaJ. fw;iwahf cs;sd>
ntbf;;Fk; > Xuiw cilaJ. ,ize;jit> ePs;thf;fpy;
ntbf;Fk;. <uiw cilaJ.
5 #yf ,iy> ,ize;jJ> Nky; 2 #yf ,iy> ,ize;jJ> Nky; #yf tl;lk;
#yf tl;lk; kl;l #w;ig> mr;R #y; xl;L kl;l #w;ig> mr;R#y; xl;L Kiw ,y;iy vdpDk; kyl;L #yfk;
Kiw fhzg;gLk;.
ngz; kyh;
G+tbr; nrjpy; cilaJ>
G+f;fhk;G nrjpy; mw;wJ>
Mur;rkr;rhP ; cilaJ>
KOikaw;wJ.
G+tpjo; tl;lk;:
3 G+tpjo;fs;>
,ize;jit> njhL ,jo;
- - -
mikT
kfue;jjhs;; tl;lk;:
,y;iy vdpDk; kyl;L kfue;j
jhs; fhzg;gLk;.
R+yf tl;lk; :
3 #yf ,iy>
,ize;jJ> Nky;kl;l #w;ig>
mr;R#y; xl;LKiw
fdp rpijtile;jit ntbf;fdp nuf;kh
Diagram Diagram Diagram
kyhpd; tiuglk; gf;fk; 15 kyhpd; tiuglk; gf;fk; 20 Mz;kyhpd; gf;fk; : 25
kyhpd; tha;ghL glk; 1.3 kyhpd; tha;ghL glk; 1.4 tiuglk; glk; : 1.5
ngz; kyhpd; VNjDk; xd;W
tiuglk; tiue;J mjd;
tha;ghl;il vOjTk;.
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3. kpA+]h ghubg]pahfhtpid fiyr;nrhw;fshy; tpthp.

clyg; Gwg;gz;Gfs;:
tsupay;G : khNdhfhHgpf; rpWnrb
NtH : Ntw;wpl ry;yp NtHj; njhFg;G

jz;L : cz;ikahd jz;L jiuab iuNrhk; MFk;;
jiuapd; Nky; fhzg;gLk;> fpisaw;w epkpHe;j jz;L ngha;jz;L MFk;.
ngha;jz;bd; cs;Ns kiwe;J fhzg;gLk; ika mr;R thioj;jz;L MFk;.
,iy : jdp,iy> Roy; Kiw ,iyaikT> ,iyabr; nrjpy; mw;wJ> rpwF

,izNghf;F euk;gikT fhzg;gLk;.
kyHg;gz;Gfs;:
kQ;rhp : fpisj;j ];Ngbf;]; kQ;rhp> kyh;fisr; R+o;e;J kly; fhzg;gLk;.
kyH : G+tb nrjpy; cilait> G+f;fhk;G nrjpy; mw;wit> G+f;fhk;G
mw;wit> %tq;f kyH> ,Ugf;f rkr;rPH cilait> #yf fPo; kyH.
G+tpjo;tl;lk; : 6 G+tpjo; mLf;fpw;F 3 tPjk; mike;jpUf;Fk;> njhL ,jo; mikT.
kfue;jj;jhs;tl;lk; : 6 kfue;jj;jhs;fs; mLf;fpw;F 3 tPjk; mike;jpUf;Fk; 5 kfue;jj;jhs;fs;
tskhdit> 1tskw;wit ePs;Nghf;fpy; ntbg;git.
#yftl;lk; : 3 #ypiyfs;> ,ize;jit> Nky;kl;l #w;ig> mr;R#y; xl;L Kiw

fdp : ngHhp
Diagram
kyhpd; tiuglk; gf;fk; 31
kyhpd; tha;ghL glk; 1.6
kpA+]h uhtndyh NtWgLj;Jf. ( 5 kjpg;ngz; tpdh)

kpA+]h - uhtndyh
1. rpWnrb - kuk;
2. ngha;j;jz;L - cz;ikj;j jz;L – fl;ilj; jd;ik cila
jiuab iuNrhk; jiuNky; jz;L.
3. ];ghbf;]; kQ;rhp - $l;L irk; kQ;rhp
4. 5 kfue;j jhs;fs; tskhdit - 6 kfue;j jhs;fs; tskhdit.
5. ngh;hp fdp - ntbf; fdp
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ghlk; - 2 jhtu cs;sikg;gpay;

ghlE}y; xU kjpg;ngz; tpdh tpilfs;
1. Mf;Fj; jpRthdJ epiyj;jj; jpRthf khw;wk; miltJ vd
miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
(m) NtWghL miljy; :
2. thio> fy;thio> Mfpa jhtuq;fspd; ,iyf;fhk;gpy; el;rj;jpu tbt ghud;ifkh
nry;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mit ghud;ifkh vdg;gLfpd;wd.
(M) ];nly;Nyl; ghud;ifkh
3. jhtuj;jpd; midj;J cWg;GfspYk; nghJthf fhzg;gLk; jpR.
(m) ghud;ifkh
4. ve;j jhtuj;jpd; i`g;Nghnlh;kp]; mLf;F Nfhyd;ifkhthy; MdJ?
(M) `Pypahe;j];
5. Nth;j; J}tpfis cw;gj;jp nra;git.
(<) biuf;Nfhgpsh];Lfs;
6. M];bNah];fpspiuL fhzg;gLk; gFjp
(M) gl;lhzpapd; tpijAiw
7. ,Ugf;f xUq;fikj;j th];Fyhh; fw;iwfs; fhzg;gLk; jhtuf; FLk;gk;
(<) Ff;fh;gpl;Nlrp
8. Nth;j;J}tpfs; ypUe;J Njhd;Wfpd;wd.
(m)biuf;Nfhgpsh];Lfs;
9. fh];ghhpapd; gl;ilfs; d; mfj;Njhypy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
(M) ,Utpj;jpiyj; jhtuNtH
10. gyKid iryk; y; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
(M) xUtpj;jpiyj; jhtu Nth;
11. Gwzpapd; filrp mLf;F
(,) mfj;Njhy;
12. GNuhl;Nlh iryk; jz;bd; ikaj;ij Nehf;fp mike;Js;s th];Fyhh; fw;iw
vdg;gLk;.
(M) cs;Nehf;F iryk;
13. iryKk;>/GNshaKk; xNu Muj;jpy; mike;jpUf;Fk; th];Fyhh; fw;iwfs;
vdg;gLfpd;wd.
(m) fd;[hapz;l;
14. kdpj kz;ilNahL tbt th];Fyhh; fw;iwfs; ,jpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

m) xUtpj;jpiyj; jhtuj;jz;L
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15. GNuhl;lhiryk; ,ilntsp nfhz;Ls;s th];Fyhh; fw;iw y;

fhzg;gLfpwJ.
(<) xUtpj;jpiyj; jhtuj;jz;L
16. ,Ugf;fKk; xj;j mikg;Gila ,iy y; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
(m) Gy;
17. ,iyapy; fhzg;gLfpd;w th];Fyhh; fw;iwfs;
(M) xUq;fike;jit> %bait.
$Ljy; xU kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;.
1. Mf;Fj; jpRf;fs; epiyahd jpRf;fshf khWjy; - nry; NtWghL miljy;.
2. jhNk gFg;gilAk; jpR – Mf;Fj;jpR
3. Mf;Fj;jpRf;fspd; nry; Rth; - nry;YNyh];
4. GNuhNfk;gpaj;jpypUe;J Njhd;WtJ – Kjy;epiy th];Fyhh; jpRf;fs;.
5. fhh;f; Nfk;gpaj;jpid – ngy;Nyhn[d; vdTk; miof;fyhk;.
6. kw;w jpRf;fs; cUthf mbg;gil – ghud;ifkh
7. el;rj;jpu tbt ghud;ifkh fhzg;gLtJ – thio> fy;thioapd; ,iyf;fhk;G.
8. nry;Rth; Xuq;fspd; rkkw;w jbg;G fhzg;gLjy; - Nfhyd;ifkhtpd; rpwg;Gg; gz;G.
9. fpilkl;l nry;Rth; gFjpapy; kl;Lk; jbg;Gfs; cila Nfhyd;ifkhtpid
ngw;wpUf;Fk; jhtuk; - `Pypahe;j];.
10. mLf;F Nfhyd;ifkh – lhl;ûh> epf;Nfhl;bahdh
11. ,ilntspf;Nfhyd;ifkh – Ig;Nghkpahtpd; i`g;nghnlh;kp];.
12. gpNuf;fp ];fpspiuL – fy;nry;fs; (Nghpapd; fdp)
13. Nkf;Nuh ];fpspiuL – Nfhy; nry;fs; (Fnuhl;lhNyhpahtpd; tpijciw)
14. gl;lhzpapd; tpij ciw – M];bNah ];fpspiuL (vYk;G)
15. iryk; ehh;fs; - ypg;hpghh;/k; ehh;fs;.
16. Nkw;gug;G ehh;fs; - gUj;jp.
17. irNyh]; vd;w nrhy;ypd; nghUs; - fl;il
18. Kjyhk; epiy iryk; - GNuhNfk;gpaj;jpy; ,Ue;J Njhd;Wk;
19. ,uz;lhk; epiy iryk; - th];Fyhh; Nfk;gpaj;jpy; ,Ue;J Njhd;Wk;.
20. nlhpNlhigl;Lfs;> [pk;Ndh];ngh;k;fspy; ePhpidf; flj;j cjTtJ – tuk;Gila
Fopfs;.
21. nlhpNlhigl;Lfs;> [pk;Ndh];ngh;k;fspy; ePhpidf; flj;JtJ – buf;fPLfs;
22. xw;iwj; Jisj;jl;L – khQ;rpnguh ,z;bfh.
23. gy Jisj;jl;L - yphpNahnld;lu; hd;
24. MQ;rpNah];ngh;k;fspy; ePhpidf; flj;JtJ – iryf;Foha;fs;
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25. iryf;Foha;fs; cila [pk;Ndh];ngh;k; jhtuk; - ePl;lk;.

26. iryj;jpy; cs;s capUs;s jpR – iryk; ghud;ifkh
27. Jiz nry;fs; - nlhpNlhigl;Lfs;> [pk;Ndh];ngh;k;fspy; fhzg;glhJ.
28. GNshak; ghud;ifkh – xU tpj;jpiy jhtuq;fspy; fhzg;glhJ.
29. /GNshak; ehh;fs; - gh];l; ehh;fs;.
30. jpRj; njhFg;gpid %d;whf gphpj;jth; - rhf;];
31. Gwj;Njhypy; cs;s Gw tshpfs; - biuf;Nfhk;fs;
32. Gwj;Njhy; iuNrhnlh;kprpy; cs;s Fl;ilnry;fs;. – biuf;Nfhgpsh];l;Lfs;.
33. fhg;G nry;fis R+o;e;J fhzg;gLgit – Jiz nry;fs; (fUk;G)
34. fd;[hapz;l; th];Fyhh; fw;iw – jz;L> ,iy.
35. ,Ugf;fk; xUq;fike;j th];Fyhh; fw;iw – jz;L> ,iy.
36. /GNshak; R+o; iryk; - ghypNghbak;
37. iryk; R+o; /GNshak; - mf;Nfhuh];
; papd; NghJ Gwj;Njhypw;F gjpyhf tUtJ – nghpnlh;k;.
38. ,uz;lhk;epiy tsh;rr
39. Nthpd; Gwzpapy; cs;s fzpfk; - ntsph; fzpfk; (YA+f;Nfhgpsh];lL
; fs;)
40. fh];ghhpapd; gl;ilapy; cs;s Ntjpg;nghUs; - R+ghpd;
41. kf;fhr;Nrhs Nthpd; ,izg;Gj;jpR – ghud;ifkh.
42. Nth;J}tpfs; - biuf;Nfhgpsh];by; ,Ue;J Njhd;Wk;
43. ];Bypd; ntspg;Gw mLf;F – nghpirf;fps;
44. gf;fthl;L Nth;fs; - nghpirf;fpspy; ,Ue;J Njhd;Wk;
45. ];Bypd; ntspg;Gw mLf;F – nghpirf;fps;
46. xUtpj;jpiyj; jhtuj; jz;bd; i`Nghnlh;kp]; - ];fpspud;ifkh
47. fd;[hapz;l;> xUq;fike;j> cs;Nehf;fpa> %ba th];Fyhh; fw;iw – xUtpj;jpiyj;
jz;L.
48. /GNshak; ghud;ifkh> GNshak;ehh;fs; - xUtpj;jpiyj; jz;by; ,y;iy.
%d;W kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs; :

1. jhtu cs;sikg;gpay; tiuaW?
jhtu gFjpfis ntl;b mtw;wpd; cs;sikg;gpid Ez;Nzhf;fpapd; %yk; Ma;T
nra;Ak; mwptpay; gphpT jhtu cs;sikg;gpay; vdg;gLk;.
2. jpR vd;gij tiuaW?
mikg;G kw;Wk; nray; Mfpatw;wpy; xj;J fhzg;gLk; nry;fshy; Md xU
njhFjp jpR vdg;gLk;.
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3. NtWghL miljy; vd;why; vd;d?

Mf;fj;jpRtpd; xU gFjpahdJ gFg;giltij epWj;jp gy;NtW khw;wq;fs;
mile;J epiyj;jj; jpRthf khWk; ,e;epfo;tpidNa NtWghLWjy; vd miof;fpNwhk;.
4. Vud;ifkh vd;why; vd;d?
 ePH tho; jhtuq;fspd; Gwzpg;gFjpapy; cs;s ghud;ifkh.
 nry;fSf;fpilNa fhw;W miw fhzg;gLk; ,t;thW fhw;wiwfis ngw;wpUf;Fk;
ghud;ifkhtpid Vud;ifkh vd miof;fpNwhk;.
 ,it epk;gah> i`l;hpy;yh Nghd;w ePH tho; jhtuq;fs; kpjf;f cjTk;.
5. ];nly;Nyl; ghud;ifkh vd;why; vd;d?
1. el;rj;jpu tbt ghud;ifkh nry;fisNa ];nly;Nyl; ghud;ifkh vd
miof;fpNwhk;.
2. thio kw;Wk; fy;thio ,iyf;fhk;gpy; fhzg;gLk;.
6. FNshud;ifkh vd;why; vd;d?
1. gRq;fzpfj;ij ngw;wpUf;Fk; ghud;ifkh nry;fs;> FNshud;ifkh vdg;gLk;.
2. jhtuj;jpd; ,iy kw;Wk; gpw gRikahd gFjpfspy; fhzg;gLk;.
3. gzp : xspr;Nrh;f;if
7. gpNuf;fp ];fpspiuLfs; vd;why; vd;d?
1. rk mstpid cila ];fpspiuLfis gpNuf;fp ];fpspiuLfs; vd
miof;fpNwhk;.
2. fhzg;gLk; ,lk; : gl;il> gpj;> Gwzp> fdpfspd; rijg; gFjp.
(v.fh.) Nghpf;fhapd; jsj;jpR gFjp.
8. M];bNah ];fpsPiuLfs; vd;why; vd;d?
Kidg;gFjpfs; mfd;w Nfhy;tbt ];fs
P piuLfs; M];bNah ];fpsPiuLfs;
my;yJ vYk;Gnry;fs; vdg;gLk;. v.fh. gl;lhzpapd; tpijAiw.
9. Nkf;Nuh];fpspiuLfs; vd;why; vd;d?

Nfhy; tbtj;jpy; ePz;L fhzg;gLk; ];fpspiuLfs; Nkf;Nuh];fpspiuLfs; vdg;gLk;.
v.fh.FNuhl;lhNyhpah jhtu tpij ntsp ciw
10. NfNyh]; vd;why; vd;d?
GNshaj;jpd; Kjph;e;j ry;yilf; Foha; $Wfspd; ry;yilj; jl;by; cs;s
Jisfis mile;J fhzg;gLk; Ntjpg;nghUs; NfNyh]; vdg;gLk;.
11. biuNfhgpsh];Lfs; vd;why; vd;d?
Nthpd; Gwj;Njhypy; cs;s Fl;il nry;fSf;F biuNfhgpsh];L vd;W ngah;.
,jpypUe;Jjhd; Nth;j;J}tpfs; cUthFk;.
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12. Mf;Fj;jpRtpid tiuaW.

njhlh;e;J gFg;gilAk; jpwd;nfhz;l nry;fshy; Md jpRtpid Mf;Fj;jpR vd
miof;fpNwhk;.
13. gf;f Mf;fj; jpR vd;why; vd;d?

jz;L kw;Wk; Nthpd; gf;fthl;by; mjd; ePs; mr;Rf;F ,izahf fhzg;gLtJ gf;f
Mf;Fj;; jpRthFk;. v.fh. th];Fyhh; Nfk;gpak;> fhh;f; Nfk;gpak;.
14. epiyj;jj; jpRf;fs; vd;why; vd;d?

nry; gFg;gilAk; jpwid jw;fhypfkhfNt (or) epue;jukhfNth ,oe;jj; jpRf;fs;
epiyj;jj; jpRf;fs; MFk;.
,it Edp Mf;Fj; jpRtpypUe;J nry; NtWghL miljy; %yk; Njhd;Wk;.
15. vspa kw;Wk; $l;Lj; jpRtpd; tiffs; ahit?

1. vspajpR : ghud;ifkh> Nfhyd;ifkh> ];fpspud;ifkh vd miof;fpNwhk;.
2. $l;Lj;jpR : iryk;> GNshak;.
16. Nfhz kw;Wk; ,ilntsp Nfhyd;ifkh : NtWgLj;Jf
Nfhz Nfhyd;ifkh ,ilntspNfhyd;ifkh
1. ,tw;wpd;nry;fs; nry;fspy; ,tw;wpd; nry;fspd; nry;

nry;RtuhdJ Nfhzq;fspy; ,ilntsp gFjpia R+o;e;J
jbg;Gw;Wf; fhzg;gLk;. fhzg;gLk; nry;fs; jbg;Gw;W
v.fh.lhl;Luh> epf;Nfhl;bahdh ,Uf;Fk;.
v.fh.Ig;Nghkpah
17. ];fpspiuLfis> ehh;fspypUe;J NtWgLj;Jf:
];fpspiuL ehh;fs;
xU mLf;fpdhy; Md nry;Rth;.
gy mLf;Ffshy; Md nry;Rth;
nry; miw rw;W mfd;wJ.

nry;miw kpftk; FWfpaJ
jhq;F jpR vd miof;fyhk;.

fy; nry;fs; vd miof;fyhk;
tpiwg;Gj;jd;ik> cWjpj;jd;ikapid
fy;(m) fbd jd;ikapid tpij
jhtuj;jpw;F mspf;Fk;.
ciwf;F mspf;Fk;
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18. Nkw;gug;G ehh;fs; vd;why; vd;d?

jhtu tpijfspd; tpijAiwapypUe;J Njhd;Wfpd;w ehh;fs; Nkw;gug;G ehh;fs;
vdg;gLk;. v.fh. gUj;jp.
19. Mf;Fj;jpRtpd; gz;Gfs; ahit?

1. nry;fs; gy;NtW tbtq;fSld; nry; ,ilntspfs; ,d;wp neUf;fkhf
mike;Js;sJ.
2. mlh;e;j irl;Nlhgpshrj;ijAk; nghpa epA+f;spai]Ak; nfhz;Ls;sd.
3. nry;YNyh]pdhy; Md nry;Rth; nky;ypajhfTk; kPs;jd;ikAilajhfTk;
fhzg;gLfpwJ.
20. mLf;F Nfhyd;ifkh vd;why; vd;d?
jhtuj;jpd; i`g;Nghnlh;kp]; gFjpapy; cs;s Nfhyd;ifkh nry;fspd;
fpilkl;l Rth; gy mLf;F jbg;GlDk; Mur;Rth; jbg;gw;W nkype;J fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
,t;tifr; Nfhyd;ifkh mLf;F Nfhyd;ifkh vdg;gLk;. v.fh.`PyPahe;j];
21. ypg;hp/ghh;k; ehh;fs; vd;why; vd;d?

ypf;dpdhy; Md jbj;j nry;RtiuAk;> FWfpa nry; miwiaAk; nfhz;l
iryk; ehh;fs; ypg;hp/ghh;k; ehh;fs; vdg;gLk;.
22. Jiz fUtpr; nry;fs; vd;why; vd;d?

fUk;G Nghd;w rpy jhtuq;fspd; fhg;G nry;fisr; R+o;e;J fhzg;gLk; rpwg;ghd
nry;Rth; kw;w Gwj;Njhy; nry;fspypUe;J NtWgl;lit ,it Jizf; fUtpr; nry;fs;
vdg;gLk;. v.fh.fUk;G.
23. gh];l; ehh;fs; vd;why; vd;d?
GNshak; jpRtpy; fhzg;gLk; ];fpspud;ifkh ehh;fis gh];l; ehh;fs; vd
miof;fpNwhk;.
24. fh];ghhpapd; gl;ilfs; vd;why; vd;d?
1. Nthpd; mfj;Njhy; nry;fspd; Mur;RthpYk;> fpilkl;l RthpYk; Rghpd; vd;w
nghUshy; Md jbg;Gfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,jidNa fh];ghhpapd; gl;ilfs;
vd miof;fpNwhk;.
25. topr;nry;fs; vd;why; vd;d?
1. Nthpd; GNuhl;Nlhiryf; $WfSf;F vjphpy; cs;s mfj;Njhy; nry;fs;fspy;
fh];ghhpad; gl;ilfs; fhzg;gLtjpy;iy. ,r;nry;fs; topr;nry;fs; vdg;gLk;.
gzp : ePiuAk>; ePhpy; fiue;Js;s cg;GfisAk; flj;JtjhFk;.
26. mfj;Njhd;wpfs; vd;why; vd;d?
];Bypd; ntspg;Gw mLf;fhd nghpirf;fpspypUe;J gf;f Nth;fs;
Njhd;Wfpd;wd. ,t;thW gf;fNth;fs; cs;mLf;fpy; ,Ue;j Njhd;Wtjhy; mfj; Njhd;wpfs;
vdg;gLk;. v.fh. Nthpd; gf;fNth;fs;.
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27. ehd;FKid iryk; vd;why; vd;d?

ehd;F GNuhl;Nlhiry Kidfis nfhz;bUf;Fk; irykhdJ ehd;FKid
iryk; vdg;gLk;. v.fh. ,Utpj;jpiy jhtuNth;.
28. i`g;Nghnlh;kp]; vd;why; vd;d?
jz;bd; Gwj;Njhypd; fPo;Gwk; fhzg;gLk; mLf;F i`g;Nghnlh;kp]; vdg;gLk;.
v.fh. xUtpj;jpiyj; jhtu jz;bd; i`g;Nghnlh;kp]; ];fpspud;ifkhthYk;>
,Utpj;jpiyj; jhtuj;jz;bd; i`g;Nghnlh;kp]; Nfhyd;ifkhthy; MdJ.
29. GNuhl;Nlhiry ,ilntsp vd;why; vd;d?

xUtpj;jpiyj; jhtuj;jz;bd; Kjph;e;j th];Fyhh; fw;iwapd; fPo;gf;fkhf cs;s
GNuhl;Nlhiryk; rpijtiltjhy; xU ,ilntsp Vw;gLk;. ,jidNa GNuhl;Nlhiry
,ilntsp (m) yhf;Fdh vd miof;fpNwhk;.
30. A+];By; vd;why; vd;d?
,Utpj;jpiyj; jhtuk; jz;by; th];Fyhh; fw;iwfs; gpj;jpidr;R+o;e;J xU
tisakhf mike;J fhzg;gLk;. ,t;tif ];Bypid A+];By; vd miof;fpNwhk;.
31. Nky;> fPo; ,iy vd;why; vd;d? v.fh.jUf.
,iyapilj; jpRtpd; Nky;Gwk; ghypNrL ghud;ifkhtpidAk;> fPo;Gwk; ];ghQ;rp
ghud;ifkhtpidAk; ngw;wpUf;Fk; ,iy Nky;> fPo; ,iy vdg;gLk;.
v.fh.,Utpj;jpiyj;jhtu ,iy.
32. ,Ugf;f xj;j mikg;igAila ,iy vd;why; vd;d?
,iyapilj; jpRthdJ NtWghL,d;wp ghypNrL my;yJ ];ghQ;rp ghud;ifkh
tpidNah ngw;wpUe;jhy; mjid ,Ugf;f xj;j mikg;Gila ,iy vdyhk;.
v.fh. xUtpj;jpiyj; jhtu ,iy.
33. ,iyapilj;jpR vd;why; vd;d?
xU ,iyapd; ,UGwj;Njhy; mLf;FSf;fpilNa fhzg;gLk; jsj;jpR
,iyapilj;jpR (m) kPNrhgpy; vdg;gLk;. ,J ghypNrL ghud;ifkh> ];ghQ;rp ghud;ifkh
vd;w ,Utif nry;fisg; ngw;wpUf;Fk;.
34. ,iyj;Jisfs; vd;why; vd;d?

1. Gwj;Njhypd; fhzg;gLk; rpwpa Jisfs; ,iyj;Jisfs; vdg;gLk;.
2. ,jidr; R+o;e;J mtiu tpij tbt fhg;G nry;fs; fhzg;gLk;.
3. ,iyj;Jisfs; fPo;Gwj;Njhypy; mjpfk; fhzg;gLk;.
4. gzp : ePuhtpg;Nghf;F> thAg; ghpkhw;wk;.
35. fhg;G nry;fs; vd;why; vd;d?
1. ,iyj;Jisapid R+o;eJ ; fhzg;gLk; xU ,izmtiutpij tbt nry;fs;
fhg;G nry;fs; vdg;gLk;.
2. ,it gRq;fzpfj;ijg; ngw;wpUf;Fk; Vida Gwj;Njhy; nry;fspy; gRq;fzpfk;
fhzg;glhJ.
3. gzp : ,iyj;Jis ,af;fj;jpw;F cjTjy;
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36. ghypNrL ];ghQ;rp ghud;ifkhtpid vOJf.
ghypNrL ghud;ifkh ];ghQ;rp ghud;ifkh

Nky;Gwj;Njhypd; fPNo fPo;Gwj;Njhypd; NkNy
fhzg;gLk; fhzg;gLk;.
ePz;l cUis tbtKilait xOq;fw;w tbtk; cilait.
nry; ,ilntsp ,d;wp nry; ,ilntspfSld; gy
neUf;fkhf mike;jit fhw;W miwfis cilait.
gzp : xspr;Nrh;;f;if gzp : thAg; ghpkhw;wk;.
37. ,iyj;Jis fPo;miw vd;why; vd;d?

1. ,iyj;Jisapid mLj;J cl;Gwk; fhzg;gLk; miw ,iyj;Jis fPo;miw
(m) Rthr miw vdg;gLk;.
2. gzp : thAg; ghpkhw;wj;jpw;F cjTjy;.
38. vy;iy ghud;ifkh (fw;iw ciw) vd;why; vd;d?

,Utpj;jpiyj;jhtu ,iyapd; th];Fyhh; cUisapidr; R+o;e;J fhzg;gLk;.
xuLf;F ghud;ifkh nry;fspdhy; Md ciw vy;iy ghud;ifkh (m) fw;iw ciw
vdg;gLk;.
Ie;J kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs; :
1. Mf;Fj;jpRfspd; tifg;ghL Fwpj;J fl;Liu tiuf.
i) njhlh;e;J gFg;gilAk; jpwd;nfhz;l nry;fshy; Md jpR Mf;Fj;jpR vdg;gLk;.
ii) mike;jpUf;Fk; ,lj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; Edp> ,il> gf;f Mf;Fj;jpR vd %d;W
tifg;gLk;. (3 tifahf gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.)
EdpMf;fj;jpR :
fhZkplk; : Nth;>jz;L> fpisfspd; Edp.
gzp : jhtuj;jpd; ePs;Nghf;F tsh;rr; p.
gFjpfs; :
a) GNuhl;Nlhnlh;k; - Gwj;Njhiy cUthf;Fk;.
b) GNuhNfk;gpak; - Kjy;epiy th];Fyhh; jpRf;fis cUthf;Fk;.
c) jsMf;Fj;jpR – Gwzp> gpj;jpid cUthf;Fk;.
,ilMf;fj;jpR :
fhZkplk; : fZ> fZtpilg;gFjp> xUtpj;jpiyj; jhtuq;fspd;
,iyab (Gw;fs;)
Njhw;wk; : Edp Mf;Fj;jpRfypspUe;J
gzp : fZtpilg;gFjpapd; ePl;rp> ,iyciw cUthf;Fk;.
gf;fMf;Fj;jpR
fhZkplk; : jz;L> Nthpd; gf;fthl;by; (ePs; mr;Rf;F ,izahf cs;sJ.)
tiffs;; : th];Fyhh; Nfk;gpak;> fhh;f; Nfk;gpak;> (ngy;Nyhn[d;)
gzp : ,uz;lhk; epiy epiyj;j jpRf;fs; cUthf;fk;> jz;L>
Nthpd; FWf;fsT mjpfhpj;jy;.
glk;.2.1 gf;fk; 35 tiuaTk;.
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2. Gwj;Njhypd; gzpfs; ahit?

a) fpA+l;bfs; - ePuhtpg;Nghf;F / ePhpiog;ig jil nra;Ak;.
b) Gwj;Njhy; - cl;Gwj;jpYs;s jpRf;fis ghJfhj;jy;.
c) Gwj;Njhy;Jis – ePuhtpg;Nghf;F> thAg;gupkhw;wk;.
d) Nth;j;J}tp – ePH>fdpknghUl;fis cwpQ;Rjy;.
e) biuf;Nfhk;fs; - tpijfs;> kw;Wk; fdp guTjYf;F cjTjy;.
3.vspa jpRf;fs; Fwpj;J fl;Liu tiuf.
i) tiuaiw : xj;j mikg;G kw;Wk; nray;fis cila nry;fshy;
Mdj;jpR vspaj;jpR vdg;gLk;.
ii) tiffs; : a) ghud;ifkh
b) Nfhyd;ifkh
c) ];fpspud;ifkh
ghud;ifkh Nfhyd;ifkh ];fpspud;ifkh
1. nky;ypanry; Rth; 1. nky;ypanry; Rth; 1. fbdkhd nry;Rth;
2. nry;Rth; - 2. nry;Rth; nry;YNyh];> 2. ,uz;lhk;epiy nry;

nry;YNyh]; n`kpnry;YNyh];> Rth; ypf;dpdhy; MdJ.
ngf;bdpdhy; MdJ. ngf;bdhy; MdJ.
3. GNuhl;Nlhgpshrk;
3. capUs;s nry;fs; 3. capUs;s nry;fs ,y;yhjjhy; ,we;j
nry;fs;.
4. gzp : cWjpj;jd;ik>
4. gzp jhtuj;jpd; ,sk; tpiwg;Gj;jd;ik>
4. gzp : cztpid
cWg;GfSf;F fy;jd;ik.
Nrkpj;jy;
cWjpapid mspj;jy;
5. nry; ,ilntsp 5. nry;,ilntspfs; 5. nry;,ilntspfs;
cilaJ. ,d;wp ,d;wp neUf;fkhf
neUf;fkhf mike;j mike;j nry;fs;.
nry;fs;.
6. tbtk; : 6. tbtk; : 6. tbtk; :
Kl;il/Nfhsk;/ XusT ePz;l/ gyNfhz ePz;l/gyNfhz/Nfhy;/vYk;
nrt;tf cUis/ tbtk; Gtbtk;
el;rj;jpu tbtk;
7. fhZkplk;: fhZkplk; : fhZkplk; :
a) jhtuj;jpd; a) ,Utpj;jpiyj;jhtuj; a) gl;il
midj;J jz;bd; b) Gwzp
cWg;Gfs; i`g;Nghnlh;kp]; c) fdpciw
b) kw;w jpRf;fspd; b) ,iyf;fhk;G> d) tpij ciw.
Kd;Ndhb kyh;f;fhk;G>
c) ePHtho; jhtu
Nth;fspy; ,y;iy.
ghud;ifkh Nfhyd;ifkh kw;Wk; ];fpspud;ifkh jdpj;jdpahf 5 kjpg;ngz;
tpdhf;fSf;F tpil vOjTk;.
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gj;J kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs; :
1. th];Fyhh; jpRj;njhFg;G Fwpj;J fl;Liu tiuf.

Kd;Diu :
a) ePhpid flj;Jk; jpRthfpa iryk;> cztpidf; flj;Jk; jpRthfpa GNshaj;ij
ehk; xUNru th];Fyhh; jpRj; njhFg;G vd miof;fpNwhk;.
b) iryk;> GNshak;> $Wfs;> xd;whf Nrh;j;J xU njhFg;ghf fhzg;gLk;. mjid
th];Fyhh; fw;iw vd miof;fpNwhk;.
tifg;ghL :
jpwe;j th];Fyhh; fw;iw :
th];Fyhh; fw;iwfspy; iryk;> GNshaj;jpw;F ,ilNa Nfk;gpaj;jpR
fhzg;gLk;.
v.fh.,Utpj;jpiyj; jhtuj;jz;L.
%ba th];Fyhh; fw;iw :
th];Fyhh; fw;iwfspy; iryk;> GNshaj;jpw;F ,ilNa Nfk;gpak; fhzg;glhJ.
v.fh.xUtpj;jpiyj; jhtuj;jz;L.
Mug;Nghf;F mikT :
iryKk;> GNshaKk; mLj;jLj;J ntt;NtW Muq;fspy; mike;jpUe;jhy; Mug;Nghf;F
mikT vdg;gLk;. v.fh. Nth; (xU> ,Utpj;jpiyj; jhtu Nth;)
fd;[hapz;l; th];Fyhh; fw;iw :
iryk;> GNshaKk;> mLj;jLj;J xNu Muq;fspy; mike;jpUf;Fk;
th];Fyh; fw;iw fd;[hapz;l; th];Fyhh; fw;iw vdg;gLk;. v.fh. jz;L>
,iy. v.fh. jz;L> ,iy.
tiffs; :
1. xUq;fike;jit
2. ,Ugf;f xUq;fike;jit
3. R+o;e;jike;jit
xUq;fike;j th];Fyhh; fw;iwfs; :
iryk;> GNshak;> xNu Muj;jpy; mike;jpUf;Fk;.
GNshak; ntspg;Gwj;ij Nehf;fp mike;jpUf;Fk;.
,Ugf;f xUq;fike;j th];Fyhh; fw;iw :
iryj;jpw;F cl;GwKk;> ntspg;GwKk; GNshak; fhzg;gLjy;.
v.fh.Ff;fh;gpl;Nlrp jhtuf;FLk;gk;.
R+o;e;jike;j th];Fyhh;Kiw :
GNshak; KOikahf iryj;ijNah my;yJ iryk; KOikahf GNshaj;ijNah
R+o;e;J fhzg;gLjy;.
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tiffs; :
GNshak; R+o;th];Fyhh;Kiw iryk; R+o; th];Fyhh; fw;iw
GNshak; iryj;ij KOikahf R+o;e;J irykhdJ GNshaj;ij KOikahf
fhzg;gLjy;. R+o;e;J fhzg;gLjy;.
v.fh.ghypNghbak; v.fh.mf;Nfhu];
ntspNehf;F iryk; (vf;rhh;f; iryk;)
GNuhl;Nlhiryf; $Wfs; (Foha;fs;) ntspg;Gwj;ij Nehf;fpAk;> nkl;lh
iryf;Foha;fs; cl;Gwj;ij Nehf;fpAk; mike;jpUj;jy;. (v.fh. Nth;.)
cs;Nehf;F iryk; (vz;lhh;f; iryk;)
GNuhl;lhiryf;Foha;fs; cl;Gwj;ij Nehf;fpAk;> nkl;lh iryf; Foha;fs;
ntspg;Gwj;ij Nehf;fpAk; ,Uj;jy;. (v.fh. jz;L.)
(glk;.2.9 gf;fk; 43 tiuaTk;.)
2. xUtpj;jpiy jhtu jz;bw;Fk; ,Utpj;jpiy jhtu jz;bw;Fk; cs;s NtWghLfs;
ahit?
t. ,Utpj;jpiy jhtuj;jz;L xUtpj;jpiy jhtuj;jz;L
vz;
Gwj;Njhy; : Gwj;Njhy; :
1. 1. ghud;ifkh nry;fspdhy; MdJ. 1. ghud;ifkh nry;fspdhy; MdJ.
Gwj;Njhypy; Gwj;Njhy; J}tpfs; Gwj;Njhypy; Gwj;Njhy; J}tpfs;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. fhzg;gltpy;iy.
Gwzp :
2. Gwzp : i`g;Nghnlh;kp]; ];fpspud;ifkhthy;
i`g;Nghnlh;kp]; Nfhyd;ifkhthy; MdJ.
MdJ.
jsj;jpRthdJ Gwzp> mfj;Njhy;>
3. jsj;jpR xU njhlh;r;rpahd NtWghLwhj
nghpirf;fps; kw;Wk; gpj; vd;w NtWghL
ghud;ifkh jpRthy; MdJ.
cilaJ.
4. ];lhh;r; mLf;F fhzg;gLk; ];lhh;r; mLf;F fhzg;gl;lJ.
5. gpj; fhzg;gLk;. gpj; fhzg;gltpy;iy.
6. nghpirf;fps; cz;L. nghpirf;fps; ,y;iy.
7. nkLy;yhp fjph;fs; cs;sd. nkLy;yhp fjph;fs; ,y;iy.
8. th];Fyhh; fw;iwfs; jpwe;jit. th];Fyhh; fw;iwfs; %bait.
9. th];Fyhh; fw;iwfs; tisa tbtpy; th];Fyhh; fw;iwfs; jsj;jpRtpy; rpjwpf;

mike;jpUf;Fk;. fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
10. fw;iwj; njhg;gp fhzg;gLk;. fw;iw ciw fhzg;gLk;.
11. GNuhl;lhiry ,ilntsp ,y;iy. GNuhl;lhiry ,ilntsp fhzg;gLk;.
12. GNshak; ghud;ifkh fhzg;gLk;. GNshak; ghud;ifkh ,y;iy
(,Utpj;jpiy jhtu jz;L kw;Wk; xUtpj;jpiy jhtu jz;bd; gj;J kjpg;ngz; tpdhTf;F Nkw;fz;l
tpilia jdpj;jdpahf glj;Jld; vOjTk;.)
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3. xUtpj;jpiy jhtuNtUf;Fk;> ,Utpj;jpiy jhtu NtUf;Fk; cs;s NtWghLfs;

ahit?
t.
vz; xUtpj;jpiy jhtu Nth; ,Utpj;jpiy jhtuNth;
th];Fyhh;fw;iw th];Fyhh;fw;iw
1.
gyKid iryk; fhzg;gLfpwJ. ehd;F Kid iryk; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
2.
ikaj;jpy; nghJthf xU nghpa gpj;
ikaj;jpy; gpj; fhzg;gltpy;iy.
fhzg;gLfpwJ.
3. nkl;lhir];Foha;fs; FWf;F ntl;Lj;
nkl;lhiryf; Foha;fs; FWf;F ntl;Lj;
Njhw;wj;jpy; gyNfhz tbj;jpy;
Njhw;wj;jpy; tl;l tbtkhf cs;sd.
cs;sd.
4. ,izg;Gj;jpR ghud;ifkh nry;fshy;
,izg;Gj;jpR ];fpspud;ifkh nry;fshy;
MdJ.
MdJ.
5.
,uz;lhk;epiy tsh;rr
; p fhzg;gLtJ
,uz;lhk;epiy tsh;rr
; p fhzg;gLfpwJ.
,y;iy.
6.
Gwj;Njhy; ghud;ifkh nry;fshy; Md Gwj;Njhypy; ghud;ifkh nry;fshy;
xuLf;f ntspaLf;fhfFk;. Md xuLf;F ntspaLf;fhFk;.
7. xU nry;yhyhd ePz;l Foy; Nghd;w XU nry;yhyhd ePz;l Foy; Nghd;w
mikg;G nfhz;l Nth;j;J}tp mikg;G nfhz;l Nth;j;J}tp
fhzg;gLfpwJ. fhzg;gLfpwJ.
8. Gwzpapy; cs;s midj;J nry;fSk; Gwzpapy; cs;s midj;J nry;fSk;
ghud;ifkh nry;fshy; Md ghud;ifkh nry;fshy; Md
N`hNkh[Pd]; mikg;G nfhz;lJ. N`hNkh[Pd]; mikg;G nfhz;lJ.
9. gPg;gha; tbt mLf;F ghud;ifkh gPg;gha; tbt> xuLf;F ghud;ifkh
nry;fshy; Md mfj;Njhy; Gwzpapd; nry;fshy; Md mfj;Njhy; Gwzpapd;
filrpaLf;fhFk;. filrpaLf;fhFk;.
10.
mfj;Njhypd; topr;nry;fs;kw;Wk; mfj;Njhypy; topr;nry;fs; kw;Wk;
fh];ghhpapd; gl;ilfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. fh];ghhpapd; gl;ilfs; fhzg;gLfpwd.
(xUtpj;jpiy jhtu Nth; kw;Wk; ,Utpj;jpiy jhtu NtUf;F gj;J kjpg;ngz;

tpdhTf;F Nkw;fz;l tpilia jdpj;jdpahf glj;Jld; vOjTk;.)
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4. iryj;jpR / ePhpid flj;Jk; jpR Fwpj;J fl;Liu tiuf.

Kd;Diu : a) iryk; ePh; kw;Wk; fdpkg;nghUl;fis flj;jf; $ba xU
$l;Lj;jpR MFk;.
b) irykhdJ buf;fL P fs;> iryf;Foha;fs;> iryk; ghud;ifkh kw;wk;
iryk; ehh;fs; vd;w ehd;F tif nry;fshy; MdJ.
iryk; ghud;ifkh :
a) iryj;Jld; ,ize;Js;s ghud;ifkh ,J.
b) nry;Rth; nky;ypaJ. nry;YNyh]; MdJ.
c) gzp : ];lhh;r; kw;Wk; nfhOg;gpid Nrkpj;jy;.
d) iryj;jpy; cs;s nry; tiffspy; iryk; ghud;ifkh kl;Lk;
capUs;sitahFk;.
iryk; ehh;fs; :
a) iryj;jpy; cs;s ];fpspud;ifkh ehh;fs; ,it.
b) ,tw;iw ypg;hpghh;k; ehh;fs; vdTk; miof;fyhk;.
c) gzp : jhtu clyj;jpw;F $Ljy; typik mspj;jy;.
d) capuw;w nry;fs;.
e) ypf;dpdhy; Md jbj;j nry;RthpidAk;> FWfpa nry;miwAk; cilait.
iryk; buf;fPLfs; :
a) gbg;gbahf ePz;l kOq;fpa Kidfis cila nry;fs;
b) GNuhl;lhgpshrk; mw;w ,we;j nry;fs;.
c) ,uz;lhk; epiynry;Rth; ypf;dpdhy; MdJ.
d) FWf;F ntl;Lj;Njhw;wj;jpy; gyNfhz tbtKilait.
e) [pk;Ndh];ngh;k;fs;> nlhpiligl;LfspYk; ePiuf; flj;Jk; jpRthf
nray;gLfpwJ.
iryf;Foha;fs; :
a) JisfSld; $ba Kidfis cila nry;fs;
b) jhtuj;jpd; ePs; mr;Rf;F ,izahf iryf;Foha;fs; xd;wpd;kPJ xd;whf
mike;Js;sd.
c) nry;Rth; nghUl;fs; gbtjd; fhuzkhf tisa> RUs;> Vzp> tiyg;gpd;dy;>
kw;Wk; RUs; jbg;Gfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
d) iryf;Foha;fs; MQ;rpNah];ngh;k;fs; ePhpid flj;Jk; Kf;fpa $whFk;.
e) jhtu clyj;jpw;F typikapidAk; mspf;Fk;.
glk;.2.6 gf;fk;.39 tiuaTk;.
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5. GNshak; jpR gw;wp tpsf;Ff.

Kd;Diu :
a) GNshak; cztpidf; flj;Jk;xU $l;Lj;jpRthFk;.
b) ,J ry;yilf; Foha; $Wfs;> Jiz nry;fs;> ghud;ifkh> kw;Wk; GNshak;>
ehh;fs;> vd ehd;F tifahd nry;fisg; ngw;wpUf;Fk;.
c) gzp : jhtuj;jpd; gy;Ntw gFjpfSf;F cztpid flj;Jjy;.
ry;yil Foha; $Wfs; :
a) GNshaj;jpd; cztpidf; flj;Jk; $Wfs; ,it.
b) jbj;j Kjyhk;epiy nry;Rthpid kl;LNk ngw;wpUf;Fk;.
c) ,tw;wpd; Kidr;Rthpy; ry;yilapy; cs;sJ. Nghd;Nw Jisfs; fhzg;gLk;.
d) ry;yilj;jl;Lfspd; Kidg;gFjpfs; xd;Wld; xd;W ,ize;J ry;yilf;Foha;
cUthFk;.
e) cl;fU ,d;wp irl;Nlhgpshrj;ij kl;LNk ngw;wpUf;Fk;.
Jiz nry;fs;
(a) ry;yilf; Foha; $Wld; ,ize;Js;s> cztpid flj;j cjTk; rpwg;G tif
ghud;idkh Jiz njspthd cl;fUtpidAk; ngw;wpUf;Fk;.
(b) ,it mlh;j;jpahd irl;Nlhgpshrj;ijAk;> njspthd cl;fUtpidAk;
ngw;wpUf;Fk;.
(c) ry;yilf; Foha; %yk; $Wld; gf;fthl;L Rthpy; cs;s Jisfs; / Fopfs;
%yk; njhlh;G nfhz;bUf;Fk;.
(d) MQ;rpNah];ngh;k;fs; kl;LNk fhzg;gLk;.
(e) nlhpNlhigl;Lfs;> [pk;Ndh];ngh;k;fspy; fhzg;glhJ.
GNshak; ehh;fs;
a) GNshak; jpRtpy; fhzg;gLk; ];fpspud;ifkh nry;fs; ,it.
b) gh];l; ehh;fs; vdTk; ,jid miof;fyhk;.
c) GNshak; jpRtpy; capuw;w nry;fs.;
d) gzp : jhq;F nry;fs;> jhtu clyj;jpw;F typikapid mspj;jy;.
GNshak; ghud;ifkh
a) GNshaj;jpRtpy; GNshak; ghud;ifkh capUs;s nry;fs;;.
b) gzp : ];lhh;;r;> nfhOg;Gfis Nrkpj;jy;> nurpd;> lhdpd;fis ngw;wpUj;jy;.
c) nlhpNlh/igl;Lfs;> [pk;Ndh];ngh;k;fspy; fhzg;gLk;.
d) xUtpj;jpiy jhtuq;fspy; fhzg;glhJ.
(glk;.2.7 gf;fk;.41 tiuaTk;.)
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6. Gwj;Njhy; jpRj; njhFg;G Fwpj;J fl;Liu tiuf.

Gwj;Njhy;.
a) jhtuj;jz;L> Nth;> ,iyapd; ntspAiwahf ,Ug;gJ Gwj;Njhy; MFk;.
b) ,e;j mLf;F neUf;fkhf> mike;j ghud;ifkh nry;fshy; MdJ.
c) nghJthf Gwj;Njhypy; gRq;fzpfq;fs; fhzg;glhJ. Mdhy; Gwj;Njhy;
Jisfisr; R+o;;e;Js;s fhg;G nry;fs; gRq;fzpfj;ijg; ngw;wpUf;Fk;.
d) nghJthd gzp : Nth;> jz;L> ,iyap;d; cl;Gwj; jpRf;fis ghJfhj;jy;:
Gwj;NjhYld; njhlh;Gila kw;w ghfq;fs; :
Gwj;Njhy; Jis> fpA+l;bfpd;> Gwj;Njhy; J}tpfs;.
Gwj;Njhy; Jisfs; (fhg;G nry;fshy; R+og;gl;Ls;s rpwpaJisfs;>)
a) Gwj;Njhypd; ,il,ilNa> ,it fhzg;gLk;.
b) gzp : thAg; ghpkhw;wk;> ePuhtpg;Nghf;F eilngw cjTk;.
c) Gwj;Njhy; R+o;e;J fhzg;gLk; mtiutpij tbt nry;fs; fhg;G nry;fs;
vdg;gLk;. fhg;G nry;fs; gRq;fzpfj;ijg; ngw;wpUf;Fk;.
fpA+l;bfs; :
a) jz;L> kw;Wk; ,iyapd; Gwj;Njhy; nry;fspd; ntspg;Gw nry;Rthpd; kPJ gbe;J
fhzg;gLk; fpA+l;bd; vd;w nkOFg; G+r;rpdhy; Md mLf;fpid fpA+l;bfps; vd
miof;fpNwhk;.
b) gzp : ePuhtpg; Nghf;fpid Fiwj;jy;.
c) Nthpd; Gwj;Njhiyr; R+o;e;J ,J fhzg;glhJ.
Gwj;Njhy; J}tpfs; :
a) Gwj;Njhypd; Nky;Gwk; fhzg;gLk;. Nth;j;J}tpfs;> biuf;Nfhk;fs;> Gwj;Njhy;
J}tpfs;> MFk;.
biuf;Nfhgpsh];lL; fs; :
Nthpd; iuNrhnlh;kprpy; cs;s Fl;ilahd nry;fis biuf;Nfh gpsh];L
vd miof;fpNwhk;.
Nth;j;J}tpfs; ,jpypUe;J jhd; Njhd;Wk;.
Gwj;Njhypd; gzpfs; : (5 kjpg;ngz;zpy; Nfl;fyhk;)
1. fpA+l;bfs; - ePuhtpg;Nghf;F / ePhpiog;ig jil nra;Ak;.
2. Gwj;Njhy; - cl;Gwj;jpYs;s jpRf;fisig; ghJfhj;jy;.
3. Gwj;Njhy;Jis – ePuhtpg;Nghf;F> thAg;gupkhw;wk;.
4. Nth;j;J}tp – ePH>fdpknghUl;fis cwpQ;Rjy;.
5. biuf;Nfhk;fs; - tpijfs;> kw;Wk; fdp guTjYf;F cjTjy;.
glk;.2.8 gf;fk;.42 tiuaTk;.
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7. jsj;jpRj;njhFg;G / mbg;gilj; jpRj; njhFg;G Fwpj;J fl;Liu tiuf.

Kd;Diu
1. jhtuj;jpd; gpujhd cliy mikg;gJ jsj;jpR MFk;.
2. jhtuj;jpd; Vida gFjp jsj;jpR vdg;gLk;.
jz;L :
1. xUtpj;jpiyapd; jsj;jpR NtWghL khwhj ghud;ifkh nry;fshy; MdJ.
th];Fyhh; jpRf;fs; (fw;iwfs; ) jsj;jpRf;fs; rpjwp fhzg;gLk;.
2. ,Utpj;jpiyj; jhtuj;jz;by; jsj;jpRthdJ Gwzp> nghpirf;fps;.> gpj; vd %d;W
gFjpfshf NtWghL mile;Js;sJ.
3. Gwzp : Gwj;Njhy; kw;Wk; nghpirf;fpspw;F ,ilNa fhzg;gLk;. ghud;ifkh
nry;fspdhy; MdJ. gzp : ];lhh;r; Jfs;fs;> vz;nza; Jspfs;> lhdpd;fis
Nrkpj;jy;;.
nry; ,ilntspfisg; ngw;Nwh / ,d;wpNah fhzg;gLk;.
,iy :
1. ,iyfspd; jsj;jpR FNshud;ifkhthy; MdJ. ,jid ,iyapilj;jpR vd
miof;fpNwhk;.
2. ,iyapilj;jpRthdJ ghypNrL ghud;ifkh> ];ghQ;rp ghud;ifkh vd;w ,U
tifr; nry;fshy; MdJ.
Nth; :
1. Nthpd; jsj;jpRtpy; Gwzp> mfj;Njhy;> nghpirf;fps; kw;Wk; gpj; fhzg;gLk;.
2. Gwzp ghud;ifkhthy; MdJ. cztpid Nrkpf;Fk;.
3. Nthpd; Gwzpapy; filrpmLf;F mfj;Njhy; MFk;. ,jpy; topnry;fs; kw;Wk;
fh];ghhpapd; gl;ilfs; fhzg;gLk;. ,it gPg;gha; tbt ghud;ifkh nry;fshy;
MdJ.
4. mfj;Njhypw;Fk; th];Fyhh;> jpRf;fSf;Fk; ,ilNa nghpirf;fps; fhzg;gLk;.
ghud;ifkh nry;fshy; MdJ. gf;f Nth;fs; nghpirf;fpspy; ,Ue;J Njhd;Wtjhy;
mtw;iw mfj;Njhd;wpfs; vd miof;fpNwhk;.
gpj; :
i. ikag;gFjpapy; cs;s jsj;;jpR (,Utpj;jpiyj;jz;L> xUtpj;jpiyNth;)
ii. nry;ypilntspfs; cs;s ghud;ifkhthy; MdJ.
iii. gzp : ];lhh;r;> nfhOg;G> lhdpd;fs;> gbfq;fis Nrkpj;jy;.
khzth;fs; ftdj;jpw;F
 ghud;ifkhtpd; tiffs; ahit? tpthp?
%d;W kjpg;ngz; tpdh 4,5,6,-Tf;fhd tpil vOjTk;.
 Nfhyd;ifkhtpd; tiffs; ahit tpthp?
%d;W kjpg;ngz; tpdh kw;Wk; 16-f;fhd tpilia vOjTk;.
 ];fphpiul;Lfspd; tiffs; ahit?
%d;W kjpg;ngz; tpdh 7,8,9-f;fhd tpil vOjTk;.
 ,Utpj;jpiy jhtu ,iyapd; cs;sikg;gpid glk; tiue;J tpsf;Ff.
%d;W kjpg;ngz; tpdh 31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,f;fhd tpilapid vOjp
glk; tiue;J ghfk; Fwpf;fTk;. (gj;J kjpg;ngz;)
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ghlk;-3 nry;ypay; kw;Wk; kugpay;

glk; tiue;J ghfk; Fwp (%d;W kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;)
1. FNuhkNrhkpd; mikg;G Gj;jf gf;f vz; - 61 glk;.3.1

2. FNuhkNrhk;fspd; tiffs; Gj;jf gf;f vz; - 62 glk; - 3. 2
3. rpwg;G tif FNuhkNrhk;fs; Gj;jf gf;f vz; - 63 glk; 3..3
4. FNuhkNrhk; gpwl;rpfs; Gj;jf vz; - 75 glk; 3.6
5. thl;rd;> fphpf; b.vd;.V. khjpup Gj;jf gf;f vz; - 80 glk; 3.8
6. flj;J RNA mikg;G Gj;jf gf;f vz; - 83 glk; 3.10
ghlk; 4 – capH njhopy; El;gtpay;

%d;W> kjpg;ngz; tpdh tpilfs;.
1. DNA kWNrh;f;if njhopy; El;gj;jpd; rhjfkw;w mk;rk; / jPik ahJ?
a) xNu gz;gpid Ie;jpw;Fk; Nkw;gl;l [Pd;fs; fl;Lg; gLj;Jfpd;wd.
b) jhtuq;fspd; Kf;fpa gz;Gfshd tsh;rr
; p Ntfk;> tsh;r;rp tPjk;> mkpNdh
mkpyq;fspd; msT Nghd;w xt;nthU gz;Gk; gy [Pd;fshy; fl;Lg;gLj;Jfpd;wd.
c) Nkw;$wpa [Pd;fis efyhf;fk; nra;jy; kpfTk; fbdkhdJ. ,JNt DNA
kWNrh;f;if njhopy; El;gj;jpd; rhjfkw;w mk;rkhFk;.
2. caphpa rPuikg;ghf;fk; / caphpfshy; rPuikf;fgLjy; vd;why; vd;d?
Rw;Wr; #o;epiyapy; cs;s er;Rg;nghUl;fis rpijg;gjpYk;> khRgLjiy
jLg;gjpYk; capUs;s Ez;Zaphpfis gad;gLj;jpdhy; mjid caphpa
rPuikg;ghf;fk; vd;W ngah;. v.fh: vz;iziar; rpijf;Fk; #NlhNkhdh]; G+blh
3. ,e;jpahtpy; jpR tsh;g;G njhopy;El;gj;jpy; njhlh;Gila Kf;fpa ikaq;fs; ahit?

a) ,e;jpa Ntshz;ik Muha;r;rp epiyak; (IARI) – GJnly;yp
; p epiyak; (BARC) – Kk;ig
b) ghgh mZ Muha;rr
c) M.S. Rthkpehjd; Muha;rr
; pikak; - nrd;id
d) kUj;Jt kw;Wk; thridj; jhtuq;fSf;fhd ika Muha;rr
; p epiyak; -
yf;Ndh (UP)
4. czh;jil RNA vd;why; vd;d?
jf;fhsp fhahdJ fdpahf gOg;gjw;F fhuzkhd nehjpfspd; nray;ghl;il
fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; RNA %yf;$W czh;jil RNA vdg;gLk;.
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5. kWNrh;f;if DNA tpd; gad;fs; ahit / [Pd; khw;wj;jhy; cUthfpa nghUl;fs;

ahit?
a. nudpd; jLg;ghd;fs; - ,uj;j mOj;jj;ij Fiwf;f

b. ,d;Rypd; - ePupopT Neha;f;F rpfpr;ir mspf;f
c.,d;lh;nguhd; - itu]; vjph;g;Gjpwid nry;fSf;F Cl;Ljy;
d. ,d;lh;YA+f;fpd; - ,uj;j nts;is mZf;fs; ngUf;fj;ij
J}z;Ljy;
c. kdpj tsh;rr
; p `hh;Nkhd; - i`g;Nghgpl;A+l;lhprk; fhuzkhf tsh;rr
; p
Fd;wpa Foe;jfSf;F tsh;rr
; pia Cf;Ftpf;fpwJ.
 ghlE}y; %d;W kjpg;ngz; tpdhtpilfis KOikahf gbj;Jf; nfhs;sTk;.

Ie;J kjpg;ngz; tpdh tpilfs;.
1. jhtuq;fspy; may; [Pd;fs; GFj;Jk; Kiwfis tpsf;Ff.

 nry;fspDs; may ;DNA-it Eiog;gjw;F kpd;Jisahf;fk;> Neubahf Jfisr;
nrYj;Jjy; topKiwfs; cs;sd.
a. kpd;Jisahf;fk;:
1. nry; rt;tpy; kpd; Gyj;ij Vw;gLj;jp jw;fhypfkhf Jisfisj; Njhw;Wtpf;Fk;
KiwahFk;.
2. DNA,RNA, Md;bghbfs; Kjypait irl;Nlhgpshrj;jpw;F nry;y nry;rt;Tj;
Jisfs; mDkjpf;fpd;wd.
3. may;[i
P dg; GFj;jp Ez;Zapupfs;> jhtuq;fs; kw;Wk; tpyq;Ffis cUthf;fTk;>
[Pd; rpfpr;ir KiwapYk; gad;gLfpwJ.
b. Neubahfj; Jfisr; nrYj;Jk; Kiw:
1. [Pd; Jg;ghf;fp %yk; kpf Ez;zpa Jfspd; kPJ DNA it itj;J Fwpg;gpl;l
jpRtpy; kpFe;j tpirAld; Fz;il nrYj;JtJ Nghy Neubahf nrYj;Jyhk;.
2. ghf;Bhpaq;fs;> G+Q;irfs;> jhtuq;fspy; Gjpa [Pd;fis Eioj;jpl ,e;j topKiw
gad;gLfpwJ.
3. mhprp> kf;fhr;Nrhsk;> NfhJik> gUj;jp jhtuq;fspy; may;[d
P ;fis GFj;jpl ,e;j
topKiw gad;gLfpwJ.
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2. kuGg; nghUl;fis ,lk; khw;wp mikg;gjd; gad;fs; ahit?
1. [Pd;fis tpUk;gpathW ,lk; khw;wp mikf;f> G+r;rpf;nfhy;yp gz;GfSila
jhtuq;fis cUthf;f ,aYk;.
2. gaDs;s Gujq;fs;> itl;lkpd;fs;> mkpNdh mkpyq;fis cw;gj;jp nra;a ,aYk;
3. ,uz;lhk; epiy tsHr;rpijkhw;wg; nghUl;fis mjpf mstpy; cw;gj;jp nra;a
,aYk;.
4. czHjil RNA MdJ jf;fhsp fhahdJ fdpahfg; gOg;gjw;Ff; fhuzkhd
nehjpfis fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; RNA %yf;$W MFk;.
5. mjpf kyHfs;> ,iyfspd; epwk;> thrid kw;Wk; mofpa tbt jhtuq;fs;
Mfpatw;iw may; [Pidg; GFj;Jtjd; %yk; cUthf;f ,aYk;.
3. jhtuj;jpR tsHg;gpd; Nfhl;ghLfis RUf;fkhf Fwpg;gpLf.

mbg;gilf; fUj;J
1. KOj;jpwd; ngw;Ws;sik 2. NtWghliljy;
3. NtWghL jpupjy; 4. kW NtWghL miljy;
KOj;jpwd; ngw;Ws;sik:
 capUs;s ve;j xU jhtu nry;Yk; KOj;jhtukhf tsHr;rp ngWtjw;fhf
,aw;;ifahf mike;j jpwNd MFk;.
 ,J jhtu nry;Yf;F kl;Lk; chpa gz;ghFk;.
NtWghliljy;
 Mf;Fj;jpRthdJ jdpj;jpRthfNth (m) $l;Lj; jpRf;fshfNth NtWghL
miltjhFk;.
NtWghL jpupjy;
 KjpHe;j jpRf;fs; kPz;Lk; Mf;Fj;jpthf khwp fhy]; jpRthf tsHr;rp
miltJ NtWghL jpupjy; MFk;.
kW NtWghL miljy;
 NtWghL milahj fhy];jpR jz;L kw;Wk; NtH jpRthf tsHr;rp
miltjhFk;
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4. DNA vt;thW Jz;bf;fg;gLfpwJ?

 ghf;Bhpaq;fspy; ,Ue;J ngwg;gl;l nu];bhpf;rd; vz;NlhepA+f;spNa];fspd;
Jiznfhz;L DNA Jz;bf;fg; gLfpwJ. v.fh: v.Nfhyp ghf;Bhpaj;jpypUe;J ngwg;gl;l
ECORI nehjp.
 nu];bhpf;rd; nehjpahdJ DNA – tpy; mjw;F njhpe;j epA+f;spNahill;
thpiria milahsk; fz;lTld; DNA it me;j ,lj;jpy; ntl;btpLk;. ,jdhy;
,uz;L DNA it ,iofspYk; xl;Lk; Kidfs; cUthFk;.
 xl;Lk;KidfSf;F njhlh;Gila epA+f;spNahilL thpirfis milahsk;
fz;lTld; iyNf]; vd;w nehjp mjid xl;btpLk;.
(glk;. 4.3 gf;fk;. 88 tiuaTk;.)
5. jhtuq;fspd; [Pd; ,lk;ngah;tpy; mf;Nuhghf;Bhpaj;jpd; gq;F ahJ?

jhtuq;fspy; may;[Pd;fs; vt;thW GFj;jg;gLfpd;wd?
a. mf;Nuhghf;Bhpak; bA+kpNgrpad;]; xU kz; tho; ghf;Bhpak; MFk;.

b. ,jd; irl;Nlhgpshrj;jpy; cs;s Ti gpsh];kpL gUj;jp> fj;jhp> jf;fhsp kw;Wk;
#hpafhe;jp jhtuj;jpd; nry;fspDs; nrd;W Gw;WNeha;fl;b (m) kFlf;foiy
Nehia cz;lhf;Fk;.
c. mf;Nuhghf;Bhpaj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; nry;fspd; cl;Gwj;Nj vspjpy; nry;Yk; ,j;jpwd;
kuGg;nghwpapaypy; tpUk;gpa [Pd;fis jhtuq;fspy; GFj;j cjTfpwJ.
d. gbfs;
1. mf;Nuhghf;Bhpaj;jpy; ,Ue;J Ti. gpsh];kpil jdpikgLj;Jjy;
2. Ti gpsh];kpby; cs;s Gw;WNeha; [Pid ePf;Fjy;.
3. Ti gpsh];kpby; cs;s Gw;WNeha; [Pid ePf;fpa gpd; mJ T-DNA tpid kl;LNk
ngw;wpUf;Fk;.
4. T-DNA cld; tpUk;gpa [Pid Nrh;j;jy; (%yf;$W xl;Ljy;)
5. may;[Pd; Nrh;j;j T-DNA tpid jhtu nry;Yld; ,izj;jy;
6. T- DNA jhtu nry; FNuhkNrhKld; ,ize;J ngUf;fkiljy;
7. Gjpa [Pd; Nrh;f;if nfhz;l jhtu nry;fs; jpR tsh;r;rp Kiwapy;
tsh;f;fg;gl;L Vuhskhd rpWjhtuq;fs; cUthf;fg;gLjy;
8. ,t;thW Njhd;wpa jhtuq;fs; may;[Pdpd; gz;gpid ntspg;gLj;Jk;. glk;. 4.2
gf;fk;.87 glk; tiuaTk;.
(5 khh;ff
; pw;F glk; Njitapy;iy.)
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6. [Pd; ,lk; khw;wpaikf;fg;gl;l Ez;Zaphpfis Rw;Wg;Gwr; #oypy; ntsptpLtjhy;

Vw;gLk; ed;ikfs; ahit?
a) Rw;WGwj;jpid ghJfhj;jy; - khRw;w Rw;W #oiy cahpfshy; rPuhf;Fjy;
v.fh: #NlhNkhdh]; G+blh
b) czTj; njhopw;Jiw – nehjpfis cw;gj;jp nra;jy; (vd;irkpd;)
c) nehjpj;jiy jpwk;gl epfo;j;Jk; Ez;Zaphpfis cUthf;Fjy;
v.fh Nyf;NlhNgrpy;y];> <];l;.
d) ghy; njhopy; Jiw – Nkk;gLj;jg;gl;l Ez;Zaphpfis cUthf;Fjy;
v.fh. Nyf;NlhNgrpy;y];
e) Nehapid cz;lhf;Fk; jpwd; ePf;fg;gl;l capUs;s Ez;Zaphpfis
jLg;G+rpfshf gad;gLj;Jjy; v.fh : BCG jLg;G+rp
f) jPq;Faph; nfhy;yp jhtu cUthf;fk; v.fh : Bt gUj;jp> Bt jf;fhsp
10 kjpg;ngz; tpdh tpilfs;
1. jhtu jpR tsh;g;gpd; nray; El;gj;jpid tptup

A) tiuaiw:-
jhtu nry;fs;> jpRf;fs; kw;Wk; cWg;Gfis nraw;ifahfj; jahhpf;fg;gl;l tsh;g;G
Clfj;jpy;> fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l #oypy; Ma;tfj;jpy; tsh;g;gNj jhtuj;jpR tsh;g;G
vdg;gLk;.
B) mbg;gilf;fUj;J:-
KOj;jpwd; ngw;Ws;sik> NtWghL miljy;> NtWghL jphpjy; kw;Wk; kWNtWghL
miljy;.
C) mbg;gil nray;El;gq;fs;:
tsh;g;G fyd;fs;> tsh;g;G Clfk;> Ez;Daph; ePf;fk; nra;jy;> cl;nrYj;Jjy;>
milfhj;jy;> Nfy]; cUthf;fk;> Gwj;Njhw;wkhf;fk;> kw;Wk; tYg;ngWjy;
D) tsh;gG
; fyd;fs; :
$k;Gf;Flit> ngl;hp jfLfs;> tsh;g;Gf; Foha;fs; Nghd;wit.
E) tsh;g;G Clfk;
M.S tsh;g;G Clfk;> Nfk;gh;f; tsh;g;G Clfk;> B.S tsh;gG
; Clfk; kw;Wk; xapl;
tsh;gG
; Clfk; ,jd; PH MdJ 5.8 Mf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
F) Ez;Zaph; ePf;fk; nra;jy;:
1. Clfj;ij Ml;NlhfpNstpy; 1210C ntg;gepiyapy; 15 epkplq;fs; njhlh;e;J
itj;J ,dhf;Fyj;jpd; Nkw;gug;G Ez;Zaph;ePf;fk; nra;ag;gLk;.
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2. Nrhbak; i`g;NghFNshiuL> fhy;rpak; i`g;NghFNshiuL> nkh;f;Fhpf;

FNshiuL> Nghd;w Ntjpg; nghUl;fis gad;gLj;jp 15-20 epkplk; ,dhf;Fyj;ij
mjpy; itj;J gpd;dh; 3/5 Kiw njhlh;e;J J}aePhpy; fOtNtz;Lk;.
G) cl;nrYj;Jjy;:
1. jhtuj;jpR / jhtuj;gFjpapid tsh;g;G Clfj;jpDs; nrYj;Jjy; cl;nrYj;Jjy;
vdg;gLk;
2. ,e;epfo;T yhkpdhh; fhw;Nwhl;l miw vd;w J}a;ikahd miwapy; nra;ag;gLk;.
3. jhtug;nghUl;fis cl;nrYj;j jPr;Rthiyapy; fha;r;rp> Fsph;tpf;fg;gl;l
,Lf;fpfs;> cl;nrYj;J Crpfs; Mfpait gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.
H) milfhj;jy;
1. jpRTld; $ba tsh;g;G ClfkhdJ ,d;FNgl;lhpy; itf;fg;gLk;.
0 0
2. ntg;gepiy : 26 ±2 C
3. xspj;jPtpuk; 2000-4000 yf;];
4. xspf;fhyk; 16 kzp Neuk; xsp> 8 kzp Neuk; ,Us;
I) jpRj;jpwd; / Nfy]; cUthjiy Cf;Ftpj;jy;:
1. xOq;fw;w> NtWghL milahj jpRj;jpwd; Nfy]; vdg;gLk;.
2. jz;bd; jpRtpd; kPJ irl;Nlhifspd; nray;ghl;lhy; nry;gFg;giljYk;>
Mf;rpdpd; nray;ghl;lhy; nry; ePl;rpailjYk;> eilngw;W Nfy]; Njhd;Wk;.
J) Gwj;Njhw;wkhf;fk;:
1. Mf;rpd;> irl;Nlifdpd; nray;ghl;lhy; Nfy]; jpRthdJ NtWghL mile;J
Nth;fs; kw;Wk; jz;Lfs; Njhd;Wk;. ,jid cly; fUf;fs; Njhd;Wk;
,jpypUe;J ,se;jhtuq;fs; Njhd;Wk;.
2. tiffs;:
1. cWg;Gfshf;fk;
2. fU cUthf;fk;
cWg;Gfshf;fk; :
Nfy]pypUe;J Nth;> jz;L Kjypait Njhd;Wjy;.
1. fhNyhn[dp];
Nfy]pypUe;J jz;L Njhd;Wjy;.
iuNrhn[dprp];
Nfy]pypUe;J Nth; Njhd;Wjy;
fU cUthf;fk;:
Nfy]pypUe;J jz;L> Ntiu cila ,UJUt mikg;G Njhd;Wjy; ,jid
cly; fUf;fs; vd miog;gu;.
K) tYg;ngWjy; / fbdkhjy;:
rpW ,se;jhtuq;fs; gbg;gbahf ,aw;ifr; #o;epiyf;F nfhz;Ltug;gLjy; gpd;dh;
,it epyj;jpw;F khw;wg;gLk;. (glk; : 4.4 gf;fk; 96)
****
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2. DNA kWNrh;f;if El;gtpay; gw;wp xU fl;Liu vOJf.

 tiuaiw:
Gjpa [Pd; njhFg;Gfis cUthf;Ftjw;F Fwpgpl;l tifapy; DNA-itf;
ifahSk; topKiw (m) khw;wp mikf;fg;gl;l [Pd;fis kw;w caphpdq;fspy; Nrh;f;Fk;
topKiwNa kuGg; nghwpapay; vdg;gLk;.
 kug;nghwpapaypd; fUtpfs;:
a) nu];bhpf;rd; vz;NlhepA+f;spNa];fs;:
ghf;Bhpaq;fspy; ,Ue;J ngwg;gl;l ,it DNA tpid Fwpg;gpl;l
,yf;Ffspy; Jz;bf;Fk; jpwDila fj;jhpf;Fk; nehjp
b) DNA – iyNf]; DNA Jz;Lfis ,izf;f cjTk; nehjp
 kuGg;nghwpapaypy; <LgLk; DNAf;fs;:
a) may; / Mjhu DNA : Kf;fpakhd gaDs;s [Pd;fisg; ngw;wpUf;Fk;
DNA.
v.fh: fizaj;jpd; β (gPl;lh nry;fspy; cs;s DNA)
b) flj;jp (m) ntf;lhh; DNA:
tpUk;gpa [Pd;fis Vw;W> mjid vLj;Jr; nrd;W Xk;GaphpAld; ,izf;Fk;
DNA v.fh: gpsh];kpL
c) Xk;Gapup / Vw;gp DNA:
Mjhu DNA tpid ,izj;Jf; nfhs;tJ.
 kWNrh;f;if DNA njhopy; El;gj;jpd; kpfKf;fpa epfo;Tfs;:
a) toq;FaphpapypUe;J tpUk;gpa [Pd;fis gphpj;njLj;jy; ,J Mjhu DNA vdg;gLk;
b) flj;jp DNA cld; tpUk;gpa [Pid ,izj;jy; (%yf;$W xl;Ljy;) ,jd;
fhuzkhf rDNA Njhd;Wk;.
c) ,e;j kWNrh;f;if DNAtpid Xk;Gaphp / Vw;Gaphpapy; nrYj;Jjy;
d) kWNrh;f;if DNA tpd; vz;zw;w efy;fis cw;gj;jp nra;jy; (FNshdpq;)
e) khw;wkile;j nry;fis Ma;T nra;J gphpj;jwpjy;
Vw;Gaphpy; tpUk;gpa [Pd; ,izf;fg;gl;lTld; Vw;GaphpahdJ Gjpa [PDf;F njhlh;Gila

Gujq;fis cw;gj;jp nra;Ak;.
v.fh: ,k;Kiwapy; jhd; v.Nfhyp ghf;Bhpaj;jpy; ,d;Rypd; (`pAKypd;) cw;gj;jp
nra;ag;gLfpwJ.
glk; 4.1 gf;fk; 86 tiuaTk;.
3. SCP ia njhFj;J vOJf / tUq;fhyj;jpy; kdpjh;fSf;F Vw;gLk; Guj Fiwghl;bid
jLg;gjpy; xU nry; Gujj;jpd; gq;F vd;d?
tiuaiw
tpyq;F/kdpjh;fSf;F jPtdk; / czthf gad;gLk; Ez;Zaphpfspd; cyh;e;j
nry;fNs SCP (m) Ez;Zaph; Gujk; vdg;gLk;
a) vLj;Jf;fhl;L
1) My;fhf;fs;:- FNshnuy;yh> ];igUypdh
2) G+Q;irfs;:- rhf;fhNuhikrp];> thy;thhpay;yh
3) ghf;Bhpah:- #NlhNkdh];> my;fyp[Pd;];
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b) tsh;fyd; : nehjpfyd; / caph; ciyfyzpy; SCP – MdJ tsh;f;fg;gLfpwJ.

c) SCP jahhpg;gpy; gad;gLk; jsg;nghUl;fs;
1) kuj;J}s;> jtpL> ru;f;fiug;ghF
2) nuhl;b <];L jhahupg;gpy; rh;f;fiug;ghfpy; ,Ue;J ngwg;gLk; <];Lfs;.
3) fhgp njhopw;rhiy fopTfs.;
d) ngUk;ghd;ikahd kf;fs; SCP apid Kf;fpa czthf Vw;Wf;nfhs;s
jaq;Ftjw;fhd fhuzq;fs;.
1) mjpf cw;gj;jp nrytpdhy; tpiy mjpfk;
2) ,it kpf nkJthf nrhpkhdk; miltjhy; the;jp kw;Wk; xt;thik
tpisTfs; Vw;gLk;
3) tsh;jsj;jpy; cwpQ;rg;gLk; er;Rj;jd;ik/ Gw;WNeha; cUthf;Fk;
nghUl;fs; ,jpy; fhzg;glyhk;.
4) SCP apy; mjpf msT epA+f;spf; mkpyk; ,Ug;gjhy; rpWePuff; fw;fs;
cUthjy;> fPy;thjk; Nghd;w Neha;fs; kdpjh;fSf;F Vw;gLjy;.
e) jdp nry; Gujj;jpd; gad;fs;
1) SCP MdJ mjpf msT Gujk; (60-72%) itl;lkpd;fs;> mkpNdh
mkpyq;fs; kw;Wk; fbdehh;fs; cilait
2) kdpjh;fSf;F kpf Kf;fpa Gujk; nrwpe;J khw;Wzthfr; nray;gLk;
3) ];igUypdh khj;jpiufs; itl;lkpd;fs; nrwpe;jit
4) SCP apy; cs;s fhkh – ypNdhypdpf; mkpyk; ePupopT Nehahspfspd;
,uj;j ru;f;fiu msit Fiwf;f cjTk;.
5) fhkh – ypNdhypdpf; mkpykhdJ kdpj clypy; nfhOg;G
Njq;FtijAk; jil nra;Ak;.
4. jhtuq;fspy; GNuhl;Nlhgpshr ,iztpd; %yk; vt;thW cly; fyg;gpdkhjy; epfo;fpwJ
vd;gij tptup.
a) GNuhl;Nlhgpshrk;
nry;Rtuw;w> gpsh];khrt;tpdhy; #og;gl;l nry;ypidNa GNuhl;Nlhgpsh];l;
vd miof;fpNwhk;.
b) GNuhl;Nlhgpshr ,izT – tiuaiw
,U NtWg;gl;l ,ufq;fs; / rpw;wpdq;fspd; cly; nry;fspd; GNuhl;Nlhgpsh];Lfis
,izj;J fyg;Gapup cUthjy; GNuhl;Nlhgpshr ,izT / cly fyg;Gapupahjy; vd;W
miof;fg;gLk;.
c) fyg;Gapahf;Fjypd; Kjy;gb GNuhl;Nlhgpsh];Lfis jdpj;J gphpj;njLj;jyhFk;.
jdpj;njLf;fg;gl;l GNuhl;lgpsh];Lfs; KOjpwd; cs;sit.
d) GNuhl;Nlhgpsh];Lfs; ,ae;jpu nray;Kiw (m) nehjpfs; %yk; gphpj;njLf;fg;gLk;.
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i) ,ae;jpu Kiw/ nehjpfspd; Jizf;nfhz;L gphpj;njLf;fg;gl;l

GNuhl;Nlhgpsh];Lfis Nrjk; Vw;gLtij jtph;f;f rk mlh;T fiurypy; itf;f Ntz;Lk;.
ii) gpd;dh; ngw;Nwhh; GNuhl;Nlh gpsh];Lfs; ghypvj;jpypd; fpisf;fhy;. (PEG) vd;w
,izTf;fhuzp %yk; ,izf;fg;gLk;.
iii) gpd;du; cl;fUf;fs; ,ize;J clyf;fyg;gpdk; Njhd;Wk;.
iv) clyf;fyg;gpdr; nry;fspy; nry;Rth; cz;lhf J}z;lg;gl;L jFe;j Clfj;jpy;
tsh;f;fg;gLk;.
v) jpRtsh;g;G Kiwapy; ,r;nry;fs; tsh;f;fg;gl;L Nfy]; Njhd;Wk;
vi) ,Wjpapy; Nfy]py; ,Ue;J `hh;Nkhd;fs; J}z;Ljyhy; cly fyg;gpd
caphpfs; Njhd;Wk;.
GNuhl;Nlh gpshr ,iztpd; gad;ghLfs;
1. nghUj;jkpd;ik fhuzkhf fyg;gpdk; nra;a Kbahj jhtuq;fspy;
GNuhl;Nlhkpshr ,iztpd; %yk; KO [PNdhk;fis ,izf;fyhk;
2. xU jhtuj;jpd; jdpg;gl;l [Pdpid kw;nwhU jhtuj;jpw;F vspjpy;
khw;wyhk;
3. irl;Nlhgpshr khw;wj;ij vspjpy; nra;ayhk;
4. may;gd;kaq;fis cUthf;fyhk;
5. nry;ypd; [Pd; khw;wq;fis vspjpy; fz;fhzpf;fyhk;
glk; :4.5 gf;fk;.101
*****
5. jhtuj; jpR tsh;gg ; pd; gad;fs; ahit? (any 10 points)

1. cly; top fU cUthf;fj;jpd; %yk; nraw;if tpijfs;
cUthf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
2. Ez;guty; Kiwapid gad;gLj;jp mofpa ,iyfis cila kw;Wk;
mofhd ftu;rpA+l;Lk; jhtuq;fis cUthf;fyhk;
3. fhy]pypUe;jJ nkhl;L kw;Wk; jz;L njhFg;ig cUthf;fp mjpf
vz;zpf;ifapy; moFj; jhtuq;fis cUthf;fyhk;.
4. thioapy; Edp Mf;Fj;jpR tsh;g;G %yk; itu];fs; ghjpg;G mw;w tsh;
nkhl;LfisAk;> jhtuj;jpidAk; cUthf;fyhk;.
5. ,uz;lhk; epiy tsu;rpij khw;wg; nghUl;fis mjpf mstpy; cw;gj;jp
nra;ayhk;.
6. kfue;jk;> kfue;jig tsu;g;gpd; %yk; xw;iwka jhtuq;fis Njhw;Wtpj;J
jpBu;khw;w gapu; ngUf;fj;jpw;F gad;gLj;jyhk;.
7. vz;Nlh];Nghh;k; tsh;g;gpd; %yk; Kk;kaj; jpRtpid cUthf;fp mjpypUe;J
fUTwhf; fdpfis cUthf;fyhk; kf#iy mjpfhpf;fyhk;.
8. fUtsh;g;G nray;Kiwapd; %yk; tpijfspy; fhzg;gLk; jd;kyl;Lj;jd;ik>
tpijAwf;fk; kw;Wk; fUrpijtpid ePf;fyhk;.
9. may; [Pid [Pd; Jg;ghf;fp %yk; Xk;Gaphp nry;ypDs; nrYj;j cjTfpwJ.
10. GNuhl;lhgpshr ,iztpd; %yk; fyg;gpdq;fs; cUthjiy jpRtsh;r;rp Kiw
Cf;Ftpf;fpwJ. ,tw;iw [Pd; khw;wk; mile;j jhtuq;fs; vd miof;fpNwhk;.
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11. jhtu nraypay;> caph; Ntjpapay; Nghd;w mwptpay; Jiwfspy; nry;Row;rp>

tsu;rpij khw;wk;> Cl;lk; kw;Wk; tsh;r;rp miljy; Nghd;wtw;wpy; nra;ag;gLk;
Ma;Tfspy; jpRtsh;rr; p Kiw gad;gLfpwJ.
12. cUis + jf;fhsp – nghnkl;Nlh ,j;njhopy; El;gj;jpy; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
****
6. may;[Pidg; ngw;w jhtuq;fs; Fwpj;J fl;Liu tiuf.
tiuaiw: NtW xU jhtuj;jpy; ,Ue;J kuGg; nghwpapay; Kiw %yk; [Pd;fs;
GFj;jg;gl;l jhtuq;fis may;[Pidg; ngw;w jhtuq;fs; vd miof;fpNwhk;.
may;[Pid Eiof;f cjTk; nray;Kiwfs;
mf;Nuhghf;Bhpak; bA+kpNgrpad;rpd; gpsh];kpL %yk; Eiof;fyhk;.
kpd; Jisahf;fk;:
nry;rt;tpy; kpd;Gyj;ij Vw;gLj;Jtjhy; Njhd;Wk; Jisfs; %yk;
Eiof;fyhk;.
[Pd; Jg;ghf;fp Kiw :

rpwpa Jg;ghf;fpapid kpFe;j thpirAld; ,af;fp [Pd; / DNA Jz;bid Fz;bidg;
Nghy; nry;ypDs; nrYj;jyhk;. ,Jtiu kuGg;nghwpapay; %yk; 50-f;Fk; mjpfkhd
may;[i
P dg; ngw;w jhtuq;fs; cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
vLj;Jfhl;Lfs;:
1. ,Utpj;jpiyj; jhtuq;fs;
epf;Nfhl;bahdh nlhghf;fk;> gPll
; h ty;fhhp];> nrhyhdk; bA+gNuhrk;
2. xUtpj;jpiyj;jhtuq;fs;
xiurh rl;ilth> mtpdh rl;iltk;> m];guhf];
kuGg;nghwpapay; %yk; khw;wpaikf;fg;gl;l ,aw;ifapy; rpijTWk; gpsh];bf;if (ghyp
i`l;uhf;rp gpA+Nul;) cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; jhtuk; - vypf;fhJ my;yp ,jo; jhtuk;.
,aw;ifapy; rpijTWk; caTg; nghUl;fs; mOf;F ePf;fpfs; kw;Wk; moF

rhjdg;nghUl;fs; jahhpf;f cjTk; jhtuk; - NrhahgPd;];
may;[Pidg; ngw;w jhtuq;fspy; fisf;nfhy;yp vjph;g;Gjd;ik :
fisf;nfhy;ypfshy; Vw;gLk; jPq;Ffs;:
jhtuq;fspy; XhpdNrh;f;if kw;Wk; mkpNdh mkpyq;fspd; cw;gj;jp ghjpg;G> rhFgb
nra;Ak; gaph;fs; kw;Wk; Rw;W #oy; ghjpg;G.
gh];lh vd;w fisf;nfhy;ypahy; Vw;gLk; ghjpg;gpypUe;J jhtuq;fis ghJfhf;Fk; Kiw
];l;nug;Nlhikrp]; i`f;Nuh];Nfhg;gp]; jhtuj;jpy; cs;s xU[Pd; Ruf;Fk;
nehjpahdJ gh];lh fisf;nfhy;ypapid nraypof;fr; nra;Ak;.
me;j [Pdpid jdpikg;gLj;jp mf;Nuh ghf;Bhpak; flj;jp %yk; ney; jhtuj;jpDs; GFj;jp
cs;sdh; ,t;thW ghf;BhpahtpypUe;J may; [Pid ngw;w jhtuk; fisf;nfhy;ypahy;
ghjpf;fg;glhJ.
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may; [Pidg; ngw;w jhtuq;fspy; G+r;rpf;nfhy;yp vjph;g;Gj;jd;ik

1. Ngrpy;y]; JhpQ;rpad;rp]; ghf;Bhpak; caph;G+r;rpf; nfhy;ypahf nray;gLk;.
,e;jghf;Bhpaj;jpy; cs;s Bt2 [Pd; MdJ nly;lh vz;Nlhlhf;rpd; vd;w
er;Rg;Gujj;ij Ruf;Fk;.
2. ,e;jg;Gujk; G+r;rpfisf; nfhy;Yk; jpwDilaJ
3. toq;fp Ngrpy;y]; JhpQ;rpad;rp];
[Pd; : Bt2
Xk;Gaphp : gUj;jp / ney;
flj;jp : mf;Nuhghf;Bupak; Ti gpsh];kpL
Nkw;nfhz;l Kiwapy; Bt2 [Pidg; ngw;w gUj;jpj; jhtuk; khz;lf;lh nrf;];lh vd;w
G+r;rpapd; jhf;FjYf;F vjpuhd jpwidg;ngw;wpUf;Fk;.
 jf;fhsp fhahdJ gokhtjw;F fhuzkhf cs;s nehjp ghypNfyf;l;NuhNd]; MFk;.
 czh;jil RNA f;fs; jw;nghOJ jf;fhspapy; nrYj;jg;gl;L gOg;gJ
jhkjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
 vz;nzia rpijf;Fk; jpwDila kuGg;nghUs; khw;wpaikf;fg;gl;l ghf;Bhpak;
#NlhNkhdh]; G+blh (mrfhag; G+r;rp)
ghlk; - 5 jhtu nraypay;
(%d;W kjpg;ngz; tpdh tpilfs;)
1. xspr;Nrh;fi
; f vd;gJ ahJ?
jhtuq;fs;; #hpa xspapd; cjtpAld; fhh;gd;-il-Mf;i]L (CO2) kw;Wk; ePhpypUe;J

fhpkf; $l;Lf; Nrh;kq;fis gRq;fzpfj;jpy; jahhpf;fpd;w epfo;rr
; p xspr;Nrh;f;if vdg;gLk;.
2. xspr;Nrh;fi
; f epwkpfs; ahit?
1. xspr;Nrh;f;ifapy; <LgLk; epwkpfs; xspr;Nrh;f;if epwkpfs; vdg;gLk;.
2. mit gr;irak;a, gr;irak;b, fNuhl;bdha;Lfs; rhe;Njh/gpy;fs; kw;Wk;

igf;Nfhgpypd;fs; vd;gjhFk;.
3. Jizepwkpfs; vd;why; vd;d?
1. gr;irak;a my;yhj gpw xspr;Nrh;f;if epwkpfs; Jizepwkpfs; vdg;gLk;.
2. (v.fh) gr;irak;b, fNuhl;bdha;L kw;Wk; rhe;Njh/gpy;.
4. xspj;njhFg;G – I (PS-I) xspj;njhFg;G – II (PS – II) tiuaW.
xspj;njhFg;G – I (PS-I) Xspj;njhFg;G – II (PS-II)
1. Jiz epwkpfs; Fiwthd 1. Jizepwkpfs; mjpf mstpYk;

mstpYk;> Kjd;ik epwkp Kjd;ik epwkp gr;irak;a,
gr;irak;a, mjpfkhfTk; fhzg;gLk;. FiwthfTk; fhzg;gLk;.
2. Row;rp kw;Wk; Row;rpapyh 2. Row;rpapyh xsptpidapy; kl;Lk;
xsptpidfspy; gq;Nfw;fpwJ. gq;Nfw;fpwJ.
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5. xspr;Nrh;fi
; fapd; xl;Lnkhj;j rkd;ghl;il jUtp.
R+hpa xspMw;wy;
CO2 + 2 H2O (CH2O)n + H2O + O2
4. xsp tpidfs;> ,Us; tpidfs; vd;why; vd;d?
Xsp tpidfs; ,Us; tpidfs;
epwkpfs;> #hpa xspahw;wy; kw;Wk; ePh; Xsp kWtpidapy; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;l

Mfpatw;iw <LgLj;jp ATP, NADPH2 ATP> kw;Wk; NADPH2 Mfpatw;iw
Mfpatw;iw cUthf;Fk; tpidfs; gad;gLj;jp CO2 – fhh;Nghi`l;Nul;lhf
midj;JNk xsptpid vdg;gLk;. xLf;Fk; kWtpidfsidj;Jk; ,Us; tpid
vdg;gLk;.
5. xsp gh];ghpguzk; vd;gJ ahJ ?
gRq;fzpfj;jy; xspahw;wypd; cjtpahy; ADP apypUe;J ATP cUthf;fg;gLk;

epfo;rr
; pahFk;.
6. ePh; xspgpsj;jy; vd;why; vd;d?
PS- II-tpd; Mf;]p[Ndw;w epiyahdJ> ePiu xspapd; cjtpahy; GNuhl;lhd;fs;.

vyf;l;uhd;fs; kw;Wk; Mf;]p[dhf gpsf;Fk; epfo;rr
; pahFk;.
7. Roy; xsp gh];ghpfuzk; ve;j %d;W #o;epiyfspy; eilngWk;…

1. PSI – kl;Lk; nray;gLk;NghJ
2. ePh; xspg;gpsg;G epfohj NghJ
3. mjpf msT ATP NjitgLk;NghJ…
8. ,U tbtg; gRq;fzpfq;fs; vd;why; vd;d?
1. C4- jhtuq;fspy; ,Utpjkhd gRq;fzpfq;fs; fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,iyapilj; jpR

nry;fspy; fhzg;gLk; gRq;fzpfq;fs; fpuhdhf;fisf; nfhz;Lk;> fw;iw ciw
nry;fspy; cs;s gRq;fzpfq;fs; fpuhdhf;fs; mw;Wk; fhzg;gLk;.
2. (v.fh) fUk;G> kf;fhr;Nrhsk;
9. xspr;Rthrk; (C2 Row;rp) tiuaW.
1. xsp ,Uf;Fk;NghJ xspr;Nrh;f;if nra;Ak; nry;fspy; my;yJ jpRf;fspy;

tof;fj;ijtpl mjpfkhf eilngWk; Rthrk; xspr;Rthrk; vdg;gLk;.
2. ,e;epfo;T gRq;fzpfk;> nguhf;]pNrhk; kw;Wk; ikl;Nlhfhz;lh; pahtpy; eilngWk;.
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10. xspr;Rthrj;jpw;Fk; ,Us; Rthrj;jpw;FkpilNaAs;s %d;W NtWghLfis vOJf.
Xspr;Rthrk; ,Us; Rthrk;

1. xspr;Nrh;f;if nry;fspy; kl;Lk; 1. midj;J capUs;s nry;fspYk;
eilngWk; ikl;Nlhfhz;lh; pahtpy; eilngWfpwJ
2. xsp ,Uf;Fk; NghJ kl;Lk; eilngWk; 2. xsp kw;Wk; xsp ,y;yhj #oypy;
eilngWk;.
3. gRq;fzpfk;> nguhf;]pNrhk;> 3. ikl;Nlhfhz;l;hpahtpy; kl;Lk;
ikl;Nlhfhz;l;hpah Mfpatw;wpy eilngWk; eilngWk;.
11. KO xl;Lz;zp jhtuj;ij vLj;Jf;fhl;Lld; tpthpf;fTk;
1. rpy jhtuq;fspy; gr;irak; KOikahf ,Ug;gjpy;iy. ,it kz;zpYk;

tsUtjpy;iy. ,t;tif jhtuq;fs; czT> ePh;> fdpk cg;Gfs; Mfpatw;Wf;fhf
Xk;Gaphpj; jhtuq;fis KOikahf rhh;e;Js;sd.
2. (v.fh) f];Fl;lh
12. gFjp xl;Lz;zp jhtuj;ij vLj;Jf;;fhl;Lld; tpthpf;fTk;.
i) rpy jhtuq;fs; xk;Gaphp jhtuj;jpypUe;J `h];Nlhhpahf;fs; %yk;

iryj;Jld; kl;Lk; njhlh;G nfhz;L ePiuAk; fdpk cg;Gf;fisAk; kl;Lk;
cwpQ;Rfpd;wd.
ii) ,it gRk; ,iyfisf; nfhz;bUg;gjhy; jq;fSf;F Njitahd
nghUl;fis jhNk jhahhpj;Jf; nfhs;S ; k;.
(v.fh) tp];fk;
13. G+r;rpia cz;Zk; jhtuq;fs; vd;why; vd;d? Xh; v.fh jUf?

i) xspr;Nrh;f;if nra;J fhh;Nghi`l;Nul;il jahhpf;Fk; rpy jhtuq;fs;
iel;u[d; gw;whf;Fiwapdhy; Gujj;ij jahhpf;f Kbtjpy;iy.
ii) iel;u[d; gw;hf;Fiwia Nghf;fpf; nfhs;s G+r;rpfis czthf
cl;nfhs;fpd;wd. kz;zpy; fhzg;gLk; iel;u[id ngWfpd;wd.
iii) ,jw;fhf ,tw;wpd; ,iyfs; gytpjkhf khWghL mile;Js;sd.
,j;jifa jhtuq;fs; G+r;rpia cz;Zk; jhtuq;;fs; vdg;gLk;.
2. (v.fh) l;u]Puh
14. Ntjpr;Nrh;f;if tiuaW.
1. rpy caphpdq;fs; fdpkg; nghUl;fis Mf;]p[Ndw;wk; nra;J fpilf;fpd;w

Mw;wiyf;nfhz;L fhh;Nghi`l;Nul;il jahhpf;Fk;. ,r;nraNy Ntjpr;Nrh;f;if
vdg;gLk;.
2. (v.fh) iel;uNrhNkhdh];
15. Rthrpj;jy; - tiuaW
gytifahd fhpk %yf;$Wfis Mf;]p[Ndw;wk; nra;J Mw;wy; ntspg;gLk;

epfo;rr
; p Rthrpj;jy; vdg;gLk;.
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16. Rthrpj;jYf;fhd rkd;ghL vOJf.
C6H12 O6+602 6C02 + 6H2O + Mw;wy;(2900 KJ)
17. ATP %yf;$W> nry;ypd; Mw;wy; ehzak; vd Vd; $wg;gLfpwJ?
1. caph; Ntjp tpidfspd; NghJ ntspaplg;gLk; Mw;wyhdJ ATP (mbNdhird;

biu gh];Ngl;) vd;w gad;gL Mw;wy; tbtpy; ntspahfpwJ.
2. Mw;wy; ntspahFk; kw;Wk; Mw;wy; Njitg;gLk; kWtpidfSf;fpilNa ATP

%yf;$Wfs; RNar;ir Mw;wiy ghpkhw;wk; nra;gitahf nray;gLfpd;wd.
18. fpisf;fh]prp]; tiuaW
6 fhh;gd; Nrh;kkhd FSf;Nfh];> 3 fhh;gd;fisf; nfhz;l ,uz;L %yf;$W

igUtpf; mkpykhf khw;wkilAk; epfo;rr ; p MFk;.
19. fpisf;fhyprp]; epfo;rr

; papd; rkd;ghl;il jUtp.
C6H12O6+2ADP+2Pi+2NAD + 2C 3H4O3+2ATP+2NADH2
2ATP - 2ADP
20. fpug;]; Row;rp tiuaW.
igUtpf; mkpykhdJ fhh;gd;-il-Mf;i]lhfTk;> ePuhfTk; khWk; NghJ thpirahf

eilngWk; epfo;rpfNs fpug;]; Row;rp vdg;gLk;.
21. vyf;l;uhd; flj;J rq;fpyp vd;gJ ahJ?
NADH2 kw;Wk; FADH2 Mfpatw;wpypUe;J vyf;l;uhd;fs; thpirahf mike;Js;s

g;NsNthGujk;> irl;NlhFNuhk; Kjypatw;wpd; topahf Mf;]p[Df;F vLj;Jr; nry;Yk;
epfo;rr
; p MFk;.
22. Mf;]p[Ndw;w gh];ghpfuzk; vd;gJ ahJ?
Rthrj;jpy; vyf;l;uhd; flj;jg;gLk;NghJ ADP apypUe;J ATP cUthFk; epfo;T.

,e;j tifapy; ATP cUthjNy Mf;]p[Ndw;w gh];ghpfuzk; MFk;.
NADH2, FADH2 Mf;]p[Ndw;wk; miltjhy; ngWk; Mw;wiyf; nfhz;L ATP
cUthjy;.
23. fhw;wpy;yh Rthrk; vd;why; vd;d?

1. rpy Ez;Zaph;fs; Mf;]p[d; ,y;yhkNy caph; tho ,aYk;
2. ,t;thW Mf;]p[d; %yf;$Wfs; ,d;wpNa eilngWk; Rthrpj;jy; epfo;rr ; p
fhw;wpy;yh Rthrk; vdg;gLk;. v.fh. <];l;
24. Rthr <T tiuaW.
Rthrpj;jypd; NghJ ntspaplg;gLk; fhh;gd;il Mf;i]Lf;Fk; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;
Mf;]p[Df;Fk; ,ilNa cs;s tPjk; Rthr <T vdg;gLk;.
ntspaplg;gLk; CO2 msT
Rthr <T =
gad;gLj;jg;gLk; O2 msT
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25. rkepiyg;Gs;sp tiuaW.
CO2 – tpd; ve;j nrwpT epiyapy; xspr;Nrh;f;ifahdJ Rthrpj;jYf;F rkkhf

,Uf;fpwNjh mJNt rkepiyg;Gs;sp vdg;gLk;.
26. nehjpj;jiy tiuaiw nra;f.
1. FSf;Nfh]; %yf;$W fhw;wpy;yh #oypy; rpijTw;W CO2 MfTk; > vj;jpy;
My;f`hy; MfTk; khWfpwJ. (v.fh) <];l;
27. Nghy;bq; tiuaW.
[pg;uypf; mkpyj;ijg; gad;gLj;Jk; NghJ> fZtpilg;gFjpfs; mjpf tsh;r;rpia

milfpd;wd. ,e;j tifapy; jz;L jpBnud ePs;tJk; mijj; njhlu;e;J kyh;jy;
epfo;tJk; “Nghy;bq;” vdg;gLk;.
28. hpr; khz;l; yhq;f; tpisT tiuaW.
jhtuq;fs; KJikailtij irl;Nlhifdpd; jhkjg;gLj;JtNj hpr; khz;l; yhq;f;

tpisT vdg;gLk;.
29. nray;jpwd; fhyk; tiuaW.
rhpahd Fwpg;gpl;l xsp> ,Ul;fhyq;fs; G+j;jYf;Fj; Njitahd fhyk;. ,JNt

nray;jpwd; fhyk;.
30. ePs;gfy; jhtuk; cjhuzj;Jld; $W?
1. nray;jpwd; fhy msittpl ePz;l xspf;fhyk; kyh;jYf;F Njitg;gLk;.
(v.fh) NfhJik kw;Wk; Xl;];
31. FWk;gfy; jhtuk; cjhuzj;Jld; $W.
1. nray;jpwd; fhy msittpl Fiwe;j xspf;fhyk; kyh;jYf;F Njitg;gLk;.
(v.fh) Gifapiy kw;Wk; fpiurhe;jpkk;.
32. Fsph;gjdk; tiuaW.
jhtuq;fs; gytw;wpy; Fwpg;ghf <uhz;L kw;Wk; gy;yhz;Lj; jhtuq;fspy;

kyh;jyhdJ kpff;Fiwthd ntg;gepiyapy; 10C ypUe;J 100 C J}z;lg;gLfpwJ ,JNt
Fsph;gjdk; vdg;gLk;.
33. Fsph;gjdj;jpd; gad;fis vOJf.

1. rhFgb fhyj;ij Fiwf;fyhk;.
2. nghJthf tsuhj ,lq;fspYk; jhtuq;fis tsh;f;fyhk;.
3. jhtu gaph;ngUf;fj;ij ,J tpiuTgLj;JfpwJ.
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34. Fsph;gjd ePf;fk; vd;why; vd;d?
1. Fsph;gjdj;jhy; Vw;gLk; tpisTfis ePf;fp> gioa epiyf;Ff; nfhz;LtUk;

epfo;rr
; p.
2. Fsph;gjdj;jpw;F cl;gLj;jpaitfis cldbahf cah; ntg;gepiyf;F

cl;gLj;Jk; NghJ Fsph;gjd tpisTfs; ePq;fptpLk;.
35. xspr;Nrh;f;ifapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; %d;wpid vOJf.
1. ek; czTf;Fk; vhpnghUSf;Fk; xspr;Nrh;ifNa Mjhuk; MFk;.
2. capUs;s kw;Wk; capuw;w cyfj;ij rhh;e;j nray;fis ,af;FfpwJ.
3. gy Mz;LfSf;F Kd;dhy; tho;e;J kbe;j jhtuq;fspypUe;J epyf;fhp>

ngl;Nuhy; Nghd;w gbk vhpnghUs; tbtpy; Mw;wiy xspr;Nrh;f;if toq;FfpwJ.
36. xspr;Rthrk; eilngWk; Ez;ZWg;Gfs; ahit?
1. gRq;fzpfk;
2. nguhf;]pNrhk;fs;
3. ikl;Nlhfhz;lh; pahf;fs;
37. `h];Nlhpahf;fs; tiuaW.
1. xl;Lz;zpj; jhtuq;fs; rpy rpwg;ghd Ntw;wpl Nth;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sd.
2. me;j Nth;fs; Xk;Gaphpj; jhtuj;ij Jisj;J iryj;jpypUe;J ePiuAk; fzpk

cg;GfisAk; GNshaj;jpypUe;J – czTg; nghUl;fisAk; cwpQ;Rgit
`h];Nlhhpahf;fs; vdg;gLk;.
38. ATP apd; mikg;ig glk; tiuf .

gf;fk; - 127
glk; - 5.12
39. fpisf;fhyprp]; epfo;tpy; My;NlhNy]pd; nray;ghL ahJ?
My;NlhNy];
g;uf;Nlh]; 1>6 – gp];gh];Ngl; DHAP +G-3-P
40. <NdhNy\d; vd;why; vd;d?

fpisf;fhyprp]; gbepiyapd; NghJ jsg;nghUspypUe;J ePh; %yf;$W ePf;fg;gLjy;
<NdhNy\d; vdg;gLk;.
41. fpug;]; Row;rpapy; mNfhdpNl]pd; nray;ghL ahJ?
1. mNfhdpNl]; nehjpapd; nray;ghl;bdhy; rpl;hpf; mkpyk; ePh; ePf;fkile;J
rp];mNfhdpbf; mkpykhf khw;wkilfpwJ.
2. NkYk; ,e;j nehjp rp];-mNfhdpbf; mkpyj;ij ePh;%yf;$Wld; Nrh;e;J INrh –
rpl;hpf; mkpykhf khw;WfpwJ.
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42. ngd;Nlh]; gh];Ngl; topj;jlj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; %d;wpid vOJf.
1. ,J fhh;Nghi`l;Nul; rpijTf;F khw;W topahFk;.
2. ,e;j topj;jlj;jpy; epA+f;spf; mkpyq;fis cw;gj;jp nra;aj; Njitahd

iuNgh]; rh;f;fiu fpilf;fpwJ.
3. mNuhNkbf; Nrh;kq;fis cw;gj;jp nra;tjw;Fj; Njitahd vhpj;Nuh]; gh];Ngl;

,jpy; fpilf;fpwJ.
43. fhw;wpyh Rthrj;jpd; Rthr <T KbtpyhjJ Vd;?
1. fhw;wpyh Rthrj;jpy; CO2 ntsptplg;gLfpwJ Mdhy; O2 gad;gLj;jg;gLtJ

,y;iy. vdNt fhw;wpyh Rthrj;jpd; Rthr <T KbtpyhjJ MFk;.
FSf;Nfh]pd; fhw;wpy;yh = 2 %yf;$W CO2
= α (Kbtw;wJ)
#oypy; Rthr <T Rop %yf;$W O2
44. tsh;r;rp mlf;fpfs; vd;why; vd;d? v.fh jUf.
1. jhtuj;jpy; cz;lhFk; rpy fhpk Nrh;kq;fs;> me;j jhtuj;jpd; tsh;r;rpiaj;

jilnra;fpd;wd. ,it tsh;rr
; p mlf;fpfs; vdg;gLk;.
(v.fh>) vj;jpypd;> mg;rprpf; mkpyk;
45. mg;rprpf; mkpyj;jpd; VNjDk; %d;W tho;tpay; tpisTfis jUf.
1. ABA xU tPhpakhd tsh;rr

; p mlf;fpg;nghUshFk;.
2. jhtug; ghfq;fs; cjph;tij J}z;LfpwJ.
3. mg;rprpf; mkpyk; ,iyj;Jisia %lr;nra;fpwJ.
46. tsh;r;rp xOq;Fg;gLj;jp tiuaiw nra;f.
1. `hh;Nkhd; Nghd;w nraw;ifahd fhpk Nrh;kq;fshFk;.
2. jhtu tsh;r;rpia Cf;Ftpj;Njh (m) epWj;jpNah khw;wp mikf;fpwJ.
3. (v.fh) NAA (ehg;jyPd; mrpbf; mkpyk;)
47. gf;fhNd (m) ney;ypy; Nfhkhspj;jd Neha; tiuaW?
1. [pg;uypd; nray;ghl;bdhy; ney; jhtuj;jpd; fZtpilg; gFjpfs; ,ay;Gf;F

khwhf ePz;bUg;gJ.
2. ,e;j fZtpilg; gFjp ePl;rp gf;fhNd Neha; MFk;
3. ,e;j ePl;rpahdJ [pg;uy;yh /gpA[pFuha; vd;w G+Q;irapdhy; Vw;gLfpwJ.
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ghlk; 5 :
jhtu nraypay;>
fPo;tUk; tpdhf;fis ed;F gbj;Jf; nfhs;sTk;.
(10 kw;Wk; 5 kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;)
1. Xsptpid
2. ,Us; tpid (C3 Row;rp)
3. N`l;r; - ];yhf; topj;jlk; (C4 Row;rp)
4. Xspr;Rthrk;
5. fpisf;Nfhiyrp];
6. fpnug; Row;rp
7. ngd;Nlh]; - gh];Ngl; topj;jlk;
8. `hh;Nkhd;fs;
9. Xspr;Nrh;fi
; fapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
10. Row;rp xspgh];gupfuzk; Row;rpapyh xspgh];ghhpfuzk; NtWghLfs;
11. C3 kw;Wk; C4 xspr;Nrh;f;if topj;jlq;fSf;F ,ilNa cs;s NtWghLfs;.
12. MQ;rpNah];ngh;k;fspd; gy;NtW Cl;lKiwfs; :
13. G+r;rp cz;Zk; jhtuk;>
14. Rthr <T 16. midj;J nraypay; Nrhjidfs;
15. igl;NlhFNuhk; kyh;jy;
16. Fsph;gg
; jdk;
17. xspf;fhyj;Jtk;.
ghlk; -6 kdpj ey Nkk;ghl;by; caphpay;

fPo;tUk; tpdhf;fis ed;F gbj;Jf; nfhs;sTk;.
(Ie;J kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;.
1. jhtug;gaph; ngUf;fj;jpd; Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;
2. caphp cuq;fspd; ed;ikfs;
3. caphp kUe;Jfs;
4. kUj;Jtj;jpy; Ez;Zaphpfs;
5. nghUshjhu Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j jhtuq;fs; (ney;> epyf;fliy> gUj;jp
kw;Wk; Njf;F>)
*****Best Wishes********
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caphp - tpyq;fpay;
Neha;j; jilfhg;gpay;
%d;W kjpg;ngz; Gj;jf tpdhf;fs;
1. Neha;j; jilfhg;gpay; vd;why; vd;d?
 Neha;ff; pUkpfs; kw;Wk; njhw;WNeha; Mfpatw;wpypUe;J cliyg; ghJfhf;Fk;
mikg;G Neha;j;jilfhg;G mikg;G vd;Wk;
 ,t;tikg;igr; rhh;e;j mwptpaYf;F Neha;j;jilfhg;gpay; vd;W ngah;.
2. Nehiag; gug;Gk; ehd;F tifahd fhuzpfs; ahit?
 ghf;Bhpaq;fs;
 itu];fs;
 G+Q;irfs;
 xl;Lz;zpfs;
3. ,aw;ifj; jLg;ghw;wiy – tiuaW.
 Neha;fspypUe;J ghJfhg;G ngWtjw;fhf ,aw;ifahfNt caphpapy;
mike;jpUf;Fk; jilfhg;G Kiwfs; MFk;.
 ngUk;ghYk; tpyq;F Neha;j;jLg;gpd; Muk;g epfo;Tfs; ,ay;G Neha;j;jilfhg;G
Kiwiar; rhh;e;jJ.
4. iyNrhirk; vd;why; vd;d?
 fz;zPh; kw;Wk; ckpo;ePhpy; cs;s vd;irk; iyNrhirk; MFk;.
 ,J ghf;Bhpaq;fspy; nry;Rtiur; nrhpf;ff;$baJ. ,jdhy; ghf;Bhpahf;fs;
%yk; Neha; Vw;gLtJ jLf;fg;gLfpwJ.
5. nry; tpOq;Fjy; vd;why; vd;d?
,uj;jj;jpy; cs;s Nkf;NuhNg[;fs; kw;Wk; epA+l;Nuh/gpy;fs;> ghf;Bhpah kw;Wk;

itu]; kw;Wk; rpijtile;j nry;fis tpOq;Ffpd;wd. ,jw;F nry;tpOq;Fjy; vd;W
ngah;.
6. Kad;W ngw;w jLg;ghw;wy; vd;why; vd;d?

 ,ay;G Neha;j;jilfhg;G eltbf;iffs; Njhy;tpAWk; NghJ Fwpg;gpLk;
jd;ikAila jilfhg;Gr;nray;fs; KLf;fptplg;gLfpd;wd> ,jw;F Kad;W
ngw;w jLg;ghw;wy; vd;W ngah;.
7. nry;top kw;Wk; jputtop Neha;j;jLg;ghw;wiy NtWgLj;Jf.
jputtop Neha;j; jLg;ghw;wy;
t.vz;. nry;top Neha;j; jLg;ghw;wy;
,J T ypk;Nghirl;Lfshy;
1. ,J B-ypk;Nghirl;Lfshy; cz;lhfpwJ.
cz;lhfpwJ.
,it Neha; jhf;fg;gl;l nry;fis ,it ,k;ANdhFNshGypd;fis
2. ,dk; fz;L mopf;fpwJ. cw;gj;jp nra;J mjd; %yk;
(v.fh.Gw;WNeha; nry;fs;) Neha;fpUkpfis mopf;fpwJ.
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8. nray;kpF jLg;ghw;wy; ke;jkhf ngwg;gl;l

; jLg;ghw;wy; NtWgLj;Jf.
t.vz; nray;kpF jLg;ghw;wy; ke;jkhd jLg;ghw;wy;

Neha;fpUkpfs; %ykhfNth> jLg;G Mz;bghbfs; Nghd;w jilfhg;G
kUe;Jfs; nrYj;Jtjd; nghUl;fis jilfhg;G jpwDila
1. fhuzkhfNth cUthFk; kdpjhpypUe;J jilfhg;Gj; jpwdw;w
jilfhg;G nray;kpF jilfhg;G xU kdpjUf;Fr; nrYj;Jtjhy;
MFk; ngwg;gLtJ.
,J FWfpa fhy Neha;
2. ,J ePz;lfhy Neha;vjph;g;G jpwd;.
vjph;g;Gj;jpwd;.
9. ,k;ANdhFNshGypd; vd;why; vd;d ?

i) xU Fwpg;gpl;l vjph;g;G %yf;$W.
ii) B-ypk;Nghirl;Lfshy; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLfpwJ.
iii) Mz;bghb top Neha;j;jilfhg;gpy; gq;F nfhs;fpwJ.
10. vjph;g;Gg; nghUs;fspd; %d;W Kf;fpa gzpfs; ahit ?
1. ghf;Bhpaq;fs;> itu];fs; Nghd;w Jfs; nghUl;fisj; jphptilar;nra;fpd;wd.
2. /NgNfhirl; nry;fshy; ,dq;fhz;gjw;Fk;> nry;tpOq;Fjy; eilngWtij
vspjhf;Fk; tifapYk; Mz;bghbfs; ghf;Bhpaq;fspd; ntspg;Gwj;jpy; G+r;rhf
mikfpd;wd. ,jw;F Xg;NrhdPfuzk; vd;W ngah;.
3. ghf;Bhpaq;fshy; ntspNaw;wg;gLk; er;Rg;nghUl;fisr; nraypof;fr; nra;fpd;wd.
11. kz;zPuypd; gzpfs; ahit ?
(i) tajhd epiyapYs;s ,uj;j nrt;tZf;fs; mopf;fg;gLk; ,lkhf cs;sJ.
(ii) nrt;tZ cw;gj;jpf;F khw;W ikakhfTk;> Njf;fpitf;Fk; cWg;ghfTk;
nray;gLfpwJ.
(iii) ,uj;jk; topNa tUk; Mz;b[Df;nfjpuhf jilfhg;ig KLf;fptpLfpwJ.
12. ,k;ANdh[d; vd;why; vd;d ?
,k;ANdh[d; vd;gJ kdpjdpd; jilfhg;G eltbf;ifiaj; J}z;Lk; %yf;$whFk;.
13. Mz;bn[d; vd;why; vd;d ?

i) may;nghUs;fs; Mz;bn[d;fs; vdg;gLfpd;wd.
ii) Mz;bghbAld; tpidGhpAk; %yf;$whFk;.
14. N`g;ld;fs; vd;why; vd;d ?
i) Rakhf jilfhg;G epfo;Tfisj; J}z;lh tiuaWf;fg;gl;l Ntjpa %yf;$Wfs;
MFk;. v.fh il-iel;NuhgPdhy; DNP.
ii) Vw;fdNt cz;lhf;fg;gl;l Mz;bghbfSk; kl;LNk tpidGhpAk;.
15. ghuhNlhg;> vg;gpNlhg; - NtWgLj;Jf.
ghuhNlhg; vg;gpNlhg;
,J Mz;bn[Dld; ghuhNlhg;Gld; Fwpg;ghf
,izAk; Mz;bghb gFjp ,izAk; Mz;bn[d; gFjp
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16. ,k;ANdhFNshGypdpd; Ie;J tiffs; ahit ?

1. Ig G (fhkh)
2. Ig A (My;/gh)
3. Ig M (kpA+)
4. Ig D (nly;l;lh)
5. Ig E (vg;rpyhd;)
17. ,k;ANdhFNshGypd; (Ig G) %yf;$wpy; cs;s epiyahd gFjp kw;Wk; khWgLk;
gFjpia NtWgLj;Jf.
khWgLk; gFjp (Fab gFjp) epiyahd gFjp (Fc gFjp)
1. mkpNdh Kidapy; cs;sJ. COOH – Kidapy; cs;sJ.

2. ,g;gFjpapy; mkpNdh mkpy thpir ,g;gFjpapy; mkpNdh mkpy thpir
mikg;gpy; mjpfg;gbahd khWjy;fs; khwhky; epiyahdj; jd;ikAld;
fhzg;gLk;. fhzg;gLk;.
3. Fab Mz;bn[d; ,izAk; gFjp Fc - epiyahd gFjp
18. Ml;Nlhfpuh/gl; kw;Wk; my;Nyhfpuh/g;l; NtWgLj;Jf.
Ml;Nlhfpuh/g;l; my;Nyhfpuh/g;;l;
nfhilahspaplkpUe;J ngwg;gl;l jpR xNu rpw;wpdj;ijr; rhh;e;jth;fSf;fpilNa
nfhilahsp egUf;Nf nghUj;jg;gLtJ. khw;wg;gLk; fpuh/g;l;
v.fh. njhilg;gFjpypUe;J vLf;fg;gl;l v.fh. xU kdpjdpypUe;J kw;nwhUtUf;F
Njhy; jPf;fhak; Vw;gl;l Kfg;gFjpf;F khw;wg;gLk; rpWePufk;.
khw;Wjy;
19. nrNdhfpuh/g;l;> INrhfpuh/g;l; NtWgLj;Jf ?
nrNdhfpuh/g;l; INrhfpuh/g;l;
Kw;wpYk; khWgl;l kugpa ghuk;ghpak; xNu kugpa mbg;gil nfhz;l ,U
rhh;e;j caphpfSf;fpilNa khw;wg;gLk; egh;fspilNa khw;wg;gLk; cWg;G khw;W.
cWg;G khw;W
v.fh. gd;wpapypUe;J kdpjDf;F v.fh cUtnkhj;j
khw;wg;gLk; cWg;G ,ul;ilah;fSf;fpilNa eilngWk;
cWg;G khw;wk;.
20. ,k;ANdh xLf;fp kUe;Jfs; ahit ?

i) kUj;Jt rpfpr;irapd; NghJ khw;WWg;G epuhfhpg;igj; jLg;gjw;F cjTk;
kUe;Jfs; ,k;ANdh xLf;fp kUe;Jfs; MFk;.
ii) irf;Nsh];Nghhpd; kw;Wk; ];Buha;Lfs; ,k;ANdh xLf;fp kUe;Jfs; MFk;.
$Ljy; tpdhf;fs;
1. jpR tPf;fk; Vw;glf; fhuzkhd Ntjpa rpkpf;fiQg; nghUl;fs; ahit?

`p];likd;, nrNuhl;Nlhdpd;, GNuh];Nlhfpshd;bd; ,tw;iw Rug;gJ
rpijtile;j kh];l; nry;fs; MFk;.
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2. FUjpahf;fk; vd;why; vd;d?

T-ypk;Nghirl;Lfs;, B-ypk;Nghirl;Lfs; NkYk; gytif ,uj;jnry;fs; vYk;G
k[;i[apy; cw;gj;jpahFk; epfo;r;rpf;F FUjpahf;fk; vd;W ngah;.
3.Mz;b[idg; gjg;gLj;Jk; (Mz;b[d; toq;Fk; nry;fs;) nry;fs; ahit?
Nkf;Nuh/Ng[;fs;
B-ypk;Nghirl;Lfs;
nlz;biul;L nry;fs;
4. ’Xhpdr; nry; ngUf;fk;’ vd;why; vd;d?
cjtpr;nra;Ak; T-nry;fshy; Fwpg;gpL jd;ikAld; J}z;lg;gl;l B-nry;fs;
kw;Wk; nry;er;rhf;f B-ypk;/Nghirl;Lfs; vz;zpf;ifg; ngUf;fkilfpd;wd.
,e;epfo;r;rpf;F ‘Xhpdr; nry; ngUf;fk;’ vd;W ngah;.
5. Kjy;epiy epzePh; cWg;Gfs; (ika epzePh; ) cWg;Gfs; ahit?
ghY}l;bfspd; 1.ijk];
2.vYk;G k[pi[
gwitfspd; 3.Ngg;hr
P pa]; ig
6. ,uz;lhk; cWg;Gfs;(my;yJ)ntsp mikT epzePh; cWg;Gfs; ahit?
1. kz;zPuy;
2. epzePh; Kbr;Rfs;
3. Nfhiog; glyk; rhh;e;j epzePhpa jpRf;fs;.
7. ijk]py; Ruf;Fk; `hh;Nkhd; Nghd;w fhuzpfs; ahit?
ijKypd;, ijNkhrpd;, ijNkhghapl;bd;.
8. ’`hry; jpRj; njhFg;Gfs;’ vd;why; vd;d?
ijk]pd; nkLy;yhg; gFjpapy; RUs; tbtkhf mike;j vg;gpj;jPypa nry;
$l;lq;fs; cs;sd.,jw;F `hry; jpRj; njhFg;Gfs; vd;W ngah;.
9. `hl;];ghl;Lfs; vd;gJ ahJ?
,k;ANdhFNshGypd; %yf;$wpy; cs;s kpifahd khWjy; Vw;gLk; H kw;Wk;
L-rq;fpypg; gFjpfSf;F ‘`hl;];ghl;Lfs;’ vd;W ngah;.
10. mf;@l;bdpd;fs; kw;Wk; gphprpg;gpl;bd;fs; vd;why; vd;d?
Gyg;gl;l tpidfSf;F nghUe;Jk; tz;zk; cs;s Mz;bghbfs; mf;@l;bd;fs;
kw;Wk; gphprpg;gpl;bd;fs; vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.
11. ,k;A+d; rPuk; my;yJ Mz;b rPuk; vd;why; vd;d?
Neha;j;jhf;fj;jpw;Fk; jLg;G kUe;Njw;wj;jpw;Fk; gpwF ,uj;j rPuj;jpy;

Mz;bghbfspd; msT mjpfhpj;Jf; fhzg;gLk;. ,t;tif ,uj;j rPuj;jpw;F ,k;Ad; rPuk;
my;yJ Mz;brPuk; vd;W ngah;.
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12. khw;WWg;G kWg;gpd; jd;ikfshf nklhth; vd;gth; ntspapl;l tpguq;fs; ahit?

i) xU kdpjdpd; clypy; xU gFjpapypUe;J kw;nwhU gFjpf;F khw;wg;gLk;
cWg;G/jpR Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLk;.
(ii) neUq;fpa cwtpdh;fSf;fpilNa cWg;G khw;wk; nra;jhy; kWf;fg;gLk;.
iii) xU Kiw khw;WWg;G kWg;G epfo;e;jg;gpd; mNj nfhilahspaplkpUe;J
kw;nwhU cWg;ig kPz;Lk; xU Nehahsp ngWthNuahdhy;, kpf tpiuthfTk;
jPtpukhfTk; kWg;G epfOk;.
13. xt;thikiaj; J}z;Lk; fhuzpfs; (myh;[d;fs;) ahit?
i) J}R,
ii) G+Q;irfs;,
iii) kfue;jj;J}s;fs;,
iv) ngd;rpypd;.
v) gy;NtW czTg;nghUl;fs;,
14. mdh/igyhf;rp]; vd;why; vd;d?
rpy rkak; myh;[d;fs;, ghjpf;fg;gl; kdpjdpy; tpiuthdJk; jPtpukhdJkhd
tpidfisj; Njhw;Wtpg;gjd; %yk; kdpjd; ,wf;f NehpLk;. ,jw;F
mdh/igyhf;rp]; vd;W ngah;.
15. Rajilfhg;G Neha;fs; ahit?

(i) ,d;Rypd; Crp Njitg;gLfpd;w rh;f;fiu tpahjp,
(ii) ky;lb ; g;gps; ];fpspNuhrp];,
(iii) hpAkhl;lhapL Mh;j;jpiul;b];.
16. mg;Nghg;Nlhrp]; vd;why; vd;d?
ijk]py; cw;gj;jpahd ypk;/Nghirl;Lfspy; 1% kl;LNk ijki] tpl;L

ntspNaWfpd;wd.kw;wit tiuaWf;fg;gl;l nry;,wg;G Kiwapy; mopf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
,jw;F ‘mg;Nghg;Nlhrp];’ vd;W ngah;.
17. ypk;NghgPdpah vd;why; vd;d?
i) Gjpjhfg; gpwe;j Rz;nlypfspy; ijk]; mfw;wg;gl;Lr; nra;ag;gl;l Nrhjidapy;
ypk;Nghirl;Lfs; FiwtJ fz;lwpag;gl;lJ. ,jw;F ypk;NghgPdpah vd;W ngah;.
18. buhd;];gpshd;Nlrd; vd;why; vd;d?
i) gOJgl;l Xh; cWg;ig MNuhf;fpakhd khw;WWg;Gf; nfhz;L rhpnra;tJ
‘buhd;];gpshd;Nlrd;’ MFk;.
19. ,d;lh;/nguhd;fs; vd;why; vd;d?
i) ,uj;j nts;isaZ Nghd;w rpy nry;fs; itu]hy; jhf;fg;gLk; NghJ
,d;lh;/nguhd;fs; Ruf;fpwJ.
ii) itu]; vjph;g;Gg; Gujk;.
iii) ,d;lh;/nguhd;fspdhy; mUfpYs;s gpwnry;fs; itu]; jhf;Fjypy; ,Ue;J
ghJfhf;fg;gLfpwJ.
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20. i`g;gh;nrd;rpl;btpl;b (xt;thik) vd;why; vd;d ?

i) rhjhuz Mz;b[d;fSf;nfjpuhf> jilfhg;G kz;lyk; nghUj;jkw;wJk;> tuk;G
kPwpaJkhd nray;fspy; <LgLtJ xt;thik MFk;.
ii) JhR> G+Q;irfs;> kfue;jj;Jhs; Nghd;wit xt;thikf; fhuzpfs;.
iii) IgE kw;Wk; `p];likd;fs; xt;thikapy; <LgLk;.
21. ky;lb
; g;gps; ];fpspNuhrp]; vd;why; vd;d ?
i) Rajilfhg;G Neha.;
ii) euk;Gfspd; ikaypd; ciwkPJ Mz;bghbfs; gbtjhy; ,e;j tpahjp
cz;lhfpwJ.
22. Neha;j;jilfhg;gpy; <LgLk; gpw jilfhg;G kz;ly mikg;Gfs; ahit ?
i) Ngah; jpl;Lfs; (Fly;rhh;e;j epzePhpa jpRf;fs;)
ii) Fly; thy;
iii) lhd;rpy;fs;
iv) ckpo;ePh;r; Rug;gpfs;
v) fz;zPh; Rug;gpfs;
vi) rPk;ghy; Ruf;Fk; epiyapYs;s jhapd; khh;gfq;fs;
23. tPf;fk; gw;wp vOJf.
i) cly;jpRf;fs; Neha;ff ; pUkpapdhy; jhf;fg;gLk; NghJ (my;yJ) fhak; Vw;gLk;
NghJ mg;gFjp nre;epwkhf tPf;fk; Vw;gLfpwJ.
ii) jpRf;fspy; fhzg;gLk; kh];l; nry;fs; rpijTWk; NghJ ntspg;gLk;
`p];likd;> nrNuhl;Nlhdpd;> GNuh];Nlhfpshd;bd; Nghd;w Ntjpg;nghUl;fs;
ntspNaw;wg;gLtjhy; jpRtPf;fk; Vw;gLfpwJ.
iii) tPf;fk; cz;lhFk; ,lq;fspy; /NgNfhirl;Lfs; Ftpe;J cs;tUk;
Neha;ff ; pUkpfis mopf;f toptFf;fpd;wd.
ghlk; - 4 jw;fhy kugpay;
%d;W kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;. (Gj;jf tpdhf;fs;)
1. re;jjp topj;njhlh; Ma;T vd;why; vd;d?
kugpay; ty;Yeh;fs; ,aw;ifapy; eilngWk; kdpj fyg;Gfis Ma;T nra;tjd;

%yk; xU Fwpg;gpl;l Neha; my;yJ [Pdpd; gz;Gfis Ma;T nra;tJ re;jjp
topj;njhlh; gFj;jha;T MFk;.
2. jyhrPkpahtpd; kUj;Jtf;$l mwpFwpfs; ahit?
i) vYk;G k[;i[apy; FiwghL
ii) ntspg;Gw ,uj;j Xl;l frpT.
iii) kz;zPuy; kw;Wk; fy;yPuy; tPf;fk;
3. NfhpNahilg;gpd; %d;W gad;fis $W.
i) gpwf;fg; NghFk; Foe;ijapd; ghy; jd;ik fz;lwpayhk;.
ii) kdpjDf;F cz;lhFk; kuG Neha;fis fz;lwpayhk;.
iii) FiwghL nfhz;l Foe;ijfs; fUr;rpijT nra;ayhk;.
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4. kuGg; nghwpapaypy; may; DNA vd;gJ ahJ?

vz;Nlh epA+f;spNa]; nehjpahy; gphpj;njLf;fg;gLfpd;w kw;Wk; gpujpnaLf;fg;gLfpw
DNA rq;fpypapd; xU Fwpg;gpl;l Jz;lk; may; DNA MFk;.
5. FNshdpq; ntf;lhh;fs; tiuaW.
i) ntf;lhh;fs; my;yJ Ch;jp DNA vd;gJ may; DNA Jz;lj;ijj; jd;Dld;
,izj;Jr; Rkf;fpd;w DNA- f;fs; MFk;.
ii) v.fh. ghf;Bhpahf;fspd; gpsh];kpL kw;Wk; ghf;Bhpah/Ng[;fs; MFk;.
6. kuGg; nghwpapaypy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; ghf;Bhpa ,dj;jpd; ngah; vd;d?
i) v];nrhprpah Nfhiy
ii) Ngrpy;y]; rg;byp];
iii) ];l;nug;Nlhikrp];
7. DNA Jz;lhf;Fjy; vd;why; vd;d?
DNA Jz;lhf;Fjy; vd;gJ DNA %yf;$iw gy [Pd; gFjpfshfg; gphpj;J mjpy;
cs;s fhu thpirfisAk;> epA+f;spNahilL thpirfisAk; Muha;e;J tiuglk;
jahhpj;jiy Fwpg;gJ.
8. khWghL miljy; vd;why; vd;d?
fU tsh;rr
; papy; fUKl;il njhlh;e;J vz;zw;w nry;fshfg; gphpf;fpwJ.
,r;nry;fs; tbtj;jpYk;> nraypYk;> gy;NtW tiffshf khWghL milfpwJ. ,jw;F
nry; khWghL miljy; vd;W ngah;.
9. kugZ rpfpr;ir my;yJ [Pd; rpfpr;ir vd;why; vd;d? ,uz;L tif [Pd; rpfpr;irfs;
ahit?
[Pd; rpfpr;ir vd;gJ jtwhd [PDf;F gjpyhf jpUj;jg;gl;l [Pd;fis
Eiog;gJ.
,J ,uz;L tifg;gLk;. mit :
i) cly;nry; [Pd; rpfpr;ir Kiw
ii) fUr;nry; top [Pd; rpfpr;ir Kiw
10. caphpay; nra;jpapaypy; juT jsk; vd;why; vd;d?
i) caphpay; nra;jpfis gpw;fhy gad;ghl;bw;F cjTk; tifapy; juT
jsj;jpy; gjpag;gLfpwJ.
ii) ,jpy; ngUkstpyhd jfty;fs;> gjpTfs; cs;sd.
$Ljy; Kf;fpa tpdhf;fs; :

1. NfhpNahfpuhk; vd;why; vd;d?
i) ,J FNuhNkhNrhk; njhFg;G tiuglk; jahhpj;jiyf; Fwpf;fpwJ.

ii) xU nry;ypy; cs;s midj;J FNuhNkhNrhk;fSk; gphpf;fg;gl;L
thpirg;gLj;Jk; Kiw NfhpNahfpuhk; vdg;gLk;.
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2. gpsh];kpLfs; vd;why; vd;d?

i) xU gpsh];kpl; vd;gJ Rkhh; 200 Kjy; 300 epA+f;spNahilL fhu
%yf;$Wfis cs;slf;fpa xU tl;l tbt DNA MFk;.
ii) xU ghf;Bhpar; nry;ypDs; Kjd;ik FNuhNkhNrhKld; irl;Nlhgpshrj;jpy;
jdpj;J fhzg;gLk;.
3. kWNrh;f;if – DNA tiuaW.
i) xd;wpize;j may; DNA kw;Wk; gpsh];kpl; njhFg;Ng kWNrh;f;if DNA
my;yJ r-DNA vdg;gLk;.
ii) gpsh];kpL DNA + may; DNA r-DNA MFk;.
4. %yf;$W FNshdpq; tiuaW.
i) Xh; may; DNA xU tpUe;Njhk;gp ghf;BhpahtpDs; Eiof;fg;gl;L
jd;dpr;irahf ,ul;bg;gile;J ngUf;fkilfpd;wd.
ii) ,t;thW ngUf;fkile;j r-DNA f;fs; %yf;$W FNshdpq; vdg;gLk;.
iii) ,jw;F v];nrhprpah Nfhiy> Ngrpy;y]; rg;byp]; Nghd;w ghf;Bhpaq;fs;
gad;gLfpd;wd.
5. kWNrh;f;if DNA njhopy; El;gj;jpd; %d;wpid vOJ.
i) A+Nfhpahl; [Pd;fspd; mikg;G kw;Wk; gFjpfis Muha;e;J mwpjy;.
ii) jhtuq;fspd; [Pd;mikg;G khw;wg;gl;L Gjpa buhd;];[Pdpf; jhtuk;
cUthf;fg;gLjy;.
iii) fg;gy; tpgj;J fhuzkhf fly;ePhpy; fyf;Fk; vz;nza; nghUs;fis
rpijj;J khR ePf;fk; nra;jy;.
6. R+g;gh;gf; vd;why; vd;d? mjd; gad; ahJ?
i) kuG nghwpapay; %yk; cUthf;fg;gl;l ghf;Bhpak; MFk;.
ii) ,J vz;nza; fopTfis Rj;jk; nra;ag; gad;gLfpwJ. ,J
vz;nzapy; cs;s Mf;Nld;fs;. irypd;fs; Nghd;wtw;iw rpijf;fpwJ.
7. re;jjp topj;njhlh; tiuglk; vd;why; vd;d?
i) xU FLk;gj;jpy; cs;s xU Fwpg;gpl;l gz;gpd; tuyhw;iw czh;j;Jk;.

ii) ,t;tiuglk; gy Fwpfs; nfhz;L tiuag;gLfpwJ. ,jidf; FLk;g kuk;
vd;Wk; miof;fyhk;.
iii) ,j;jifa tiuglk; xU Fwpg;gpl;l kuGNeha; re;jjp topj; njhlh;fspy;
vt;tpjk; ntspj; Njhd;WfpwJ vd;w ghijia mwpe;J nfhs;syhk;.
8. re;jjp topj; njhlh; Ma;tpd; gad; vd;d?

i) kuGNeha; re;jjp top njhlh;fspy; vt;thW Njhd;WfpwJ vd;w
ghijia mwpe;Jnfhs;s gad;gLfpwJ.
ii) v.fh.gpidy; fPl;NlhE}hpah Nghd;w re;jjp top Nehia mwpayhk;.
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9. kugpay; Neha;fspd; ngah;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf.

i) fjph;mhpths; Nrhif (Sickle Cell anaemia)
ii) jyhrPkpah (Thalsemia)
iii)vfhkhFNshGypkpdpah (Agammaglobulinemia)
iv) my;gpdprk; (Albunism)
v) mz;bq;f;ld; nfhhpah (Huntington’s Chorea)
vi) fLik $l;L Neha; vjph;gG ; f; FiwT rpd;lN ; uhk; (SCID) (Severe Combined
Immunodeficiency Syndrome)
10. fjph; mhpths; Nrhif (rpf;fps; nry; mdpkpah) vd;why; vd;d?
i) cly; FNuhNkhNrhk; [Pd; jpBH khw;wj;jhy; Vw;gLfpwJ.
ii) ,e;Nehahy; ,uj;j rptg;gZf;fs; fjph; mhpths; Nghy; khWfpwJ. ,jdhy;
`PNkhFNshgpd; msT ghjpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
iii) ,J Hbs vd;w xLq;F [Pdhy; Vw;gLfpwJ.
11. fjph; mhpths; Nrhif Neha;f;fhd mwpFwpfs; ahit?
i) ,Ujak;> rpWePufk;> kz;zPuy;> %is Mfpa cWg;Gfs; gOjiljy;.
ii) ,e;j cWg;Gfs; mq;Fs;s ,uj;j ehsq;fspd; milg;gpd; %yk;
gOjilfpd;wd.
12. jyhrPkpah Neha; tiuaW.
i) Foe;ijfSf;F ,uz;L ,iznahj;j N`hNkhirf]; xLq;F [Pd;fs;
nray; ntspg;ghl;lhy; Njhd;Wk; xUtif ,uj;jr; Nrhif rpfg;gZ rpijT
NrhifNeha; MFk;.
13. vfhkhFNshGypdpkpah vt;thW cz;lhfpwJ? mjd; mwpFwpfs; ahit?
i) ,e;Neha; xLq;F [Pd; NehahFk;.
ii) ,J Neha; vjph;g;G Gujkhd fhkhFNshGypd; cw;gj;jp ,y;yhikahy;
tUfpwJ.
iii) ,e;Neha; cs;sth;fs; Neha; vjph;g;Gj;jpwd; Fd;wpAk; gpsh];kh nry;fs;
Kw;wpYk; ,y;yhky; ,Ug;gh;.
14. my;gpdprk; vd;why; vd;d?
i) ,e;Neha; nkydpd; tsh;rpij khw;w Fiwg;ghl;lhy; tUfpwJ.
ii) ,J xU ghuk;ghpa Neha;.
iii) Njhy;> Kb> fz; Mfpatw;wpy; nkyhdpd; ,d;wp fhzg;gLk;.
15. my;gpdprj;jpd; tiffs; ahit?
i) cly; KOtJk; my;gpdprk.;
ii) fz;ZWg;G mstpyhd Mf;Fyhh; my;gpdprk;.
iii) Njhy;> Kb mstpyhd my;gpdprk.;
16. mz;bq;ld; nfhhpah Nehapd; mwpFwpfs; ahit?
i) mlf;f Kbahj mstpw;F if> fhy; cjwy;.
ii) Gj;jp $Hik rPuopT.
iii) %is Nrhh;T> gak;.
iv) kduPjpahd ghjpg;Gfs;.
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17. Fkpo; rpWtd; rpd;l;Nuhk; vd miof;fg;gLk; Neha; vJ? mjd; mwpFwpfs;

ahit?
i) SCID vd miof;fg;gLk; ,e;Neha; Foe;ijfis ghjpf;Fk; mupa kuG
topNeha;.
ii) ,e;Nehahy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l Foe;ijfspd; Neha; vjph;g;Gr; rf;jp Kw;wpYkhf
,y;yhky; NghFk;.
iii) ,jw;F fhuzk; nts;is mZf;fs; mopf;fg;gLjy; MFk;.
18. kdpj [Pd;tq;fp my;yJ [PNdhk; nra;jp Nrfhpg;G vd;why; vd;d?
i) kdpj [Pd; tq;fp my;yJ [PNdhk; nra;jp Nrfhpg;G vd;gJ tiuaWf;fg;gl;l

[Pd;fspd; thpirKiwg;gLj;jiy Fwpf;fpwJ.
ii) vjph;fhyg; gad;ghl;bw;F Nkw;gb thpirg;gLj;Jjy; nra;ag;gLfpwJ.
19. GNuhl;bNahkpf;]; / Guj nra;jpapay; vd;why; vd;d?
i)vy;yh tif Gujq;fis Ma;T nra;jYk;>
mtw;wpw;Fhpa nry;fisf; fz;lwpjYk;> mtw;wpw;Fhpa [pd;fisAk;
ii)
fz;lwpjYkhFk;.
iii) ,jw;F mRNA-f;fs; Ma;T nra;ag;gLfpd;wd.
20. Gujr; nra;jp Ez;Fwpfs; vd;gJ ahJ?
kdpj [PNdhk; jpl;lj;jpy; cly; tsh;r;rpapYk;> nry; epfo;Tfis euk;G nray;
xOq;FgLj;Jjy;> vjph;ghw;wy;> kw;Wk; nry; rl;lfr; rpf;fyikg;Gf;fhd gy;NtW
FLk;gj;ijr; rhh;e;j Gujq;fs; fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sd.
21. FNdhdpq; vd;why; vd;d?
FNshdpq; vd;gJ kunghj;j caphpis gpujpfshf cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; Kiw.
22. KOikj;jpwd;> gFjpj;jpwd;> tiuaW.
KOikj;jpwd;
tsh;fUtpd; ,sk;ghpa tsh;rr ; papy; cs;s nry;fs; KOikahd caphpfisj;
Njhw;Wtpf;Fk; Mw;wiyg; ngw;wjhy; mit KOikj; jpwd; nry;fs; vd
miof;fg;gLk;.
gFjpj;jpwd; :
tsh;fUtpd; nry;fs; mjd; gpe;ija tsh;rr ; p fhyj;jpy; Fwpg;gpl;l cWg;Gfis
kl;LNk Njhw;Wtpf;Fk; jpwDs;sitahf khWfpd;wd. ,jw;F gFjpj;jpwd; vd;W ngah;.
23. buhd;];[Pdpf; caph;fs; vd;why; vd;d?
kuGg; nghwpapay; %yk; [Pd;fis xU caphpypUe;J kw;nwhU caphpf;F
khw;wp cUthf;fg;gl;l Gjpa caphpf;F buhd;];[dP pf; caphpfs; vd;W ngah;.
24. may; [Pd; njhw;wpa nry;fspd; gad;fs;.
i) gyNtjpg; nghUl;fSk; kUj;Jtg; nghUl;fSk; jahhpg;gjw;Fg;
gad;gLfpwJ.
ii) [Pd;fspd; mikg;igAk; nraiyAk; mwpe;J nfhs;s cjTfpd;wJ.
iii) tpahghu hPjpapy; gy nghUshjhu Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j kugpay;G
khw;wg;gl;l fhy;eil tpyq;FfisAk;> kPd;fisAk;> ,jd; %yk; cw;gj;jp
nra;a ,aYk;.
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25. KOcl;fU khw;wk; vd;why; vd;d?

i) KO cl;fU khw;wk; vd;gJ nry;fs; irl;Nlhnryhrpd; B vd;Dk;
Ntjpg;nghUSf;F cl;gLj;jg;gl;L cl;fU ePf;fk; nra;ag;gLjyhFk;.
ii) tpUe;Njhk;gpapd; clypy; ghyp vj;jpypd; fpisf;fhy; %yk; Eiof;fg;gLk;.
26. cly; nry; [Pd; rpfpr;ir Kiwia ,dr; nry; [Pd; rpfpr;ir KiwapypUe;J
NtWgLj;Jf.
cly; nry; [Pd; rpfpr;ir ,dr;nry; [Pd; rpfpr;ir

Nehahspapd; ,uj;jk;> vYk;G> tpyq;Ffspd; Kl;ilapYs;s cl;fUtpDs;
k[;i[ Njhy;> %is Mfpatw;wpypUe;J Neha;fhg;G [Pd; nrYj;jg;gl;L fUKl;ilapd;
jtwhd [Pdf
; isf; nfhz;l nry;fs; cl;fUTld; ,ize;j Neha;fhg;G [Pdf
; s;
gphpj;njLf;fg;gl;L kuG nghwpapay; %yk; tpyq;fpd; clypy; me;j [Pd;fSf;Fhpa Gjpa
jpUj;jg;gl;L gpd;G kPz;Lk; Nehahspapd; Gujq;fs; cUthfr; nra;fpd;wd.
clypy; nrYj;jg;gLfpwJ.
nul;Nuhitu];fs; Neha; jilfhg;G nul;Nuhitu];fs; ntf;lhh;fs; %yk; Neha;
[Pdf
; is Vw;Fk; ntf;lhh;fshf fhg;G [Pd;fs; ghuk;ghpa topg;gLjiy
gad;gLfpd;wd. milfpd;wd.
cly;nry; [Pd; rpfpr;ir Kiw fUr;nry; [Pd;rpfpr;irKiw kdpjf; fUtpYk;
tpyq;Ffspy; ntw;wpia <l;bAs;sJ. nray;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
27. caphp jftypay; vd;why; vd;d?

i) caphp jftypay; vd;gJ caphp jfty;fshd epA+f;spf; mkpyk;> [Pd;
thpirfs; kw;Wk; Guj thpiraikg;G Mfpatw;wpd; juT jsq;fis cz;lhf;Fy;.
28. juT jsq;fs; vt;thW tifg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd ?
juT jsq;fs; ,uz;L tifg;ggLk;. mitahtd :
i) nghJthd juT jsq;fs; : ,jpy; DNA Gujq;fs;> fhh;Nghi`l;Nul;Lfs;>
,tw;wpd; mikg;Gfs;; $wg;gl;Ls;sd.
ii) rpwg;ghd juT jsq;fs; : ,jpy; EST vdg;gLk; ntspg;gL thpir
Kj;jpiufs;> GS vdg;gLk; [PNdhk; rh;Nt thpirfs;> SNP vdg;gLk; jdp
epA+f;spNahilL gy;YW mikg;Gfs; Nghd;wit mlq;Fk;.
29. epA+f;spNahilL thpir juT Gyq;fSf;fhd chpik epiyaq;fshff; fUjg;gLk;
Kjd;ik epiyaq;fs; ahit?
i) INuhg;gpa %yf;$w;W caphpay; Nrhjidf; $lk; (EMBL)
ii) Njrpa caphpnjhopy; El;gtpay; jfty;ikak; (NCBI)
iii) [g;ghd; juT tq;fp (DDBJ)
30. DNA E}yfk; vdg;gLtJ ahJ?
DNA E}yfk; xU capUf;Fhpa midj;Jg; gFjpfspd; thpiria> cs;slf;fpa
Nrfhpg;ghFk;.
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31. cDNA E}yfk; (epiwTWg;G) vd;gJ ahJ?

i) mRNA f;fspd; cDNA f;fs; gpujpfs; hpth;]; buhd;];fphpg;Nl]; njhFjpfs;
%yk; cUthf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
ii) cDNA E}yfq;fs; [PNdhkpf; E}yfq;fis tplr;rpwpait.
iii) mit DNA %yf;$Wfspd; [Pd; gFjpfis kl;Lk; nfhz;lit. cDNA
E}yfk; MFk;.
32. caphp jftypaypy; cjTk; nkhopfs; ahit?
C,
C++
[hth> iydf;];
Nghh;lu; hd;
A+dpf;];
33. Guj juT tq;fp vd;why; vd;d?
i) Gujq;fspd; Kg;ghpkhd mikg;Gg; gw;wpa nra;jpfs;> Gujj; juT tq;fp
vdg;gLk;.
ii) ,t;tif Nrfhpg;G fzpzpapy; Nrkpj;J itf;fg;gLk;.
iii) Gujq;fspd; Kg;ghpkhd tbtq;fis mwpa ,J gad;gLfpwJ.
34. ‘vhpjzy;’ fhp vd;gJ ahJ?
vhpjzy; vd;gJ Gujmikg;gpid tpsf;Fk; fpuhgpf;]; fzpzp khjphpahFk;.
35. ‘vhpjzy;’ fhp gad;fs; %d;iw vOJf.
i) Guj mikg;gpy; nry; kw;Wk; jpRf;fspd; $l;likg;igAk; mtw;wpd;
caphp %yf;$W thpiraikg;igAk; mwpag; gad;gLfpwJ.
ii) Guj mikg;Gfs;> Guj khjphpfs;> fzpzp tiugl khjphpfs;> caphpay;
tpidfis mwpa cjTfpd;wd.
iii) Gujj; jftypay; Ntjpj; njhopw;rhiyfspd; kUe;Jfs;> gy;NtW Ntjpf;
$l;Lg; nghUs;fs; kw;Wk; nehjpfspd; cw;gj;jpf;F toptFf;fpd;wJ.
36. buhd;];Nghrhd;fs; vd;why; vd;d?
elkhLk; kuGg;nghUl;fs; buhd;];Nghrhd;fs; vdg;gLk;. ,jid 1965 –y; ghh;guh
kf;spd;Nlhf; kf;fhr;Nrhsj;ijj; jhtuj;jpy; fz;lwpe;jhh;.
37. Ngypd;lN ; uhk; fhuthpir vd;why; vd;d?
i) DNA –y; cs;s Fwpg;gpl;l tifapy; mike;j fhuthpirfs;.
ii) mit DNA –d; ,uz;L rq;fpypfspYk; vjpnujph;j; jpirapy; fhzg;gLk;.
iii) (v.fh.) xU rq;fpypapy; mike;j juthpir GAATTC’5’-3’ jpirapYk; mjd;
epiwTWg;Gr; rq;fpypapy; 3’-5’ jpirapy; CTTAAG’ vjphpilahff; fhzg;gLk;.
38. buhd;];/ngf;rd; my;yJ may;[Pd; njhw;W vd;why; vd;d?
tpyq;Ffspd; nry;fs; may; [Pd;fis Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; gz;gpid
buhd;];/ngf;rd; my;yJ may;[Pd; njhw;W vd;W ngah;.
39. FNuhNrhk;fis nry;fspy; vt;thW khw;Wtha;?
i) nkl;lhNg]; (eLepiy) epiyapy; cs; nry;fs; Fiw mlh;j;jp jputj;jpy;
,lg;gLfpd;wd.
ii) FNuhNkhNrhk;fs; jdpj;jdpahf gphpf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
iii) ,f;FNuhNkhNrhk;fs; Ntw;W nry;fSld; my;yJ fUKl;ilAld;
,izf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
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40. DNA gFjpfis xUnry;ypDs; vt;thW khw;Wtha;?

i) Ez;Crp top nrYj;jy; Kiw gad;gLfpwJ.
ii) fUKl;ilapDs; DNA –d; Jz;lq;fs; Ez;Crp topNa nrYj;jg;gl;L
,izf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
41. tsh;g;G nry;fspy; [Pd;fs; vt;thW khw;wyhk;?
i) %ynry;fs; gad;gLfpd;wd.
ii) %yr;nry;fspy; [Pd;fs; nul;Nuhitu];fs; %yk; cl;nrYj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
fPo;fz;l KiwfspYk; [Pd;fis khw;wyhk; :
Jfs; Jg;ghf;fp gad;gLj;Jjy;> Ez;Crp top nrYj;Jjy;> kpd;Jis Vw;gLj;Jjy;>
ypg;NghNrhk;fisg; gad;gLj;Jjy;.
42. tiuaiw nehjp Fwpg;G tiuf.
i) tiuaiw nehjpfs; DNA%yf;$iw mjd; rkr;rPh; Gs;spapy; Jz;bf;fpd;wd.
ii) ,e;nehjpfs; v.Nfhiy ghf;Bhpaj;jpy; ,Ue;J ngwg;gl;lJ. (ECORI)
iii) ,it Fwpg;gpl;l [Pid jdpikg;gLj;j gad;gLfpd;wd.
ghlk; - 6. gad;ghl;L caphpay; (Gj;jf tpdhf;fs;)

%d;W kjpg;ngz; tpdh tpilfs;
1. fhy;eil guhkhpg;G Kiwfs; ahit?
i) fhy;eil tsh;rr ; papy; jPtpu ,df;fyg;Gj; jpl;lk;
ii) ghy;jpwid mjpfhpf;f Cl;lr;rj;J epiwe;j nraw;if jPtdk; jahhpj;jy;
iii) ,dg;ngUf;fk; kw;Wk; caphp njhopy; El;gk;
2. fhy;eilfs; vt;thW tifg;gLj;jgLfpd;wd?
1. fwit ,dk; 2. ,Oit ,dk; 3. ,UcgNahf ,dk;
4. rpe;jpg;gR kw;Wk; fhq;Nfak; gRtpd; kbia xg;gpLf.
rpe;jp fhq;Nfak;
1. nghpa kb 1. kpjkhd msTs;s kb
2. Fiwe;j msTila fhk;Gfs; 2. rpwpa fhk;Gfs;
3. ,U top gad;ghL nfhz;l fwit ,dq;fs; kdpj ,dj;jpw;F vt;tifapy;

cjTfpd;wd?
i) mjpf ghy; nfhLf;fpd;wd
ii) fhisfs; jplfhj;jpukhdjhf> epyk; cOjy;> tz;b ,Oj;jy; Nghd;w
NtiyfSf;F cjTfpd;wd. v.fh.xq;Nfhy;> `hpahdh.
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4. fhq;Nfak; fhy;eil ,dj;jpd; Njhw;wk;> gutiy tpthp

Njhw;wk;:
1. jkpo;ehl;by; - Nfhak;Gj;J}h;> jhuhGuk;> cLkiyg;Ngl;il> gy;ylk;>
nghs;shr;rp> kw;Wk; njd;dpe;jpahtpy; NtW rpy gFjpfs;
5. xU Nehaw;w eykhd fhy;eilia vt;thW fz;lwptJ? (VNjDk; %d;W)
1.nghypTld; fhzg;gLjy;> 2.RWRWg;G> 3.gsgsg;ghd Njhy;>
4.rhjhuz grp> 5. ey;y cwf;fk;
6. fhy;eilfspd; ghf;Bhpa Neha;fisAk; mtw;wpd; mwpFwpfisAk; vOJf.
ghf;Bhpa Neha; mwpFwp

1.mjpf cly; ntg;gepiy(41-41.50 c)
1.Md;j;uhf;]; 2.fOj;J>khh;G>,Lg;G>gFjpfspy; tPf;fk;
3.,aw;if Jthuq;fspd; topahf ,uj;jg;Nghf;F
2.`PkNu[pf; nrg;brPkpgh -
3.kh];bl;B]; -
4.fhrNeha; -
7. gR mk;ik Nehiaj; jLf;Fk; tpjpKiwfs; ahJ?

i) ghjpf;fg;gl;l tpyq;fpidj; jdpikg;gLj;Jjy;
ii) tpOq;Ftjw;Fk;> nrhpkhdj;jpw;Fk; Vw;w tifapyhd Fioe;j czT mspj;jy;
iii) fhaq;fis Fzg;gLj;Jk; fpUkp ehrpdp fspk;Gfs; gad;gLj;Jjy;.
8. fhy;eilfSf;Nfw;gLk; kyr;rpf;fYf;fhd KjYjtp rpfpr;ir ahJ?
i) NfhJik jtpL my;yJ mhprp nea; fQ;rp mspj;jy;
ii) ePh;gw;Ws;s fhy;eil jPtdk; mspj;jy;
iii) nty;yk; my;yJ cg;Gld; $ba mjpf msT FbePh; mspj;jy;.
9. fhy;eilfspd; gy;NtW Neha;fis tpthp?
guTk; Neha;fs; guth Neha;fs;

1. Md;j;uhf;];
2. gR mk;ik 1. kyr;rpf;fy;
3. Gw xl;Lz;zp Neha;fs; 2. ghy;fha;rr
; y;
4. mf xl;Lz;zp Neha;fs;
10. ,O ,dq;;fs; vd;why; vd;d?

tz;b ,Og;gJ> epyk; cOtJ Nghd;w NtiyfSf;F cjTk;
,d khLfs; ,Oit ,dq;fs; vdg;gLk;. v.fh. fhq;Nfak;.
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11. nraw;if tpe;J}l;lj;jpd; ed;ikfs; ahit?

i) ,dg;ngUf;fj;jpw;fhf fhy;eilfis ke;ijahf Nrh;f;f Ntz;bajpy;iy.
ii) Nrfhpf;fg;gl;l tpe;J jputq;fs; ghjpf;fhj tz;zk; njhiy J}uj;jpw;F
vLj;Jf; nfhs;syhk;.
iii) fhakile;j khLfspd; tpe;J jputKk; gad;gLj;jyhk;
iv) fUTWjypd; tPjk; mjpfhpj;jy;
12. nraw;if tpe;J}l;lk; vd;why; vd;d?
Mz; ,dr; nry;fis> ngz; ,dg;ngUf;f cWg;gpDs; ,aw;if
Kiwf;F khwhf nraw;if Kiwapy; ,ae;jpu cjtpahy; fUTwr; nra;tJ.
13. may;fyg;G (ntsp ,df;fyg;G) vd;why; vd;d?
rpwpJ neUq;fpa> my;yJ njhlh;gw;w caphpdq;fis fyg;Gwr;
nra;tJ MFk;.
14. FWf;F fyg;G (gpw ,df;fyg;G) vd;why; vd;d?
Kw;wpYk; gpw ,d caphpfis xd;Wld; xd;W fyg;Gwr; nra;tJ MFk;.
15. rpe;jp>xq;Nfy;> fhq;Nfak; fhis khLfis xg;gpLf.
rpe;jp Xq;Nfy; fhq;Nfak;

rhiy Ntiyf;Fk;> tz;b ,Of;fTk;> fbd
tay; Ntiyf;Fk; rhiy Ntiyf;Fk; ciog;gpw;F
Vw;wit Vw;wit Vw;wit
16. fwit ,dk; vd;why; vd;d?

ePz;l ehl;fs; mjpf ghiyf; nfhLf;Fk; jpwd; cila gRf;fs;
fwit ,dk; vdg;gLk;. v.fh. rpe;jp.
$Ljy; tpdhf;fs; : I- fhy;eilfs;
1. ghy;gz;iz tsh;r;rp vd;gJ vd;d?
ghy; gz;iz tsh;rr
; p vd;gJ
1. ghy; cw;gj;jpAk; 2. ghy; rhh;e;j nghUl;fis re;ijapLjy;
2. fhy;eil tsh;r;rp mjd; guhkhpg;G Nkk;ghl;bw;fhf nray;gLk; epWtdq;fs; ahit?
1. ,e;jpa Ntshz; Ma;T FOkk;
2. khepy Ntshz; gy;fiyf;fofq;fs;
3. jdpahh; Ma;T epWtdq;fs;.
3. fhy;eil ‘gh];’ vd;w Nghpdj;ijr; rhh;e;j %d;W rpw;wpdq;fs; ahit?
1. gh]; ,z;bf]; 2. gh]; lhu]; 3. gh]; Gghyp];
4. ,e;jpahtpy; fhzg;gLk; (Fwpg;gplj;jFe;j) khl;bdq;fspd; vz;zpf;iffis $W?
khl;bdq;fs; - 26.
vUikapdq;fs; -6
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5. khl;bdq;fspd; gphpTfSk; mjw;F Xh; vLj;Jf; fhl;bid $W?

fwit ,dk; - rpe;jp
,Oit ,dk; - fhq;Nfak;
,U cgNahf ,dk; - Xq;Nfhy;
6. fwit ,dk; %d;wpd; ngah;fis Fwpg;gpLf. (vitNaDk; 3)
i) rh`pthy;
ii) rpe;jp
iii) fph;
iv) ck;gsr; Nrhp
v) fud;ftp];
7. ,U cgNahf ,dq;fs; kw;Wk; ,Oit ,dq;fs; %d;W ngahpidf; Fwpg;gpLf
,U cgNahf,dq;fs; ,Oit ,dq;fs;
1. `hpahdh 1. mk;hpj;k`hy;
2. Xq;Nfhy 2. fhq;Nfak;
3. jhh;ghh;f;fh; 3. khy;tp
4. fhq;nu[; 4. fphp
5. `ypf;fhh;
8. ,dk; rhuh khLfs; vd;why; vd;d?
ehk; ghYf;fhf tPl;by; tsh;f;Fk; gRf;fs; Fwpg;gpl;Lf; $Wk; ,dj;ijr; rhh;e;jit
my;y. ,it ,dk; rhuh khLfs; vd;W ngah;.
9. rpe;jpapd; Njhw;wk; kw;Wk; ghy; cw;gj;jp jpwd; $W?

Njhw;wk; : fuhr;rp> i`juhghj;
ghy; cw;gj;jp jpwd; : 5,443 fp.fpuhk;
10. rpe;jp> fph; ,d khLfs; jdpj;jd;ikg; gz;Gfs; %d;W $W?
rpe;jp fph;
gRf;fs; Mo;e;j fUQ;rptg;G 1. rptg;G/fUQ;rptg;G ntz;ikfye;j
epwKilait rptg;G epwKilait
jpkpy; cz;L 2. ,iyfisg; Nghy; ePz;l fhJfs;

nghpa kbAk; Fiwe;j 3. nghpa kbAk; mjw;Nfw;w fhk;Gfs; cs;sJ.
msT fhk;Gk; cs;sJ
11. fph; ,d khl;bd; Njhw;wKk; gutYk; kw;Wk; ghy; cw;gj;jp jpwd; $W?
Njhw;wk;> guty; - njd; fj;jpathh;> gNuhlh
tpy;>k`huh\;buj;jpy; rpy gFjpfs;
ghy; cw;gj;jp jpwd; - 3715 fp.fpuhk;.
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12. Xq;Nfhy; ,d khl;bd; Njhw;wKk;> guty; kw;Wk; ghy; cw;gj;jp jpwd; gw;wp $W?
1. Njhw;wk;> guty; - Me;jpuhtpYs;s ney;Y}h; Nrh;e;j xq;Nfhy;> Fz;^h;>
eurhuht;Ngl;il> NtZnfhz;lh
2. ghy; cw;gj;jp jpwd; - 1700 -3500 fp.fpuhk;
13. Xq;Nfhy; ,d khl;bd; jdpj;jd;ik gz;Gfs; %d;W $W?
1. nts;is epwj;jpy; rhk;gy; epwj; jpl;Lfs; cilaJ.
2. jpkpy; ed;whf tsh;e;jJk;> NeuhfTk; ,Uf;Fk;.
3. fhisfs; tz;b ,Of;fTk;> rhiy Ntiyf;Fk; Vw;wit.
14. fhq;Nfak; ,d khl;bd; jdpj;jd;ik gz;Gfs; %d;wpid $W?
1. ntz;ik epwk; my;yJ rhk;gy; epwk; cilaJ
2. kpjkhd msTs;s jpkpy;
3. rpwpa fhk;GfSld; kpjkhd msTs;s kb
15. `y;ypf;fhh; ,dkhl;bd; Njhw;wKk; guty; kw;Wk; ghy; cw;gj;jp jpwd; gw;wp vOJf.
1. Njhw;wk; : njd;khepyq;fs;> fh;ehlfj;jpy;> `hrd;> Lk;$h;.
2. ghy; : Fiwe;j ghiyf; nfhLg;git.
16. `y;ypf;fhh; ,dkhLfspd; jdpj; jd;ikg; gz;Gfs; %d;wpid $W?
1. rhk;gy; epwk;> rpy rkak; fUg;G epwk;
2. kpjkhd jpkpy;
3. rpwpa fhk;GfSld; kpjkhd kb.
17. may; ,d khLfs; ahit?

n[h;rp ,dkhLfs;> gpnusd; Rtp];> mah;\ah; khLfs;.
18. n[h;rp ,d khLfspd; jdpj;jd;ik gz;Gfs; %d;wpid $W?
1. nts;is epwj;jpypUe;J mlh;j;jpahd rhk;gy; epwk;.
2. ePz;l fhk;GfSld; $ba ghy;kb
3. fNuhl;bd; rj;J epiwe;Js;sjhy; ghy; kQ;rs; epwj;Jld; fhzg;gLk;.
1. Nfhop – gwit ,dq;fs;
1. Nfhopapdq;fspd; tiffs; ahit?
2. ,iwr;rp ,dk; 2. Kl;ilapdk; 3. <hpd tif
4. tpisahl;L tif 5. myq;fhu tif.
2. md;dpa ehl;L tif Nfhopapdq;fs; ahit?
1. mnkhpf;fd; ,dk; 2. Mrpa ,dk; 3. Mq;fpy ,dk;
4. kj;jpa jiuf;fly; ,dk;
3. mnkhpf;fd; ,d tif VNjDk; %d;wpd; ngahpid $W?
1. gpnsnksj; uhf;
2. nts;is gpnshnksj; uhf;
3. Nuhl; Iyz;Lnul;
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4. gpisnksj; uhf; kw;Wk; nts;is gpisnksj; uhf; gz;Gfs; ,uz;L $W ?
gpisnksj; uhf; nts;is gpidnksj; uhf;
1. ,wFfs; rhk;gy; fye;j 1. ,wFfs; ntz;ik epwk;

ntz;ik epwk;
2. nghpa mstpyh Kl;ilfs; 2. fwpf;Nfhop cw;gj;jpf;F
,Lk; kl;LNk gad;gLfpwJ.
5. Mrpa ,dq;fis $W?

gpuhkh> ntsph; epw gpuhkh> mlh;epw gpuhkh.
6. gpuhkhtpd; gz;Gfis $W?
i) gUj;j clyikg;G cilaJ.
ii) mjpf ,wFfis cilaJ.
iii) gl;lhzpf; nfhz;il cilaJ.
iv) ntsph;epw gpuhkh> mlh;epw gpuhkh vd ,Utif cs;sJ.
7. Mq;fpy ,d tif ngahpid $W?
1. #nrf;]; 2. Mh;g;gpq;lhd; 3. fhh;dp\;.
8. kj;jpa jiuf;fly; ,dq;fs; %d;wpid $W?
1. nyf;`hh;d; 2. md;Nfhzp 3. kpdhh;f;fh.
9. ehl;Lf; Nfhopapdq;fis $W?
1. mrPy; 2. rpl;lfhq; 3. fhuf;ehj; 4. g];uh.
10. mrPy;> rpl;lfhq;> fhuf;ehj;> g];uh Mfpatw;wpd; gz;Gfs; VNjDk; %d;W $W?
t.
mrPy; rpl;lfhq; fhuf;ehj; g];uh
vz;
rpwpa kw;Wk;
,iwr;rpfs;
rz;ilapLk; mjpf Kl;ilapLk; eLj;ju
1. fUikepwk;
gz;GilaJ jd;ik cilaJ. mstpyhd
cilaJ.
Nfhopfs;.
ngl;ilf;
Nfhopfs; mjpfk; nfhz;il> ,Nyrhd
Kl;ilapLgitah jiyf;Ff; fPo;jhb> rpwFfs;
2. f ,Ug;gpDk;> Rit kpf;fit. ehf;F Cjh gutyhd cly;
mitfs; epwKld; epw NtWghL
milfhg;gjw;F fhzg;gLk;. cilaJ.
rpwe;jitfs;
kj;jpa gpuNjrj;jpy;
Me;jpuhtpy; F[uhj;
3. Nkw;F tq;fhsk; kiyr; rhjpapdh;
mjpfk; fhzg;gLk; k`huh\;buh
tsh;f;fpd;wdh;
11. gwitfs; Nkk;ghl;bw;F Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; fhuzpfs; %d;W $W.

1. rpwpa Muk;g %yjdk;.
2. ey;y juk; nfhz;l Nfhopfs; fpilj;jy;.
3. guhkhpj;jy; kw;Wk; Rfhjhuk;.
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12. Kl;ilfisj; Njh;e;njLf;Fk;NghJ gpd;gw;w Ntz;ba Fwpg;Gfs; ahit?

1. Kl;ilfs; nropg;ghf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
2. jFe;j mstpidAila Kl;ilfs; Njh;e;njLj;jy;.
3. Gjpajhf ,lg;gl;l Kl;ilfis Njh;e;njLj;jy;.
13. milfhj;jy; vd;why; vd;d?
cfe;j #o;epiy fhuzpfSld; Gjpajhf ,lg;gl;l Kl;ilfisf; FQ;Rfs;
nghhpf;Fk; tiu itj;Jg; guhkhpj;jNy milfhj;jy; MFk;.
14. milfhj;jypd; tiffs; ahit?
1. ,aw;ifahd milfhj;jy;.
2. nraw;if milfhj;jy;.
15. Ngzpfhj;jy; vd;why; vd;d?
nghhpj;j ,sk; Nfhopf; FQ;Rfis ehd;F Kjy; MW thuk; tiu guhkhpj;J
eph;tfpj;jNy Ngzpfhj;jy; MFk;.
16. FQ;Rfs; tsh;tjw;F Njitahd fhuzpfs; ahit?
1. fhw;Nwhl;lk;.
2. FQ;R tsh;g;gfj;jpd; jiu ,ilntsp.
3. Fg;igfs;.
4. xsp.
17. Fg;igfs; vd;why; vd;d?
FQ;R tsh;g;gfj;jpd; jiug;gFjpapd; Nky;gug;gpy; gug;gpf; fhzg;gLk;>
itf;Nfhy;> mhprp> ckpfs;> kuj;Jfs;fs; tsh;g;gfj;jpy; Fg;igfs; vdg;gLk;.
18. Nfhopj;jPtdj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; Kf;fpa Cl;lr;rj;Jf;fs; ahit?

ePh;> nfhOg;G> Gujk;> fhh;Nghi`l;Nul;> itl;lkpd;> jdpkq;fs;.
19. Nfhopj;jPtdkhf gad;gLk; czTfs; ahit?
kf;fhr;Nrhsk;> ghh;yp> Nrhsk;> NfhJik> vz;izg; gpz;zhf;F.
20. gwit tsh;g;gpd; cgnghUl;fs; ahit?
,wF> czT> Kl;il> Xl;LzT> my;Gkpd; Jfs;fs;> cyur;nra;j
cunghUl;fs;.
21. ,aw;if milfhj;jy; nraw;if milfhj;jYf;F cs;s NtWghL ahJ?
,aw;ifahd milfhg;G nraw;ifahd milfhg;G
i) jha;Nfhop milfhf;Fk;. i) ,jpy; milfhg;G ngl;bfs;

ii) ,jpy; Fiwe;j msT gad;gLfpd;wd.
Kl;ilfisNa milfhf;Fk;. ii) mjpf vz;zpf;ifapy; Kl;ilfs;
milfhf;fg;gLfpwJ.
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22. gpiskTj; uhf; - rpWFwpg;G tiuf.

i) kpfTk; goik tha;e;j mnkhpf;f tif
ii) jiyapy; xw;iwf; nfhz;il cilaJ.
iii) nghpa mstpyhd Kl;ilfisNa ,Lk;.
iv) ngz; gwitfspd; fPo;fhy; gFjpapy; fUik epwg;Gs;spfs; fhzg;gLk;.
I. kPd;fs; / kPd; tsh;g;G
1. kPd; tsh;g;G vd;why; vd;d?
nrhe;j tUkhdk; my;yJ yhgj;jpw;fhf kPd;fisg; gz;izfspy; tsh;g;gJ
kPd; tsh;j;jy; vdg;gLk;.
2. kPd;fs; tsUk; ,lj;ijg; nghUj;J kPd; tsh;g;G tiffis $W.
1. ed;dPh; kPd; tsh;g;G
2. fopKf ePh; kPd; tsh;g;G
3. fly; ePh; kPd; tsh;g;G
3. tsh;g;Gf;F gad;gLj;jg;gLk; kPd;fspd; gz;Gfs; %d;W vOJ.
Fiwe;j fhyj;jpy; nghpa mstpy; tsUk; kPd;fs;
tsUk; Ntfk;
(v-fh fhh;g;Gfs;).
vjph;ghw;wy; Neha; vjph;g;Gj; jd;ik nfhz;bUj;jy;.
jl;gntg;g epiyf;F Vw;g ntt;NtW jl;g ntl;g epiyia jhq;fp jftikj;Jf;

jftikT nfhs;Sk; jpwd; cilait.
4. ,e;jpahtpy; tsh;f;fg;gLk; kPd; ,dq;fs; (%d;W kl;Lk;)

fhh;g;Gfs;> G+id kPd;fs;> tpuhy;fs;.
5. fPo;fz;l kPd;fspd; tpyq;fpay; ngahpidf; $W?
1. nfOj;jp kPd;
2. [pNygp nfhz;il
3. NuhF
tpil:-
1. nfSj;jp kPd; : kp];l]; Xh;
2. [pNygp nfz;il : XhpNahFNuhkp]; nkhrhk;gpf;f];
3. NuhF : NygpNah Nuhfpl;lh.
6. tpisahl;L kPd;fs; - xd;W> fly;ePh; kPd; - ,uz;L $W?
i) l;nusl;Lfs; - rhy;Nkh nfa;h;ldhp.
ii) fly;ePh; kPd;fs;:-
i) yhl;l]; fhy;fhhpgh;
ii) Kfpy; nrg;ghy];
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7. kPd; gz;izapy; fhzg;gLk; gy;tif Fsq;fisAk; mtw;wpd; ,l msTfisAk;

Fwpg;gpLf.
i) ehw;wq;fhy; Fsk; - 3%
ii) cw;gj;jp Fsk; - 60%
iii) ,dg;ngUf;f Fsk; - 25%
iv) tsh;g;Gf;Fsk; - 11%
v) gphpg;Gf; Fsk; - 1%
8. kPd;Fsj;ij jf;f R+oypy; itj;jiy $Wf.
i) Fsj;J jiuapy; ,U thuj;jpw;F xUKiw Rz;zhk;ig gug;g Ntz;Lk;.
ii) ,J mkpy jd;ikia ePf;fp Njitaw;w caphpfis nfhd;WtpLk;.
iii) ,Uthuk; fopj;J jz;zPiu cs;Ns tpl Ntz;Lk;. ntg;gk;> Mf;]p[d;>
fhu mkpyj;jd;ik (PH) kpjit caphpd tsh;r;rp Mfpatw;iw mstPL
nra;J gpd;Ng Fsj;jpy; kPd;fis tplNtz;Lk;.
9. ,e;jpa ngUk; fhHg;G tif kPd;fspd; ngah;fis vOJ.
i) fl;yh fl;yh
ii) NygpNah Nuhfpl;lh
iii) xhpNahFNuhkp]; nkhrhk;gpf];
10. fopKf ePh;kPd;fs; vd;why; vd;d? v.fh.jUf.
i) fopKf ePh; kPd;fs; tho;ehspd; ngUk; gFjpia rJg;G epyePh; flNyhu ePh;
Njf;fq;fspy; thOk;.
ii) v.fh. ghy;kPd;> rhk;gy; Ky;yl;Lfs;> nfhLth
11. G+id kPd;fis vt;thW milahsk; fhz;gha;
i) ePUf;F ntspNa ,tw;why; mjpf Neuk; tho KbAk;.
ii) clyp;y; nrjpy;fs; fpilahJ.
iii) jd; ,dj;ijNa nfhd;W jpd;Wk;.
12. jpNyg;gpah kPdpd; gz;Gfis vOJf.
i) Kd;Kidapy; Kl;fs;nfhz;l KJFg; gf;fj; JLg;ig nfhz;lJ.
ii) ngz; kPd;fs; jk;thapy; Kl;ilfis itj;Jg; ghJfhf;Fk;.
iii) tUlj;jpw;F vl;LKiw ,dg;ngUf;fk; nra;Ak;.
kUj;Jt Nrhjidr; rhiy njhopy;El;gq;fs; :
1. rp];Nlhy;> la];Nlhy; tiuaW.
rp];Nlhy; : ,jak; RUq;Fjy; vdg;gLk;.
la];Nlhy; : ,jak; tphptiljy; vdg;gLk;.
2. rp];Nlhypf; mOj;jk; tiuaW. mOj;j mstpid Fwpg;gpLf.
ntz;lhpf;fps; RUq;Fk; NghJ mOj;jk; mjpfhpf;Fk;.
rp];Nlhypf; mOj;jk; : 120mm Hg
3. la];Nlhypf; mOj;jk; tiuaW. mOj;j mstpid Fwpg;gpLf.
,jak; tphptilAk;NghJ> mOj;jk; kpf FiwfpwJ.
la];Nlhypf; mOj;jk; : 80 mm Hg
4. ,uj;j mOj;jkhdp tiffs; ahit?
1. khNdhkPl;lh; 2. b[pl;ly; tif.
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5. `PNkhirl;Nlh kPl;lhpy; cs;s vz;Dk; miwfspd; tiffs; ahit?

1. epA+ghh; 2. /ghf;]; Nuh\d;jhy;.
6. ,uj;j nry;fs; ePh;f;Fk; jputq;fs; ahit?
1. RBC ePh;f;Fk; jputk; - Nàk;];
2. WBC ePh;f;Fk; jputk; - lh;f;]; (lha;];]hd;)
7. mdPkpah vd;gJ vd;d?
,uj;j rptg;gZf;fs; FiwtJ.
8. ghypirj;jPkpah vd;gJ vd;d?
,uj;j rptg;gZf;fs; mjpfhpg;gJ.
9. Yf;fPkpah – tiuaW:-
mrhjhuz WBC vz;zpf;if mjpfhpg;G. (,uj;jg; Gw;WNeha;)
10. rpW ePu; ru;ff
; iu fz;lwpa kpfr;rpwe;jJk; jw;fhypfkhd Kiw ahJ?
1. nky;ypa mLf;F Kiw - FNuhkl;Nlhfpuhgp
2. b[pl;ly; FSf;NfhkPl;lu; (jw;fhyj;jpy;)
11. fpisf;Nfh]Pupah vd;why; vd;d?
mjpfkhd FSf;Nfh]; rpWePupy; fhzg;gLtJ fpisf;Nfh]Pupah MFk;
12. rpWePu; Ma;T Nrhjidfs; ,uz;bid $W?
1. ngdpbf;l; Nru;k Kiw
2. FSf;Nfh]; Mf;]pNl]; Kiw
3. 0 - nlhYbd; Kiw
13. vz;Nlh];Nfhg;gpapd; tiffs;:-
1 gpuhq;Nfh];Nfhg;gp Eiuapuy;fs;> %r;Rf;Foy; Muha;tJ.
2 NfhyNdh];Nfhg;gp ngUq;Fly; kw;Wk; Fly; Muha;tJ.
3 fhy;Ngh];Nfhg;gp Gzh; ,io> ngz; ,d cWg;Gf;fspy; Muha;tJ.
4 rp];Nlh];Nfhg;gp rpWePh;ig> GNuh];Nll; Rug;gp Muha;tJ.
5 fh];l;Nuh];Nfhg;gp czTf;Foy; Muha;tJ.
6 yhhpq;Nfh];Nfhg;gp Fuy; tisia Muha;tJ.
7 Guhf;Nlh];Nfhg;gp kyf;Fly; Muha;tJ.
8 njhuNfh];Nfhg;gp khh;Gthp kw;Wk; ,ilntspfs; gw;wp Muha;tJ.
9 yhg;Nuh];Nfhg;gp ngz; ,d cWg;Gfspy; Muha;tJ.
10 Mh;jN
; uh];Nfhg;gp %l;L gFjpfis Muha;tJ.
14. ];nlnj];Nfhg;gpd; gad;fis vOJf.

i) ,jaj;jpd; rhjhuz (yg;-lg;) xypfisAk; mrhjhuz xypfisAk; fz;L gpbf;f
cjTk;.
ii) epNkhdpah> EiuaPuy; vBkh> Nghd;w ghjpg;Gfis fz;lwpa cjTk;.
iii) Rthrg;ghij NfhshWfs;> Fly; ghij ,af;fj;ij fz;lwpa gad;gLk;.
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15. ];gpf;NkhkhNdh kPl;lhpd; gad;fis vOJf.

i) ,uj;j Xl;lj; jd;ikiaAk; ,jak; nray;gLk; tpjj;ijAk; fz;lwpayhk;.
ii) mjpfk; my;yJ Fiwthd ,uj;j mOj;jj;ij fz;lwpayhk;.
16. i`g;gh; nld;\d; vd;why; vd;d? ,jdhy; cz;lhFk; tpisTfs; ahit?
i) rhjhuz ,uj;j mOj;jj;ij tpl (mjhtJ 120/80 kp.kP ghjur mOj;jk;)
mjpfkhf ,Ue;jhy; i`g;gh; nld;rd; vd;W ngah;.
ii) ,jdhy; tUk; Neha;fs; - ];l;Nuhf;> rpWePuf ghjpg;G> khuilg;G.
17. `PNkh irl;Nlh kPl;lh; vd;why; vd;d?
i) ,uj;jj;jpy; cs;s ,uj;;j nry;fs; vz;z cjTk; cgfuzk;.
18. `PNkhirl;Nlh kPl;lhpd; kUj;Jt Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij $W.
i) ,uj;j rptg;gZf;fspd; vz;zpf;if Fiwe;jhy; ,J mdpkPahit Fwpf;Fk;.
ii) ,uj;j rptg;gZf;fspd; vz;zpf;if mjpfhpg;gjhy; ghyp irj;jPkpah vd;w
Nehia Fwpf;Fk;.
iii) WBC vz;zpf;if mjpfhpg;gjhy; ,uj;j Gw;WNehia (YfPkpahitf;) Fwpf;Fk;.
19. rpWePuha;T (A+hpNdhiyrp];) vd;why; vd;d?

i) rpWePhpd; ,aw;gpay;> Ntjpay;> gz;Gfis Ez;Nzhf;fp %yk; Ma;Tfisr;
nra;jy;.
ii) rpWePh; ghijfspd; jd;ikfis fz;lwpjy;.
20. i`g;gh; fpiskPrpah> i`g;NghfpisrPkpah> fpisf;Nfh]Phpah> i`g;gh;fpisrPkpah
tiuaW.
i) i`g;gh;fpisrPkpah : ,uj;jj;jpy; ,ay;ghd msittpl mjpfkhd rh;f;fiu
,Uj;jy;.
ii) i`g;NghfpisrPkpah : ,uj;jj;jpy; ,ay;ghd msittpl Fiwthf rh;f;fiu
,Uj;jy;.
iii) fpisf;Nfh]Phpah : rpWePhpy; mjpfkhd FSf;Nfh]; ,Uj;jy;.
21. vyf;;l;Nuh fhh;bNah fpuhk; (ECG) vd;why; vd;d?
i) ,jak; Ntiy nra;Ak;NghJ ,jaj;jpy; cz;lhFk; kpd;jpwd; khw;wq;fis
fhz cjTk; fUtp.
ii) ,J clypd; Nkw;gug;gpypUe;J gjpT nra;ag;gLfpwJ.
22. fk;;g;A+l;lh; NlhNkhfpuhgp vd;why; vd;d?

,J xU b[pl;ly; fzpzpapd; gad;ghl;ilAk;> RoYk; vf;];-Nu mikg;igAk;
xd;wha; ,izj;J clypd; gy;NtW cWg;Gfs; kw;Wk; ghfq;fspd; FWf;Fntl;L
epoYWf;fis cUthf;FtJ MFk;.
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23. fk;g;A+l;lh; NlhNkhfpuhgp (CT) jj;Jtj;ij $W.

i) X fjph; clypy; gha;r;rg;gLfpwJ.
ii) ,f;fjph; clypy; gy;NtW kl;lq;fspy; cwpQ;rg;gLfpwJ.
iii) ,jdhy; X fjph; xspf;NfhLfspd; mr;R thh;gG
; cUthfpwJ.
iv) ,ij xU glr; RUspy; gjpT nra;ag;gLfpwJ.
24. (CT) apd; gad;fs; %d;W vOJf.
i) Gw;WNehiaf; fz;lwpa cjTk; Kiwf;F CT xU tpiy kjpg;gw;w rhjdk;.
ii) ,jaNeha; Nkhrkhd ];l;Nuhf;Ffs; kw;Wk; rpWePuf NfhshW Nghd;wtw;iw
fz;lwpa cjTk;.
iii) fhJfspd; cl;gFjpiaAk;> vYk;G cl;FopfisAk; Muha CT cjTfpwJ.
25. vz;Nlh]; Nfhg;gp vd;why; vd;d?
i) xspia flj;Jk; jd;ikAs;sJk; tisAk; jd;ik nfhz;lJkhd cgfuzk;
,jw;F vz;Nlh];Nfhgp vd;W ngah;.
ii) ,jd; cjtpahy; ,iug;ig> Fly; gFjpia Muhayhk;.
26. nraw;if Ng];Nkf;fh; vd;why; vd;d? ,jd; nraiyf; $W.

i) ,jak; rPuhf Jbf;f cjTk; fUtp.
ii) ,J NjhYf;F mbapy; nghUj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,J ghl;lhpahy; ,aq;FfpwJ.
nray; :
iii) ,jaj;jpd; irNdhVl;bahpay; fJg;G ,jaj;ij J}z;lhky; ,Uf;Fk; NghJ
(m) ,aj;jpy; kpd;flj;jy; jilgl;L ,Uf;Fk;NghJ nraw;ifahd Ng];Nkf;fh;
,jaj;ij J}z;Lk;.
27. Ml;Nlh mdiyrhpd; Nkd;ikfs; %d;W vOJf.
i) iffshy; nra;ag;gLk; Kiwia xg;gpLk;NghJ ,jpy; Jy;ypak; mjpfk;.
ii) Fiwe;j fhyj;jpy; Vuhskhd khjphpfisr; nra;ayhk;.
iii) fzf;fPLfs; nra;ag;gl Njitfs; ,y;iy.
28. Ml;Nlh mdiyrupd; FiwghLfs; ahit?
i) rpwpa vz;zpf;ifapyhd khjphpfl;F cfe;jJ my;y.
ii) vg;NghjhtJ cgfuzq;fspy; gOJ Vw;glyhk;
iii) tpiy cah;e;jit.
29. Ml;Nlh mdiyruhy; gFg;gha;T nra;ag;gLtd ahJ?
FSf;Nfh];> Gujk;> my;Gkpd;> fphpahl;bdpd;> ,uj;jA+hpah> iel;u[d; Nrhbak;>
nghl;lhrpak;> FNshhpd;> A+hpf; mkpyk;> fhy;rpak;> gpypUgpd;> buhd;]; mkpNd];.
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fhy;eilapdq;fspd; Njhw;wk;> guty; (ghy; cw;gj;jp jpwd; kw;Wk; jdpj;jd;ik gz;Gfs; gw;wp $W?
rpe;jp fph; Xq;Nfhy; fhq;Nfak; `y;ypf;fhh; n[h;rp ,dk;

Njhw;wk; guty; fuhr;rp njd; Me;jpuhtpYs;s jkpo;ehL –Nfhit njd;khepyk;
i`juhghj; fj;jpathh; ney;Y}H jhuhGuk; NkYk; fh;ehlfj;jpy;
gNuhlhtpy; khtl;lk; cLkiyg;Ngl;il `hrd;> Lk;$h;
k`huh\;buk; Xq;Nfhy; Fz;Lh; gy;ylk;>
nghs;shr;rp
ghy; cw;gj;jp 5,443 fpfp 3715 fp.fp 1700 -3500 666 fp.fpuhk; Fiwe;j msT 2000 fp.fpuhk;
fpfp ghy; jpwd;
cilaJ
gRf;fs; 1. rptg;G / 1.nts;is 1.nts;is epwk; 1.rhk;gy; epwk; 1.nts;is
1.Mo;e;j fUQ;rptg;G / epwj;Jld; my;yJ rhk;gy; rpy rkak; epwj;jpypUe;J
fUQ;rptg;G ntz;ik rhk;gy; epwk; fUik epwk; mlh;j;jpahd
epwk;. fye;j rptg;G jpl;Lf;fs; rhk;gy; epwk;
epwk;
2.jpkpy; cz;L 2.,iyfisg; 2.jpkpy; ed;whf 2.kpjkhd 2.kpjkhd jpkpy; 2.ePz;l
jdpj;jd;ik Nghy; ePz;l tise;Jk; msTs;s jpkpy; fhk;GfSld;
gz;Gfs; fhJfs; NeuhfTk; $ba ghy; kb.
cilaJ ,Uf;Fk;
3.nghpa kbAk; 3.nghpa kbAk; 3.fhisfs; 3.rpwpa 3.rpwpa fhk;Gld; 3.fNuhl;bd; rj;J
Fiwe;j msT mjw;Nfw;w tz;b fhk;GfSld; kpjkhd kb epiwe;Js;sJ.
fhk;Gfs; fhk;Gfs; ,Of;fTk; kpjkhd msTs;s MfNt ghy;
rhiy kb kQ;rs;
NtiyfSf;Fk; epwKilaJ
Vw;wit
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ghlk; . 2 Ez;Zaphpapay;
Ie;J kjpg;ngz;fs;
1. Ez;Zaphpapay; mwptpay; mwpQh;fs; gw;wp tpthp?
Y}ap gh];bah; (1822 – 1895) ,uhgh;l; Nfhr; (1843 – 1910) N[hrg; yp];lh; (1827 – 1912)
1. ,tuJ nray;Kiwfs; ghf;Bhpaq;fs; ,th; ghf;Bhpaq;fis rhakpLjy;> fz;lwpjy; ghf;Bhpahtpd; J}a tsh;gG ; Kiwia
kw;Wk; <];l;Lfspd; jput Clf tsh;g;G kw;Wk; tsh;g;G Kiwfs; gw;wp fz;lwpe;jhh; v.fh. Ngf;Bhpak; Nyf;b];
gw;wpajhFk; tpsf;fpAs;shh;
2. ,th; nehjpj;jy; Kiwfs; %yk; mth; jput tbt ghf;Bhpah tsh; Clfj;ij xU jput Clfj;ijg; gy ePh;kq;fspy;
gy;NtW Ez;Zaphpfis fz;lwpe;jhh;. jpl tbtj;jpw;F khw;wpdhh;. (mfhhpd; Nrhjidf; Fohapy; (my;yJ) Nrhjid $l
Jizf;nfhz;L) cgfuzj;jpy; ,l;L xNu ,dj;ijr; rhh;e;j
Ez;Zaphpapd; nry;fis tsh;j;jNy ‘J}a
tsh;g;G’ vdg;gLk;
3. xU Fwpgpl;l Nehapid xU Fwpgpl;l (T.B.) bg;jPhpah> kw;Wk; nll;lhd]; (uz ,e;jKiw etPd Ez;Zaphpay; cUthf
Ez;Zaphp Njhw;Wtpg;gjhf mwptpj;jhh;. [d;dp) Nghd;wit ghf;Bhpaq;fshy; toptFj;jd.
cUthtijAk;> mjw;fhd Mz;bghbfis
fz;lwpe;jhh;.
4. rpfur;rhjid – Kiwg;ghy; 1905k; Mz;L bA+gh;FNyhrp]; gw;wpa Mz;bnrg;bf; mWit rpfpr;ir Kiwiaf;
gjg;gLj;Jjy;> Nfhopfspy; fz;Lgpbg;gpw;F Nehgy; ghpR toq;fg;gl;lJ. fz;lwpe;jhh;.
fhyhuh>jLg;G+rp> kdpjdpy; Nugp]; jLg;G+rp
Mfpatw;iw fz;Lgpbj;jhh;
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2. itu]; kugpay; gw;wp rpW Fwpg;G tiuf?

1. itu]pd; kugpay; jfty;fs; D.N.A (or) RNA apy; ,Uf;Fk;.
2. epAf;spf; mkpyk; ,d;GSad;rh itu]py; 1%k;> Ng[; itu];fspy; 50%
fhzg;gLk;.
3. ghuh itu]py; 3-4 [Pd;fs; cs;sd mk;ik itu]py; 100f;fzf;fhd
[Pd;fs; cs;sd.
4. ithpahd;fspy; mkpyq;fs; xw;iwahFk; kw;Wk; ePs;tbtpNyh (my;yJ) tl;l
tbtpNyh fhzg;gLk;.
5. jhtu itu];fspy; R.N.A tl;ltbtpy; fhzg;gLk;. tpyq;F itu];fspy;
R.N.A. ePs;tbtpy; fhzg;gLk;.
3. itu]pd; mikg;gpid tptup.
a) itu];fs; epA+f;spf; mkpyq;fshd ikag;gFjpapidAk;> mjidr;
#o;e;J Guj ciwapidAk; ngw;wpUf;Fk; (Nfg;rpL.)
b) itu];fspd; rPuikg;G:
1. cUz;iltbt itu]; - INrhn`l;uy; rPuikg;G
2. rpypz;lh; tbt itu]; - RUs; rPuikg;G
3. cjphptif itu]; - rpf;fyhd rPuikg;G
c) rpy cjphp itu];fspy; ypg;Ngh Gujj;jpyhd Nky; ciw
fhzg;gLk;. v.fh: HIV
d) ciwaw;w tPhpahd;fs; mk;ik itu];fspy; fhzg;gLk;.
e) tbtk;:
1. cUz;il – mbNdh itu]; 2. rpypz;lh; tbtk;> RUs;
rPuikg;G – TMV> Nugp]; itu];.
3. rpf;fyhd> rkr;rPuw;w mikg;G – T-ghf;BhpNahNg[;.
4. tpyq;F itu];fs; tsh;g;G Fwpj;J vOJf.
(a) itu];fis capUs;s nry;fspy; kl;LNk tsh;f;f KbAk;. (1mark)
(b) itu]; tsh;g;G Kiwfs; (3 mark)
i) Nfhopf;fUTs; tsh;g;G ii) Kjd;ik tsh;g;G
ii) bg;sha;L nry;tif tsh;g;G iv) njhlh; top nry;fs; tsh;g;G.
(c) Nfhopf;fUTs; tsh;g;G. (3 mark)
i) vspa> rpf;fdkhf itu];fis tsh;f;Fk; Kiw ,J.
ii) fUTw;w Nfhop Kl;ilfis 5-12 ehl;fs; milfhj;j gpd;dh; vLj;Jf;
nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
iii) itu];fis Crpapd; %yk;> Xl;bd; topNa fpUkpaw;w epiyapy;
cl;gjpj;jy; nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
iv) Jthuj;ij nkOF nfhz;L milf;f Ntz;Lk;.
v) 360C ntg;gepiyapy; milfhf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
vi) Nfhopapd; fU nry;fspy; itu];fs; ,ul;bg;gilAk;. fU czTg;ig
itu];fSf;F rpwe;j tsh; Clfkhf nray;gLk;.
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(d) Kjd;ik tsh;g;G (3 mark)

i) ,jw;fhd nry;fs; vyp> Nfhop kw;Wk; Fuq;F Mfpatw;wpd; ,ay;Gj;
jpRtpypUe;J ngwg;gLk;.
ii) ,jypUe;J cUthFk; Kjy; jdp itu]; mLf;F Kjd;ik tsh;g;G
vdg;gLk;.
(e) bg;sha;L nry;tif tsh;g;G (3 mark)
i) ,it fU%yj;jpypUe;j ngwg;gl;l Fwpg;gpl;l jpRf;fshfpa EiuaPuy;>
rpWePuf nry; tsh;g;gpypUe;J ngwg;gl;lit.
ii) kdpj jLg;G+rp kUe;J cw;gj;jpf;F kpfr; rpwe;j tpUe;Njhk;gp nry;fs;
,it. (1mark)
(f) nry;topj; njhlh; tsh;gG
; Kiw :
i) vz;zpylq;fh Ntfj;jpy; gFg;gilAk; jpwd; cilait.
ii) jpBH khw;wkile;j / Gw;WNeha; nry; tsh;g;gpy; ,Ue;J
ngwg;gLgit.
tsh;f;f rpukkhd my;yJ tsh;f;f ,ayhj itu];fis ,jpy; tsh;f;fyhk
5. kdpjdpy; fhzg;gLk; itu]; Neha;fs; ahit?

m. Gw;WNeha; (Nfd;rH):
Gw;WNehia cUthf;Fk; itu];fs; Md;Nfh[Pdpf;itu]; vd;W ngaH. v.fh.
mbNdh itu];fs;> rpkpad; itu]; 40 (SV 40), EBV-DNA itu];. Md;Nfh[Pdpf;
RNA- Nuht]; rhHf;Nfhkh.
M. Nugp]; Neha;:
1. Nugp]; itu]; Nug;Nlh itu]; FLk;gj;ijr; rhHe;jJ.
2. Nugp]; njhw;wpa tpyq;Ffs; kdpjid fbg;gjhy; tUk;. v.fh. vyp> G+id> eha;
3. mwpFwpfs;: jiytyp> mjpf fha;r;ry;> jir eLf;fk;> ePH ntWg;G
(i`l;Nuh/Nghgpah)
4. ,jdhy; ,wg;G 100% MFk;
5. fl;Lg;ghL: bg;sha;L nry; Clfj;jpd; %yk; jahhpf;fg;gl; jLg;G+rp cs;sJ.
,. mk;ik itu];:
i) ghf;]; itu];fs; - mk;ik itu];fs;
ii) ,J DNA, Gujk; kw;Wk; nfhOg;ig; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
<. NtupNahyh itu];:
i) ,J ngupak;ik itu]; vd miof;fg;gLk;. FLFLg;ig Nghd;w tbtk;
cilaJ.
ii) Neha; njhw;wpatH gad;gLj;Jk; nghUs;fs;> ePH Jsp %yk; guTfpwJ.
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iii) nghpak;ik Kw;wpYk; xopf;fg;gl;lJ

nghpak;ik jLg;G+rp NthpNthyh ituRf;F neUf;fkhd thf;rpdpah itu];
%yk;; jahhpf;fg;gLk;. ,J kdpjDf;F Neha; jLg;ghw;wiy> nry;top> jputtop
%yk; Njhw;Wtpf;fpd;wJ.
c. n`g;gl;ill;b];-gp itu]; (fy;yPuy; mow;rp)

1. HBV NkYiwAld; $ba> DNA nfhz;l itu]; MFk;.
2. ,J kQ;rs; fhkhiy> fy;yPuy;> Gw;WNehia cUthf;Fk;.
3. va;li
; r tpl nfhba xU capH nfhy;yp Neha; MFk;.
4. HBV jLg;G+rp Rj;jpfhpj;j M];jpNuypa (Ag) Md;b[d; MFk;.
6. ghf;Bupa tsHg;G Kiw kw;Wk;; Clf jahhpg;gpd; epiyfs;
1. ghf;Bupahf;fspd; tsHr;rpf;F Cl;lg; nghUs;fs; Njitg;gLfpd;wd.
2. Cl;l
; g; nghUs; nfhz;l Clfj;jpw;F Ntjpg; nghUs; Clfk; my;yJ
nraw;if Clfk; vd;W ngaH.
3. ,t;T+lfj;jpy; fhHNghi`l;Nul;Lfs;> Gujq;fs;> nfhOg;G> itl;lkpd;fd;
cs;sd. ,t;T+lfk; i`l;Nuhbuhgpf;tif ghf;Bupaq;;fspd; tsHr;rpia
Cf;Ftpf;fpd;wd.
4. Cl;l mfhUk;> Cl;l /gpuhj; jputKk; ghf;Bupaq;fs; tsHr;rpia
Cf;Ftpf;fpd;wd.
Clf jahupg;gpd; epiyfs;:
1. ePupy;yhj Clfj;jpy; xt;nthU nghUisAk; Fwpg;gpl;l mstpy; ePupy; fiuf;f

Ntz;Lk;.
2. Clfj;jpd; PH I fzf;fpl Ntz;Lk;
3. Clfk; FLit (m) Foha;fspy; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
4. Clfk; fpUkp ePf;fk; nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;. (Ml;NlhfpNst;)
5. mfhH Clfk; fiua #Nlw;wg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
tsHr;rp Cl;lr;rj;Jld; ,aw;G gz;Gfs;:
1. ntg;gepiy 3. (PH) mkpy kw;Wk; fhuj;jd;ik.

2. thAepiy 4. Xspgly; / ePuOj;jk;.
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7. ghf;Bupa kugpay;/ ghf;Bupahtpy; eilngWk; [Pd; kWNrHf;if Fwpj;J vOJf.

a. ghf;Bupahtpy; xw;iw tl;l tbt DNA rq;fpyp kuGg;nghUshf fhzg;gLk;.
,iz Gujk; ,y;iy.
b. ghf;Bupahtpy; a. ,izT b. buhd;];lf;rd; c. cUkhw;wk; vd;w %d;W [Pd;
kWNrHf;if epfo;Tfs; eilngwfpwJ.
c. ghf;Bupa ,izT:
i. ,k;Kiwapy; xU ghf;Bupar; nry;ypd; rpy DNA gFjpfs; mjDld;
,izT nfhz;Ls;s kw;NwhU nry;ypDs; khw;wg;gLk;.
ii. ,e;j [Pd; khw;wj;jpw;F ghy;igypfs; cjTk;.
iii. gpd; ghf;Bupa nry;fs; gpupAk;
iv. ,k;Kiwapy; toq;fp ghf;Bupahtpd; KO FNuhkNrhk; my;yJ
ngUk;gFjp FNuhkNrhk; khw;wg;gLk;.
glk; refer page 107
d. ghf;Bupa cUkhw;wk;: 3 mark

i. ,e;epfo;tpid fz;lwpe;jtH – fpupg;gpj; (1928)
ii. ,k;Kiwapy; kuGj;jfty; nfhz;l nry;yikg;G ePf;fg;gl;l ghf;Bupa
DNA xU nry;tifapy; ,Ue;J kw;nwhU nry;tiff;F khw;wg;gLk;.
e. buhd;];lf;rd;:
i. ,k;Kiwapy; ghf;BupNah Ng[;fs; (itu];) Vw;W CHjpfshf nray;gLk;.
toq;fp ghf;Bupaj;jpy; cs;s DNA tpid/ DNA gFjpapid kw;nwhU
Vw;G ghf;Bupaj;jpDs; khw;Wk;.
ii. nghJtif buhd;];lf;rd;: xU ghf;Bupahtpd; midj;J DNA Tk;
iturpdhy; flj;jg;gLk;
iii. rpwg;Gtif buhd;];lf;rd;: xU ghf;Bupahtpd; rpy [Pd;fs; kl;Lk;
iturpdhy; flj;jg;gLk;.
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8. ghf;Bupa Neha;fs; Fwpj;J fl;Liu tiuf

tupir
Nehapd; ngaH Nehapid cz;lhf;FtJ Nehapd; mwpFwpfs;> tiffs;
vz;
1. a. njhlH fha;r;ry;
b. Fly;uzkhjy;
ilgha;L rhy;Nkhndy;yh ilgp
c. tapw;Wg;Gz;
d. kz;zPuy; tPf;fk;.
2. a. caHf;fha;r;ry;
b. cly;FspH
c. grpapd;ik
,uj;jjpy; Eioe;jkpd;
Nf];l;Nuh rhy;Nkhndy;yh
d. nkdpd;i[l;b];
vz;lb
; iul;b]; fhyNurpa];
e. epNkhdpah
f. neg;iul;b];
g. M];bNah ikyl;b];
h. cWg;Gfspy; Gz;
3. guTjy;: mRj;j ePH> czT
mwpFwpfs;:
a. the;jp
tpg;upNah fhyNu Ruf;Fk;
fhyuh b. fQ;rpj; jz;zPH Nghd;w fLikahd
er;R vz;bNuhlhf;rpd;
tapw;Wg; Nghf;F c. ePH>
jhJf;fs; ,og;G
,uj;jj;jpy; mkpyj;jd;ik mjpfhpg;G
4. guTjy;
i) jtwhd ghYwT:
bhpg;Nghdpkh ghyplk; ii) jhaplkpUe;J Foe;ijf;F
rpgpyp]; rpgpyp]; mwpFwpfs; :
nfhûkhd ghy;tpid Neha; fz;ghh;it ,og;G
fhJNfshik.
%is Nrjk;.
5. mwpFwpfs; :i) G+Nghdf; gpNsf; :
i) epzePh; Rug;gpfs;
uzkhfp tPq;Fjy;.
ii) cly; Fsph;jy;
iii) the;jp vLj;jy;
vh;rd
P pah ng];b]; iv) cly; gytPdk;
gpNsf; (efh;tw;w fpuhk; nefl;bt; v) 58% ,wg;G
ghf;Bhpah) epNkhdpf; gpNsf; :
1. epNkhdpah fha;r;ry;
2. ,uj;jj; jptisfs; fye;j vr;rpy;
ntspg;gly;.
3. 100% ,wg;G (rpfpr;ir vLf;fhtpl;lhy;)
6. Mzpy; mwpFwpfs; :
1. rpWePh; Nghf;fpd; NghJ typ>
nfhNdhpah ep];Nrhpah nfhNdhpah 2. kQ;rs; epw jputk;ntspg;gly;.
ngz;fs;
,dg;Gioapy; jputk; ntspg;gly;.
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9. GNuhl;NlhNrhtpd; Ez;Zaphpfshy; cz;lhFk; Neha;fis tpthp?
gpsh];Nkhbak; / kNyhpah
kdpjdpy; gpsh];Nkhbak; vd;w GNuhl;NlhNrhth xl;Lz;zpahy; Vw;gLk;.

,e;Neha; ngz; mNdhgPy]; nfhRf;fspd; %yk; guTk;.
tiffs;:
1. gp.itthf;]; Vw;gLk; nlh;rpad; kNyhpah.
2. gp.kNyhpahtpdhy; Vw;gLk; Fthh;ll
; d; kNyhpah.
3. gp. XNtypdhy; Vw;gLk; XNty; kNyhpah
4. gp. ghy;rpNguf;jpdhy; Vw;gLk; caph;nfhy;Yk; khypf;dd;l; kNyhpah
mwpFwpfs;
1. Nehahspf;F fLk;Fsph;> cly;eLf;fk; kw;Wk; tpah;j;jy; Vw;gLk;.

2. Fsph; mlq;Fk; NghJ cly; ntg;gepiy 1060 F cah;jy; (`PNkhNrhapd;
Jfshy;)
3. fLk; ,uj;j Nrhif.
4. kz;zPuy; tPf;fk;.
5. Fly; ,uj;jj; je;Jfspy; ,uj;jk; ciwjy; Vw;gLjy; (gp.ghy;rpNguk; njhw;W)
6. %isj; je;Jfspy; milg;G> kuzk;
7. gp.ghy;rpNguk; njhw;wpdhy; fUePh;f;fha;ry; Vw;gLk; rpWePhpy; `PNkhFNshgpd;
ntspNaWk;.
mkPgpahrp];
vz;lkpgh `p];Nlhiybf;fhthy; cz;lhfpwJ. ,jd; NgNjh[pdpf;
LNuhg;Nghirl;Lfs; ngUq;Flypd; kpA+f;Nfhrhit jpd;W cl;nry;fpd;wd.
,jdhy; ,uj;jj;JspSk;> Flw;Gz; nghUl;fSk;> ,uj;jk; fye;j Ngjpahf
ntspNaWfpd;wd. ,JNt mkPgpahrp]; (v) mkPgpf; tapw;Wg; Nghf;fhFk;.
,ju GNuhl;NlhNrhth Neha;fs; :
1. bhpg;gdNrhkh Nfk;gpad;]; - Mg;gphpf;f J}f;ftpahjp

2. yP];Nkdpah Nlhdhthdp – fhyh mrh;
3. yP];Nkdpah buhgpf;fh - Njhy; yP]N
; kdpahrp];
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10. GNuhl;NlhNrhthtpd; Ez;Zaphpapay; gw;wp rpWFwpg;G tiuf?

1. GNuhl;NlhNrhth njhFjpia rhh;e;j caphpfs; A+NfhpNahl;bf; kw;Wk; xU
nry; caphpfs; MFk;
2. ,it 5Kjy; 250ikf;uhd; cly; msTs;s rpwpa caphpdq;fs; MFk;.
,it cz;lhf;Fk; Neha;fs; :
a. Fly; mkPgpahrp];
b. Mg;gphpf;fh J}f;f tpahjp
c. kNyhpah
d. Foe;ijfspy; ilahpah – (fpahh;bah ,d;l];bdhyp vd;w ePspio
GNuhl;NlhNrhththy; Vw;gLfpwJ.)
e) [pd;[pitl;b]; - biuf;NfhNkhdhLfs; thapy; Vw;gLj;Jk; <W Neha;.
11. Ntjpg;nghUs; kUe;J rpfpr;ir vd;why; vd;d? rpwe;j Ntjpr;rpfpr;ir kUe;jpd;
gz;Gfs; ahit?
1. njhw;W Neha;fis Ntjpg;nghUl;fspd; Jizf;nfhz;L Fzg;gLj;Jjy;/
fl;Lg;gLj;jjy; Ntjpg;nghUs; kUe;J rpfpr;ir vdg;gLk;.
2. ,jw;F gad;gLk; kUe;Jfs; Ntjpr;rpfpr;ir fhuzpfs; vdg;gLk;
v.fh ngd;rpypd;> ghurpl;lhkhy;.
gz;Gfs;:
1. tpUe;Njhk;gp nry;ypw;F jPq;F tpistpf;fhky; Neha; cz;lhf;Fk;
fpUkpia jLf;Fk;(m) rpijf;Fk;.
2. ghJfhg;ghd mstpy; nray;glNtz;Lk;
3. tpUe;Njhk;gpapd; ,aw;if Neha; jLg;ghw;wy; epfo;TfSf;F vt;tpj ghjpg;Gk;
,d;wp ,k;kUe;J nray;gl Ntz;Lk;. (nry; tpOq;fy;> Mz;bghb cw;gj;jp)
4. kUe;jhdJ Njh;e;njLj;j er;Rj;jd;ikapid ngw;wpUf;f Ntz;Lk;
tpUe;Njhk;gpapd; capUf;F kpfFiwthd ghjpg;;gpid Vw;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
12. vjph; Ez;Zaphp kUe;Jfs; vk;Kiwfspy; nray;gLk;?
,k;kUe;Jfs; nray;Kiwapd; mbg;gilapy; ,Utifg;gLk;. (a) ghf;Bhpaq;fis

nfhy;Yk; tif (ghf;BhpNahirly;) (b) ghf;Bhpa tsh;r;rpapid jLj;J epWj;Jk; tif.
(ghf;BhpNah];lhl;bf;).
nray;ghLfs;:
1. nry; Rth; cw;gj;jpiaj; jLf;Fk;.
2. nry; Rtiu rpijf;Fk;.
3. nry;ypd; irl;Nlhgpshr rt;tpidr; rpijf;Fk;.
4. Neha;fpUkpapd; Guj cw;gj;jp> epA+f;spf; mkpy cw;gj;jpapidj; jLf;Fk;.
5. nehjpj; njhFjpfspd; nraiyj;jLf;Fk; / tsh;rpij khw;w epfo;Tfisj;
jLf;Fk;.
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13. vjph; Ez;Zaph;f; nfhy;ypfs; (m) Mz;bgahbf;]; vd;why; vd;d? v.fh nfhL.
A.vjph; Ez;Zaph; nfhy;yp
tiwaiu:
,it rpwe;j> jdpj;jd;ik nfhz;l NtjpnghUl;fs;> ghf;Bhpah my;yJ G+Q;ir
Nghd;w caphpfsplk; ,Ue;J ngwg;gLk;. Neha;fpUkpfis mopf;f cjTk;.
(my;yJ)
xU Ez;Zaphpapd; tsh;rpij khw;wj;jpy; cw;gj;jpahFk; xU Ntjpg;nghUs;
,ju Ez;Zaphpfis nfhy;Yk; (m) tsh;rpapid jLf;Fk; jpwidg; ngw;wpUe;jhy;
mjid vjpu; Ez;Zaph; nfhy;yp vd miof;fpNwhk;.
v.fh. ngdprpypd; (ngdprpypak; nehl;Nll;lk; vd;w G+Q;irapypUe;J
mnyf;rhz;lh; /g;sk;kpq; gphpj;njLj;jhh;)
vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs;:
1. Mz;b ghf;Bhpay; vjph; Ez;Zaphp kUe;Jfs; Mk;gprpypd;>
];nlnug;Nlhikrpd;> nll;uhirf;spd; vhpj;Nuhikrpd;.
2. vjph;g;G+Q;ir vjph;Ez;Zaphp kUe;Jfs;: fiurpNahgy;tpd;> ,kplNrhy;
3. Gw;WNeha; vjph;g;G vjph;Ez;Zaph; kUe;Jfs;:
Ve;j;NuhikrPd; njhFjp (ANTHROMYCIN)
4. Mz;lb
; itu]; vjph; Ez;Zaphp: Mkd;lb
; bd;> irf;NshFthNdhrpd;
5. kpfrpwe;j Mz;bitu]; kUe;J-,d;lh;nguhd;fs; (nts;is mZf;fs;>
/igg;Nuhgpsh];Lfshy; Ruf;fg;gLk;)
14. Ez;Zaphp Neha;fpUkpfspd; jftikg;Gfs; ahit?
1. Neha;fpUkpfs; njhw;Wtjw;F gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;Sk; Xk;Gaphpfspd; cWg;G

Njhy;> fz; ,ilntsp Rthr> ,dg;ngUf;f ghijfspd; Nfhiog;glyk;.
2. Neha;fpUkpfs; cly; kw;Wk; jpR Nky;Gwg;glyq;fspd; %yk; cs;Ns
Eioe;J cl;Gwj;jpRf;fis milAk;.
3. rpy Ez;Zaphpfs; ve;jg; gFjpapy; Eioe;jNjh mg;gFjpapNy epiynfhz;L
fhzg;gLk;.
4. rpy Ez;Zaphpfs; gy;NtW jpRf;fspd; / cWg;Gfspd; cs;Ns nrd;W gutp
fhzg;gLk; (nghJthd njhw;Wfs;)
5. rpy Neha;fpUkpfs; Xk;Gaphpapd; cly; nraypay; epfo;rpfSf;F fLk;
ghjpg;gpid Vw;gLj;Jk;.
6. rpy Ez;Zaphpfs; er;Rg;nghUl;fis Rue;J cly; jpRf;fSf;F Nrjj;ij
Vw;gLj;Jk;.
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15. HIV – apd; mikg;G kw;Wk; mjid fz;lwpe;j epfo;tpid gw;wp vOJf?
fz;lwpe;jth;fs;:
i) Yf; khd;Nlf;dpah; - ghhp]py; cs;s NjrPa cly;ey epWtdj;jpd; Ma;thsh;.
ii) uhgh;l; NfNyh – mnkhpf;fhtpy; cs;s NjrPa cly;ey epWtdj;jpd;
Ma;thsh;.
mikg;G:
iii) HIV cUz;il tbtKila itu];
iv) gUkd; : 100 – 140 µm
v) Guj ciwapdhy; R+og;gl;l gp 120> gp 41 vd;w ,uz;L fpisf;Nfh Guj
myFfs; fhzg;gLk;.
vi) Gp – 41 E}wpw;Fk; Nkw;gl;l mkpNdh mkpyq;fisg; ngw;wpWf;Fk;.
vii) HLA Mz;bn[d;fSk; HIV –y; fhzg;gLk;.
viii) HIV-apd; RNA – cld; hpth;]; buhd;];fphpg;Nl]; nehjp ,ize;jpUf;Fk;.
glk; Refer book Page – 115
16. va;l]; ; Nehapd; mwpFwpfs; ahit?
1. 10% cly; vil Fiwjy;
2. xU khjj;jpw;F Nky; njhlh;e;j Ngjp> fha;r;ry;
3. ePbj;j ,Uky; kw;Wk; ,utpy; tpah;j;jy;
4. nkdpd;i[l;b]; kw;Wk; euk;G Nrjk; Vw;gLjy;
5. Qhgf kwjp kw;Wk; Gj;jp $h;ik ,og;G.
6. n`h;g]; N[h];lh; vd;w itu]; njhw;W Vw;gLjy;
7. vYk;GUf;fp Neha; kw;Wk; njhz;ilapy; Nfd;bilahrp]; Nghd;w re;jh;g

njhw;WNeha;fs; Vw;gLjy;.
17. va;l]
; ; Neha; jLg;G> fl;Lg;gLj;Jjy; gw;wp Fwpg;G tiuf?
1. ,uj;jk; kw;Wk; ,uj;jg;nghUl;fis HIV Nrhjidf;F cl;gLj;Jjy;.
2. va;l]
; ; Neha; vt;thW njhw;Wk; vd;gijg; gw;wp kf;fsplk; tpopg;Gzh;it
Vw;gLj;Jjy;.
3. ghJfhg;ghd cly; cwTfs;> elj;ij gw;wpa tpjpKiwfis Nghjpj;jy;
4. gy;NtW nghJey ,af;fq;fs;> Mrphpah;fs;> muR rhuh epWtdq;fs; va;l]

; ;
tpopg;Gzh;T epfo;rpfis elj;Jjy; kw;Wk; mjpy; gq;FngWjy;.
5. va;l] ; ; NehahspfSf;F Mz;bitu]; kUe;Jfs; vspjpy; fpilf;FkhW
nra;jy;. v.fh: mrpNlhijkpbd; (AZT)> [pNlhTbd; irf;Nshtph;
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ghlk; - 3
Neha;j; jilfhg;gpay;
Ie;J kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;
Gj;jf tpdhf;fs;
1. ,ay;G Neha;j;jilfhg;gpy;> cly; kw;Wk; clw;nray; rhh;e;j jilf;fhuzpfs;
gw;wp Fwpg;G tiuf?
clw;nraypay; rhh;e;j jilf; fhuzpfs; :
i) cly; ntg;gk; : clypy; fha;r;ry; cz;lhtjd; %yk; Neha;ff ; pUkpfspd;
tsh;rr; p kl;Lg;gLfpwJ.
ii) fhu – mkpyj;jd;ik PH : czNthL clypy; EioAk; Ez;Zaphpfs;
tapw;Wr; Rug;gpapYs;s i`l;bNuFNshhpf; (Hcl) mkpyj;jhy;
nfhy;yg;gLfpd;wd.
iii) fz;zPh; kw;Wk; ckpo;ePhpYs;s iyNrhirk; vd;Dk; vd;irk;
ghf;Bhpaq;fspd; nry;Rtiu nrhpf;ff;$baJ.
iv) ,uj;j nts;isaZ Nghd;w rpynry;fs; itu];jhf;Fjypd; NghJ
,d;lh;/nguhd;fs; vDk; vjph;g;Gg; Gujq;fis Ruf;fpd;wd. ,jdhy; itu];
jhf;Fjiy vjph;f;Fk; jpwd; mjpfhpf;fpwJ
clyikg;Gr; rhh;e;j jilf;fhuzpfs; :
i) Neha;ff
; pUkpfs; clypDs; GFtJ jLf;ffg;gLfpwJ.
ii) Njhy;> Rthrkz;lyk;> Fly; kw;Wk; ,dg;ngUf;ff; Foha;fisr;
R+o;e;jpUf;Fk;.Nfhiog;glyk; Neha;ff
; pUkpfisr; rpf;f itf;fpwJ.
iii) ,f;Foha;fspd; cl;rt;tpy; mike;jpUf;fk; Fw;wpiofspd; njhlh;
mirtpdhy; fpUkpfs; ntspNaw;wg;gLfpd;wd.
2. jfT jLg;ghw;wy; kw;Wk; Fwpg;gpl;l jLg;ghw;wy; tiffspd; gz;Gfis
tpthpf;fTk;.
Fwpg;gpLk; jd;ik :
gyjug;gl;l may;%yf;$Wfspd; Ntw;Wikia mwpjy;.
gy;tifj;jd;ik :
gy;NtW may; %yf;$Wfis milahsk; fhZk; jpwd;.
Ra kw;Wk; may; %yf;$Wfis ,dk; fhZjy;.
may; %yf;$Wfs; ,dk; fhZjy;
clypd; %yf;$WfSf;F (Ra mz;b[d;fs;) vjpuhd eltbf;iffis
jtph;j;jy;.
epidT :
jilfhg;G kz;lyk; Kjd; Kjyhf xU Fwpg;gpl;l may; fhuzpia
vjph;nfhs;Sk; nghOJ cz;lhFk; jilfhg;G tpidfis neLehl;fSf;F epidtpy;
itj;Jf; nfhs;fpwJ.
,uz;lhtJ Kiw mNj may;fhuzpia vjph;nfhs;Sk; NghJ jPtpukhd
jilfhg;G eltbf;ifia Nkw;nfhs;fpwJ.
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3. ,k;ANdhFNshGypd; my;yJ Mz;lb

; ghb my;yJ vjph;g;G nghUs; mikg;ig
glk; tiuf.
gf;fk; vz;.130 glk; 3.8
4. ,k;ANdhFNshGypd; my;yJ Mz;lb ; ghb my;yJ vjph;g;G nghUs; mikg;igAk;
nraiyAk; tpthpf;f.
i) ,k;ANdhFNshGypd;fs; fpisf;NfhGujq;fs; MFk;.
ii) ,J Nyrhd rq;fpyp (L – Chain) fdkhf rq;fpyp (H –Chain) ;vd
ePstpj;jpahrKs;s ,iz ngg;ilL rq;fpypfspdhy; MdJ.
iii) L – rq;fpypapd; %yf;$W vil25,000 lhy;ld; H – rq;fpypapd; %yf;$W
vil50,000 lhy;ld;.
iv) Xt;nthU L – rq;fpypAk; %yf;$W XH ,ul;il ry;ig/L gpizg;ghy; (-S-S)
,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
v) ,uz;L H – rq;fpypfSk; 1Kjy; 5tiuapyhd ,ul;ilr; ry;igL
gpizg;Gfshy; ,izf;fgl;Ls;sd;.
tiffs;:
1. Ig G
2. Ig A
3. Ig M
4. Ig D
5. Ig E
L-rq;fpypfs; fg;gh (K) kw;Wk; yhk;lh tifiar; rhh;e;jit.
ghypngg;ilL rq;fpypapd; gFjpfs; :
khWgLk; gFjp (FAB gFjp) epiyahd gFjp

1. N Kidapy; cs;sJ. COOH Kidapy; cs;sJ.
2. mkpNdh mkpy thpirapy; mkpNdh mkpythpir khwhky;
mjpfg;gbahd khWjy;fs; epiyahf ,Uf;Fk;.
fhzg;gLfpwJ.
3. FAB Mz;b[d; ,izAk; gFjp. FC epiyahd gFjp.
5. jpR my;yJ cWg;G khw;wj;jpd; kugpay; mbg;gilia gw;wp vOJf.

i) vy;yhj; jpRf;fspYk; jpRnghUj;j Mz;b[d;fs; cs;sd.
ii) cWg;G khw;wk; nra;a Ntz;ba egh;fspd; jpRg;nghUj;j Mz;b[d;fs;
xj;Jg;Nghf Ntz;bAs;sJ.
iii) ,ij eph;zapf;Fk; [Pd;fs; Kjd;ik jpRg;nghUj;j [Pd;$l;likg;G (MHC)
vd;wwpag;gl;Ls;sJ.
iv) Rz;nlypfspd; MwhtJ FNuhkhNrhkpy; cs;sJ.
v) kdpjdpy; ,jw;F ypA+f;Nfhirl; Mz;b[d; $l;likg;G (HLA) vd;W ngah;.
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vi) HLA [Pd;fspd; my;yPy;fs; cWg;G nfhLg;gth;> kw;Wk; Vw;gthpd; jpRg;

nghUj;jj;ij eph;zapf;fpd;wd.
6. xl;LWg;G tpyfypd; mwpFwpfs; ahit?
i) Njhy; mhpg;G
ii) kz;zPuypy; ePh;fl;Ljy;> tPf;fkiljy;.
iii) cly; nkype;J Nghjy;.
iv) tapw;Wg;Nghf;F
v) fy;yPuy; tPf;fk;.
vi) ,uj;jr; Nrhif
vii) Neha; vjph;g;Gj; jpwd; Fiwjy;.
7. Neha;j; jLg;ghw;wy; FiwNeha;fs;; gw;wp tpsf;Ff.

i) Neha;j;jil fhg;G mikg;Gfspy; Fiw ,Ue;jhy; Njhd;Wfpd;wd.
ii) ,it gpw kdpjh;fisj; jhf;fhJ.
iii) [Pd; jpBHkhw;wq;fs;> NehAWjy;> Nghjpa Cl;lkpd;ik> tpgj;J Nghd;w
fhuzpfshy; cz;lhfyhk;.
SCID :
i) kugpaf; Fiwfspd; fhuzkhfj; Njhd;Wk;.
ii) mbNdhrpd; B mikNd]; Fiwthy; cz;lhFk;.
iii) ijNkhirl;Lfspd; vz;zpf;if kpfTk; FiwAk;.
iv) SCID apdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;lth;fs; ,sk; gUtj;jpNyNa ,we;J tpLth;.
va;l]
; ; :
i) ,J itu]pd; RNA, DNA, ghjpg;Gfspd; topahf ngUf;fkilfpd;wd.

ii) cjtp nra;Ak; T-nry;fis Fwpg;ghf mopf;fpd;wd.
iii) itu]pd; RNA upth;];buhd;];fphpg;Nl]; vDk; nehjpahy; DNA gbah
khWfpwJ.
iv) ,it kdpj FNuhNkhNrhk; DNA gbahf khWfpwJ.
v) ,it kdpj FNuhNkhNrhk; DNA-y; Nrh;f;fg;gl;L nry;gphpjypd; NghJ
Vuhskhd gbfis cUthfpd;wd.
vi) gbnaLf;fg;gl;l RNA %yf;$Wfs; itu]; Jfs;fshfp NkYk; gy
T- nry;fis mopf;fpd;wd.
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$Ljy; tpdhf;fs;
8. ,ay;G Neha;j;jilfhg;G kw;Wk; ngw;Wf;nfhz;l Neha;j;jilfhg;ig NtWgLj;Jf.
my;yJ
Fwpg;gpL jd;ikaw;w Neha;jilfhg;G kw;Wk; Fwpg;gpLk; jd;ikAila
Neha;jilfhg;G NtWgLj;Jf.
,ay;G (m) Fwpg;gpL jd;ikaw;w Neha;jilfhg;G
i) Neha;fspypUe;J ghJfhg;Gg; ngWtw;fhf ,aw;ifahfNt caphpapy;
mike;jpUf;Fk; jilfhg;G Kiwfs;.
ii) may;nghUl;fs; clypDs; Eiotijg; gy;NtW jLg;Gfspd;%yk; jil
nra;ag;gLfpwJ.
jil mikg;Gfs; :
i) clyikg;Gr; rhh;e;j jilfs;.
ii) clw;nray; rhh;e;j jilf; fhuzpfs;
iii) nry; tpOq;Fjy;.
iv) tPf;fk;.
v) NK nry;fs;.
ngw;Wf;nfhz;l /Fwpg;gpLjd;ikAila jilfhg;G :
i) ,it ypk;Nghirl;Lfs; kw;Wk; Mz;b[d; toq;Fk; nry;fshy; eilKiwg;
gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
ii) MNuhf;fpakhd kdpjhpy; gyNfhb fzf;fpy; ypk;Nghirl;Lfs; cs;sd.
iii) T –ypk;Nghirl;Lfs;> B-ypk;Nghirl;Lfs; vd ,Utifg;gLk;.
iv) T –nry;fs; ijk]py; Kjph;tilfpd;wd.
v) B – nry;fs; vYk;G k[;i[apy; Kjph;T ngWfpd;wd.
vi) T –nry;fs; nry;top Neha;j;jil fhg;gpy; gq;F ngWfpd;wd.
vii) B – nry;fs; jputtop / Mz;bghb top / ,uj;jtop Neha;j;jilfhg;gpy;
gq;FngWfpd;wd.
9. nghUe;jj;jF Neha;jilfhg;ig KLf;fptpLjy; gw;wp tpsf;Ff.
i) Xt;nthU Mz;b[Dk; Mz;b[d; toq;Fk; nry;fshy; (Nkf;Nuh/Ng[f;fs;>
B ypk;Nghirl;Lf;fs;> nlz;biul;Lnry;fs;) gjg;gLj;jg; gLfpd;wd.
ii) ,r;nry;fspd; ntspg;Gwj;jpy; gjg;gLj;jg;gl;l Mz;b[d;fs; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;
gLfpd;wd.
iii) cjtp nra;Ak; T-nry;fs; fhl;rpg;gLj;jg;gl;l Mz;b[NdhL njhlh;G
nfhz;L ‘J}z;Ljy;’ epiyia milfpd;wd.
iv) cjtp nra;Ak; T- nry;fs; B- ypk;Nghirl;LfisAk; nry; er;rhf;f T-
nry;fisAk; J}z;Lfpd;wd.
v) J}z;lg;gl;l B- nry;fs; kw;Wk; T- er;rhf;f ypk;Ndhirl;Lfs; ‘Xhpd nry;
ngUf;fk;’ milfpd;wd.
vi) ,t;thW ngUf;fkile;j nry; ‘FNshd;fs; xNu mikg;G nfhz;l
Mz;b[d;fis vjph;nfhz;L mopf;Fk;.
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10. ijk]pd; mikg;G> gzp> gw;wp tpsf;Ff.

Njhw;wk; :
i. fUtsh;r;rpapd; MwhtJ thuj;jpy; ijk]; Njhd;WfpwJ.
ii. vl;lhtJ thuj;jpy; jpR mikg;Gld; $ba vg;gPjPypa cWg;ghf tsh;fpwJ.
iii. fU %d;Wkhj tsh;r;rp milAk;NghJ ijk]; mjw;Nf chpacUtj;ij
milfpd;wJ.
iv. Foe;ij gpwg;gjw;F Kd;dh; KOtsh;r;rp milfpwJ.
v. 12 taJ tiu tsh;e;J gUtkile;jgpd; ijk]pd; msT rpWfr; rpWff;
FiwfpwJ.
mikg;G :
i) ,jaj;jpd; Nky; gFjpapy; rw;W gpd;djhf ijk]; mike;Js;sJ.

ii) ,J ,U ciwfshy; MdJ.
iii) ntspciw cs;Nehf;fp Muj;jpirapy; tsh;e;J gy Jizg;gphpTfshfg;
gphpf;fpwJ.
iv) ,jd; ntspg;gFjp fhh;nlf;];> cs;gFjp nkLy;yh MFk;.
v) fhh;nlf;]; gFjpapy; ngUf;fkilAk; epiyapYs;s rpwpa ypk;Nghirl;Lfs;
cs;sd.
vi) nkLy;yhgFjpapy; vg;gpjPypa nry;fSk;> Kjph;T ngw;w ypk;Nghirl;LfSk;
cs;sd.
vii) nkLy;yhg; gFjpapy; RUs; tbtkhf mike;j vg;gpjPypar; nry;$l;lq;fs;
cs;sd. ,jw;F `hry; jpRj;njhFg;Gfs; vd;W ngah;.
gzpfs; :
i) nry;top Neha;jjilfhg;gpy; gq;FngWfpd;wd.
ii) ijkpf; ypk;Nghirl;Lfis cw;gj;jp nra;tNj ,jd; Kf;fpagzp.
iii) cw;gj;jpahFk; ypk;Ndhirl;Lfspy; 1% kl;LNk ijki]tpl;L ntspNaWfpd;wd.
kw;wit mg;Nghg;Nlhrp]; (tiuaWf;fg;gl;l nry; ,wg;G) Kiwapy;
mopf;fg;gLfpwJ.
iv) ijk]py; ypk;Nghirl;Lfs; jilfhg;Gj; jpwidg; ngWfpd;wd.
v) jilfhg;Gg;gzp ijk]hy; cz;lhf;fg;gLk;. ijKypd;> ijNkhrpd;>
ijNkhghapl;bd; Mfpa `hh;Nkhd;fshy; epiwNtw;wg;gLfpwJ.
(glk;. 3.5 gf;fvz;.125 )
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11. epzpePh; Kbr;Rfspd; mikg;G kw;Wk; gzpfis tpthp.

i) epzePh;f; Foha;fspy; tl;ltbtkhfNth> Kl;il tbtkhfNth> mike;Js;s rpwpa
Kbr;Rf;fs;.
ii) ehh;nry;fspyhd Gw ciwapdhy; ,k;Kbr;Rfs; R+og;gl;Ls;sd.
iii) Gw ciwapypUe;J buhgf;Fyh vDk; jLg;Gr;Rth; cs;Nehf;fp tsh;e;Js;sd.
iv) epzePh; Kbr;R fhh;nlf;]; vDk; GwmLf;F kw;Wk; nkLy;yh vDk; cs;sLf;if
nfhz;Ls;sJ.
v) fhh;nlf;]py; Kjy;epiy ghypf;fps;fs; cs;sd.
vi) Mz;b[dhy; J}z;lg;gLk; NghJ Kjy;epiy ghypf;fps;fSf;Fs;shf
nry;ngUf;F ikaq;fs; Njhd;Wfpd;wd.
vii) nld;biubf; Nkf;Nuh/Ng[;fs; ,jpy; fhzg;gLk;
viii) nkLy;yhg; gFjpapy; ePz;L> fpisfSld; $ba gl;ilfshf ypk;Nghirl;Lfs;
cs;sd.
ix) fhh;nlf;]; kw;Wk; nkLy;yhg;gFjpf;F ,ilg;gl;l mLf;F ghuh fhh;nlf;];
gFjpahFk;.
x) ,jpy; T-ypk;Nghirl;Lfs; cs;sd.
gzpfs; :
i) epzePiu tbtfl;Lfpd;wd.
ii) Ez;Zaphpfs; Nghd;w may;nghUs;fis Kbr;Rfspy; FOkpapUf;Fk;
/NgNfhirl;Lfs; tpOq;Ffpd;wd.
iii) T- kw;Wk; B-nry;fspd; mjpfhpg;Gf;F gad;gLfpwJ.
iv) kdpj clypy; Vwj;jho 600 epzePh; Kbr;Rfs; gutpAs;sd.
12. kz;zuP ypd; mikg;G> gzpfis tpthpf;fTk;.
i) kz;zuP hy; kpfg;nghpa epzePhpa cWg;ghFk;.
ii) ,t;TWg;G ry;yilj;jl;L Nghd;W nray;GhpAk;. rptg;G> ntz;ikf; $o;kg;
nghUl;fs;
epiwe;Js;sd.
iii) kz;zuP ypd; khf;NuhNg[;fs; NehA+f;fp caphpfisg; gphpj;njLj;J mopf;f
cjTfpd;wd.
kz;zuP ypd; gzpfs; :
i) Kjph;e;j ,uj;j nrt;tZf;fs; mopf;fg;gLfpwJ.

ii) nrt;tZ cw;gj;jpapd; khw;W ikaq;fs; MFk;.
iii) nrt;tZf;fis Njf;fp itf;Fk; cWg;ghf cs;sJ.
iv) ,uj;j Xl;lj;jpy; cs;s Ez;fpUkpfs; Nghd;w may;nghUl;fis tbfl;LfpwJ.
v) ,uj;jk; topahf tUk; Mz;b[d;fSf;nfjpuhf jilfhg;ig KLf;fptpLfpwJ.
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13. Nfhior; rt;T rhh;e;j epzePhpaj; jpRf;fs; gw;wp Fwpg;G tiuf.

i) Nfhior; rt;Tfspy; mjpf msT epzePhpa nry;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
ii) ,it tiuaWf;fg;gl;l jpl;Lf;fshfNth (Ngah; jpl;Lfs;) epzePhpa
/ghypfps;fshNth ,Uf;Fk;.
iii) ,it Nfhior;rt;T rhh;e;j epzePhpaj; jpRf;fs; (MALT) vdg;gLfpd;wd.
iv) Flypd; Nfhior; rt;tpy; mike;J fhzg;gLk; epzePhpaj; jpRf;fs;; (GALT)
Vdg;gLfpd;wd.
vi) (MALT) mikg;Gfspy; NgNfhirl;Lfs;> B, T /ypk;Nghirl;Lfs;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
vii) Nfhior; rt;tpy;; (Ig A) fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
viii) czTtop> Rthrtopahf tUk; Neha;fspypUe;j ghJfhg;G jUfpd;wd.
14. Mz;b[d;fs; gw;wp rpWFwpg;G tiuf.
i) may;nghUl;fs; Mz;b[d;fs; vdg;gLfpd;wd.
ii) ,tw;wpw;F ,k;ANdh[d;fs; vd;w ngaUKz;L.
iii) Mz;bghbAlNdh> nry;top Neha;j; jilfhg;gpy; <LgLk; nry;fSlNdhNa
tpidGhpAk;
iv) Mz;b[Dld; ,izAk; Mz;bghb gFjpf;Fk; ‘ghuNlhg;’ vd;W ngah;.
‘ghuhNlhg;Gld;’ ,izAk; Mz;b[d;fs; gFjpf;F vg;gpNlhg; vd;W ngah;.
v) Xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l vg;gpNlhg; mikg;Gfs; Mz;b[d;fspd; Nky; $l;lkhf
mike;jpUf;Fk; ,jw;F Mz;b[d; epr;raf;Fwpfs; vd;W ngah;.
vi) jilfhg;G eltbf;iffisj; J}z;Lk; %yf;$Wfs; Mz;b[d;fs;
vd;wiof;fg;gLfpd;wd.
Mz;b[d;fspd; tiffs;
,aw;if Mz;b[d;fs;
nraw;if Mz;b[d;fs;
Jfs; tbt fiuAk;Mz;b[d;fs;
Mz;b[d;fs;
1. ghf;Bhpaq;fs; 1. ghf;Bhpa er;Rf;fs; 1. gy;NtW Ntjpg;nghUl;fs;
2. itu];fs; 2. Gujq;fs; 2. caphpa ngUk; %yf;$Wfs;
3. ,uj;jrptg;gZ 3. fpisf;NfhGjuq;fs; 3. nraw;ifahd

ghypngg;ilLfs;
4. nry;fs; 4. ypg;NghGujq;fs; 4. gy$l;Lr; rh;f;fiufs;
5. cl;fU Gujq;fs;.
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15. my;Nyhfpuh/g;l; kWg;gpd; epiyfs; ahit? (my;yJ)

fpuh/g;;bd; NghJ cWg;G epuhfhpg;G vt;thW eilngWfpwJ?
i) nry;top kw;Wk; jputtop Neha;j; jilfhg;G tpidfs; eilngw;Ws;sd.
ii) Kjy; njhFg;G epfo;T :
czh;T+l;lg;gl;l T- nry;fs;> Nkf;Nuh/Ng[;fs;> kw;Wk; gpsh];kh nry;fs;
<LgLfpd;wd.
iii) ,uz;lhk; njhFg;G epfo;T :
iv) B- nry;fSk;> ,d;lh;ypA+f;fpd; 1 kw;Wk; ,d;lh;ypA+f;fpd; 2- gq;FngWfpd;wd.
,Wjpr; nrhpj;jy; :
ypk;Nghlhf;]pd;fs;> Neha;ff
; l;b rpijg;Gf; fhuzpfs; my;yJ Gujr; nrhpg;G
nehjpfs; nray;gLfpd;wd.
16. kUj;Jt rpfpr;iapd;NghJ khw;Wg;G epuhfhpg;igj; jLg;gjw;F Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;

eltbf;fiffs; ahit?
i) cWg;G Vw;gthpd; ,uj;j njhFjpia ABO kw;Wk; Rh ia Muha;jy;.
ii) cWg;G Vw;gthpd; ,uj;j rPuj;jpy; nry;er;rhf;f Mz;bghbfs; cs;sdth
vd;gij fz;lwpjy;.
iii) jhdk; nra;gth;> jhdk;ngWk; egh;fspd; ,uj;j nry;fis FWf;F xg;gPL
nra;jy;.
iv) jilfhg;ig kl;Lg;gLj;Jk; kUe;Jfis (irf;NshNghhpd;> ];Buha;Lfs;) jpR
Vw;gth;fSf;F mspj;jy;.
v) epzePhpaj; jpRf;fis fjphpaf;fj;jpw;F cl;gLj;Jjy;
(cWg;G epuhfhpg;Gg; gpur;ridf;Fj; jPHthf jz;Lnry; El;gtpay; kw;Wk;
FNshdpq; Kiw cs;sJ.
17. fpuh/g;bd; tiffisg; gw;wp tpthpf;fTk;.
Ra khw;WWg;G (Ml;Nuhfpuh/g;l;)
nfhilahspaplkpUe;J ngwg;gl;l jpR nfhilahsp egUf;Nf nghUj;jg;gLfpwJ.
(v.fh. gpsh];bf; mWit rpfpr;ir)
xj;j kugpag; gz;G nfhz;l khw;WUg;G (INrhfpuh/g;l;)
xNu kugpa mikg;Gf; nfhz;l ,U egh;fspilNa khw;wg;gLk; fpuh/g;l.;
(v.fh.cUtnkhj;j ,ul;ilah;fSf;fpilNa cWg;G khw;wk;.)
xNu ,d caphpfSf;fpilNa khw;wg;gLk; cWg;G (my;Nyhfpuh/g;;l;)
khWg;gl;l kugpa mikg;GilaJk; xNu rpw;wpdj;ijr; rhh;e;jth;fSf;fpilNa
khw;wg;gLk;. fpuh/g;l; MFk;. (v.fh. kdpjh;fSf;fpilNa khw;wg;gLk; rpWePufk;.)
Ntw;wpd caphpfSf;fpilNa khw;wg;gLk; cWg;G (nrNdhfpuh/g;l;)
Kw;wpYk; khWgl;l ghuk;ghpaj;ijr; rhh;e;j caphpfSf;fpilNa khw;wg;gLk;
cWg;G khw;W. (v.fh. Fuq;fpypUe;J kdpjDf;F khw;wg;gLk; cWg;G.)
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18. epzePupa cWg;Gfs; (m) Neha;j;jilfhg;G kz;lyj;jpid gzpapd;mbg;gilapy;

tifg;gLj;Jf.
epzePHkz;lyj;jpy; epzePHr; nry;fs;> epzrPupa cWg;Gfs; vd ,uz;L

mikg;Gfs; cs;sd.
epzePupa cWg;Gfs; mtw;wps; gzpapd; mbg;gilapy;>
1. Kjy;epiy epzePH cWg;Gfs; / ika epzePH cWg;Gfs;

2. ,uz;lhk;epiy epzePh; cWg;Gfs; / ntspmikT epzePH cWg;Gfs;
ika epzePH cWg;Gfs;
 1. ijk]; 2. vYk;G k[;i[ 3. gwitfspd; Ngg;uPrpa]; ig
 ,t;TWg;Gfspy; ypk;Nghirl;Lfspd; Kd;Ndhb nry;fs; ngUf;fkile;J>
KjpHr;rp ngw;W> jilfhg;G jpwid <l;bf;nfhs;Sk;.
 ,it epzePhpa kz;lyk; rhHe;j vgPjPypa cWg;Gfs; MFk;.
ntsp mikT epzePH cWg;Gfs;:
 kz;zPuy;
 epzePH Kbr;Rfs;
 Nfhiog;glyk; rhHe;j epzePupaj; jpRf;fs;
,q;Fs;s ypk;Nghirl;Lfs;> clypd; cs;Ns tUk; Mz;bn[d;fshy; J}z;lg;gl;L
chpa jilfhg;G eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;Sk;.
gpwmikg;Gfs;:
1. Fly; rhHe;j epzePhpaj; jpRf;fs; (NgaHjpl;Lfs;)
2. Fly;thy;
3. lhd;rpy;fs;
4. ckpo;ePHr; Rug;gpfs;
5. fz;zPHr;Rug;gpfs;
6. rPk;ghy; Ruf;Fk; epiyapYs;s jhapd; khHgfq;fs;
19. nry;top kw;Wk; jputtop Neha;j;jilfhg;G NtWgLj;Jf.
nry;top Neha;j;jilfhg;G jputtop Neha;j;jilfhg;G

1. nry; er;rhf;f tif T- 1. B- nry;fs; <LgLfpd;wd
nry;fs; <LgLfpd;wd.
2. Neha;ff; pUkpfshy; 2. B- tif ypk;Nghirl;Lfs;
jhf;fg;gl;l nry;fisf; Mz;bghbfis cw;gj;jpnra;fpwJ
Fwpg;ghf ,dq;fz;L
mopf;fpd;wd. 3. Mz;b[d; epr;raf;Fwpfs; Fwpg;gpl;l
Mz;bghbAld; toptFf;fpd;wd
3. nry;fs; rpijtile;j
fhuzj;jpdhy; Neha;f; 4. ghf;Bhpaq;fis mopf;fpd;wd
fpUkpfspd; tsHr;rp
jLf;fg;gLfpwJ
4. Gw;WNehahy;
ghjpf;fg;gl;l nry;fis
mopf;fpwJ
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20. xt;thik gw;wp Fwpg;G tiuf.

(%d;W kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fspy; 40 kw;Wk; 33-f;fhd tpilfis vOJf.)
ghlk; - 4
jw;fhy kugpay;
Ie;J kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;:
1. FNuhNkhNrhk; njhFg;G tiuglk; (NfhpNahilg;) vd;why; vd;d? mjid vt;thW

jahh; nra;ayhk;?
tiuaiw :
xU nry;ypy; cs;s midj;J FNuhNkhNrhk;fs; gphpf;fg;gl;L> thpirahf
mikf;fg;gLk; njhFg;Gf;F FNuhNkhNrhk; njhFg;G tiuglk; MFk;.
tiuaiw NfhpNahilg;gpq;:
FNuhNkhNrhk;fspd; gz;Gfis (tbtk;> vz;zpf;if) tpsf;Fk;
FNuhNkhNrhk;fspd; njhFg;Gf;F NfhpNahilg;gpq; vdyhk;.
jahh; nra;Ak; Kiw:
1. Mk;dpahl;bf; jputj;jpy; cs;s fUnry;fs; Cl;lr;rj;J epiwe;j
igl;Nlh`pk; mf;FYl;dpd; vd;w jputj;jpy; tsh;f;fg;gLfpd;wd.
2. mj;Jld; fhy;fprpd; kUe;J ,lg;gLk;.
3. ,J kiwKfgphpit FNuhNkhNrhk;fs; njspthf njhpAk; eLepiyapy;
epWj;jp itf;fpwJ.
4. mlh;T Fiwthd jputj;jpy; %o;fitf;Fk;NghJ ePh; %yf;$Wfs;
cl;GFjyhy; tPf;fk; milfpd;wd.
5. jw;NghJ FNuhNkhNrhk;fis gphpf;fpd;wJ.
6. gphpf;fg;gl;l FNuhNkhNrhk;fis fz;zhb jfl;by; itj;J rhak; Vw;wg;gl;L
Gifglk; vLf;fg;gl;L jdpj;jdp FNuhNkhNrhk;fs; fj;jhpf;fg;gl;L> mjd;
N[hb FNuhNkhNrhk;fSld; nghUj;jg;gLfpwJ.
2. DNA kWNrhh;f;if njhopy; El;gj;jpd; gad;fs; Ie;jpid $W?
1. A+Nfhpahl; [Pd;fspd; mikg;G kw;Wk; mjd; gFjpfis Muha;tjw;F
gad;gLfpd;wd.
2. kuGg;nghwpapay; %yk; cUthf;fg;gl;l ghf;Bhpahf;fs; %yk; caph;fhf;Fk;
kUe;Jfs;> `hh;Nkhd;fs;> vjph;g;Gaphp kUe;Jfs; Mfpad ngwg;gLfpd;wd.
v.fh. Nfd;rh; vjph;g;G ,z;lh;/nguhd;.
3. Gjpa l;uhd;];n[dpf; jhtuq;fs; cUthf;Fjy;
4. [Pd; rpfpr;ir %yk; kdpjd; kw;Wk; tpyq;Ffspd; [Pd; FiwghLfs;
fz;lwpa gad;gLfpd;wd.
5. kuG nghwpapay; ghf;Bhpaq;fs; vdg;gLk; ‘#g;gh; gf;’ vd;Dk; kWNrh;f;if
ghf;Bhpaq;fs; cUthf gad;gLfpwJ.
v.fh. flypy; kpjf;Fk; vz;nza; fopTfis Rj;jk; nra;a - #NlhNkhdh];
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3. kuG nghwpapaypy; gad;gLk; rhjdq;fs; ahit?

rhjdq;fs;:
nehjpfs; : Any : 4
1. epAf;spNa];fs;
2. nu];l;hpf;rd; vz;Nlh epA+f;spNa];
3. DNA – Kidfis rPuhf;Fk; SI nehjpfs;
4. DNA iyNf];
5. DNA ghypnkNu];
6. my;fiyd; gh];gNl];
7. vjph;kiw buhd;];fphpg;Nl];
may; DNA / gaz DNA.
gphpj;njLf;fg;gLfpd;w my;yJ gpujpnaLf;fg;gLfpd;w DNA rq;fpypapd; xU
Fwpg;gpl;l Jz;L MFk;.
FNshdpq; ntf;lhh;fs;:
may; DNA Jz;lj;ijf; jd;Dld; ,izj;J Rkf;fpd;w DNA f;fs; MFk;.
4. gpsh];kpLfs; gw;wp Fwpg;G tiuf?
1. gpsh];kpl; Rkhh; 200 Kjy; 300 epA+f;spNahilL fhu %yf;$Wfis
cilaJ.
2. ,J tl;l tbt DNA MFk;.
3. ,J ghf;BhpahtpYs;s Kjd;ik FNhNkhNrhk; cld;
irl;Nlhgpshrj;jpy; jdpj;J fhzg;gLk;.
4. ,izT Foha; %ykhf gpsh];kpl; xU ghf;BhpahtpypUe;J kw;nwhU
ghf;Bhpaj;jpDs; Eioe;J kuG nra;jpfis khw;Wfpd;wd.
5. jd;dpr;irahf ,ul;bg;gpid milAk; jpwd; cilait.
6. xU rpwe;j [Pd; ghpkhw;wk; nra;Ak; Ch;jpahf gpsh];kpl;
nray;gLfpwJ.
5. %yf;$W FNshdpq; gw;wp tptup?
1. kWr;Nrh;f;if DNA / r-DNA tpUe;Njhk;gp nry;fspDs;
Eiof;fg;gLfpd;wd.
2. v.Nfhiy rpwe;j xU tpUe;Njhk;gp nry; MFk;.
3. jFe;j Clfj;jpy; ghf;Bhpahf;fs; ,dg;ngUf;fkilAk; NghJ> r-DNA
Tk; ngUf;fkilfpd;wd.
4. ,e;j r DNAf;fspd; ngUf;fk; %yf;$W FNshdpq; Nfhiy vdg;gLk;.
5. ,e;j r-DNA gpujpfs; kPz;Lk; v.NfhiyapDs; nrYj;jg;gl;L rpy Mapuk;
gpujpfshf khWfpd;wd.
6. ,e;j gpujpfshf khwpa nry;fs; fhydpfshf khWfpd;wd.
7. ,e;j fhydpfs; jdpNa gphpj;njLf;fg;gl;L jdpahf tsh;f;fg;gLfpwJ.
8. fhydpfspy; ,Ue;J r-DNAf;fs;> nry;fis rpijj;J>
J}a;ikgLj;jg;gl;L
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
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6. kdpjhpy; fhzg;gLk; VO njhFjp FNuhNkhNrhk;fs; ahit? xt;nthU

njhFjpfspYk; mlq;fpAs;s FNuhNkhNrhk;fs; ahit?
njhFjp FNuhNkhNrhk; jd;ik vz;zpf;if FNuhNkhNrhk; tif
A kpfg;nghpaJ 1,2,3 nkl;lh nrz;bhpf;.
B nghpaJ 4,5 rhh;G nkl;lhnrz;bhpf;

C 6,7,8,9,10,11,12
(kpfg;nghpa kpjkhd msT rhh;G nkl;lhnrz;bhpf;
njhFjp) kw;Wk; X
D kpjkhd msT 13,14,15 mf;Nuh nrz;bhpf;
nkl;lh nrz;bhpf;
E Fl;ilahdJ 16,17,18 my;yJ rhh;G nkl;lh
nrd;bhpf;
F Fl;ilahdJ 19,20 nkl;lh nrz;bhpf;
G kpff; FWfyhdJ 21,22 kw;Wk; Y mf;Nuh nrz;bhpf;
7. kugpay; Neha;fis tpthp.
fjpu; mhpths; Nrhif – (Sickle Cell anaemia):-

rpf;fps; nry; mdPkpah:
i) ,J kuG mwpFwp njhFg;G Neha;.
ii) ,J xU cly; FNuhNkhNrhkpd; [Pd; jpBh; khw;w tpisthy; Njhd;wpa Hbs
xLq;F [Pdhy; Vw;gLfpwJ.
iii) N`hNkhirf]; (Hbs - Hbs) epiyapy; ,ay;gw;w `PNkhFNshgpd; S-I
cw;gj;jp nra;tjhy; rptg;gZf;fs; fjph; mhpths; Nghd;W khw;wk; mile;J
uj;jr; rpijT Nrhif Neha;fF ; l;gLth;.
iv) ,jak;> rpWePufk;> %is> kz;zPuy; Nghd;w cWg;Gfs; gOjiltjhy;
Nehahspfs; ,wf;f NehpLk;.
v) n`l;bNuhirf]; (HbA - HbS) epiyapy; Nehahspfs; capUld; tho;thh;.
jyhrPkpah (Thalasemia)
Foe;ijfSf;F ,uz;L ,iznahj;j N`hNkhirf]; xLq;F [Pd;fspd; nray;

ntspg;gl;lhy; Njhd;Wk; uj;jr; rpfg;gZ rpijT Nrhif jyhrpkpahthFk;.
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tiffs;:
m. jyhrPkpah Nk[h; - kpff; fLikahd Nrhif
M. jyhrPkpah ikdh; - fLikaw;wJ.
mwpFwpfs;:
1. vYk;G k[;i[ nraypy; FiwghL
2. ntspg;Gw uj;j Xl;l uj;jf;frpT
3. kz;zPuy; kw;Wk; fy;yPuy; tPf;fk;
4. ghjpf;fg;gl;l Foe;ij Rkhh; 17 tajpy; ,wf;f NehpLk;.
vfhkhFNshGypdpkpah
1. xU xLq;F [Pdhy; Neha; vjph;g;Gg; Gujkhd fhkhFNshGypd; cw;gj;jp

eilngwhjjhy; ,e;Neha; cz;lhfpwJ.
2. ,e;Neha; fz;lth;fs; mjpf mstpy; vjph;g;Gj; jpwd; Fd;wpAk; gpsh];kh
nry;fs; Kw;wpYk; ,y;yhkYk;> ,ay;gw;w epzePh; fZf;fSld;
fhzg;gLth;.
3. Neha; vjph;g;Gg; Gujkhd Md;l;bghbfs; cw;gj;jp ,y;yhjjhy; itu];fs;
kw;Wk; ghf;Bhpaq;fspd; jhf;Fjyhy; ghjpf;fg;gLthh;fs;.
4. ,J ngUk;ghYk; rpWth;fspy; fhzg;gLk;.
my;gpdprk;:
,e;Neha; nkyhdpd; (fUk;gOg;G epwkp) tsh;rpij khw;wf;Nfhshwpdhy;
Njhd;Wk; ghuk;ghpa topg;gL NehahFk;.
Njhy;> Kb kw;Wk; fz;fs; Mfpatw;wpy; nkyhdpd; ,d;wp fhzg;gLk;.
mwpFwpfs;:
1. ghy; ntz;ik Nghd;w Njhypd; epwk; kw;Wk; xspf;$r;rk; Njhd;Wk;. ,J
1:5000 my;yJ 1:25000 vd;w tpfpjj;jpy; Vw;gLk;.
tiffs;:
1. cly; KOtjpYkhd my;gpdprk;.
2. fz;ZWg;G mstpyhd MFyhh; my;gd P prk;
3. Njhy; kw;Wk; Kb ghjpg;Gw;w gFjp tif my;gpdprk;
nkyhdpd; cUthff; fhuzk;
ilNuhrpNd];
DOPA nkyhdpd;
Neha; Njhd;wf; fhuzk;:
1. my;gpdPrk; xU gpwg;G gpio tsh;rpij khw;w Neha; MFk;. jpBh; khw;wk;
mile;j xLq;F epiy [Pd;fs; nkyhdpd; tsh;rpij khw;w epfo;tpy; gq;F
nfhs;Sk; rpy nehjpfs; cw;gj;jp nra;ahky; Nghtjhy; ,e;Neha;fs;
Njhd;WfpwJ. (ilNuhrpNd]; vd;w nehjp Fiwghl;bdhy; Vw;gLk;)
2. “aa” vDk; xLq;F [Pd;fshy; Vw;gLk;.
mz;bq;f;ld; nfhhpah:
1. ,J kdpjh;fspd; cly; FNuhNkhNrhkpd; Xq;F [Pdhy; cz;lhFk;
caph;f;nfhy;yp NehahFk;.
3. 35 Kjy; 40 tajpy; Njhd;Wk;.
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mwpFwpfs; (m) gz;Gfs;:
1. clypy; mlf;;f Kbahj if> fhy; cjwy; cz;lhFk;.

2. Gj;jpf; $h;ik rPuopT> %isr;Nrhh;T> gak;> kNdhhPjpahd ghjpg;Gfs;
cz;lhFk;.
3. ,e;Neha; ika euk;G kz;lyj;ijg; ghjpg;gjhy; Fzg;gLj;j KbahJ.
4. ,e;Neha;fF
; hpa [Pd; kdpjd; 4 tJ FNuhNkhNrhkpy; cs;sJ.
5. ,J kdpjdpy; Kjd; Kjypy; mwpag;gl;l Xq;F [Pd; Neha; MFk;.
fLik $l;L Neha; vjph;g;Gf; FiwT rpd;lN

; uhk; (SCID) my;yJ Fkpo; rpWtd;
rpd;lN
; uhk;.
1. Fkpo; rpWtd; rpd;lN

; uhk; vd;gJ SCID
2. Foe;ijfis ghjpf;Fk; mhpa kuG top Neha;
3. ,e;Neha;ff
; hd ADA (mbidd; b mkpNd];) [Pd; FNuhNkhNrhk; 20y;
cs;sJ.
mwpFwpfs;:
uj;jj;jpy; cs;s vy;yh nts;is mZf;fs; Nehapdhy; mopf;fg;gLtjhy;

Kw;wpYk; Neha; vjph;g;G rf;jp FiwAk;. vYk;G k[;i[ cWg;G khw;wk; nra;ahtpby;
Foe;ij fl;lhakhf ,wf;f NehpLk;.
8. kdpj [PNdhk; jpl;lk; (HGP) tptup:

1. kdpj [PNdhk; vd;gJ xt;nthU kdpj cly; nry;ypDs; mike;Js;s
DNA %yf;$Wfspd; njhFg;ghFk;.
2. kdpj [PNdhk; jpl;l epiwtpd; %yk; 23 N[hb FNuhNkhNrhk;fspy; DNA
thpiraikg;G fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sJ.
3. ,jd; tpisthf 30>000 [Pd;fspd; miktplk;> [Pd;fspd; gFjpf; $Wfspd;
tpsf;fq;fs; mwpag;gl;Ls;sd.
4. [Pd;fspy; cs;s Gujq;fNs nehjpfshfTk;> `hh;Nkhd;fshfTk;>
Md;b[d;fshfTk; cUt kw;Wk; nray; tbtk; ngw;W clypd; gy;NtW
clw;nraypa kw;Wk; caph;Ntjpapa nray;ghLfs; epfo;j;jf;
fhuzkhfpd;wd.
kdpj [Pd; tq;fp (m) [PNdhk; jfty; Nrfhpg;G:
,J tiuaWf;fg;gl;l [Pd;fspd; thpir Kiwg;gLj;jiyf; Fwpf;Fk;. vjph;fhyg;

gad;ghl;bw;F cjTfpwJ. tiuaWf;fg;gl;l [Pd;fNs mbg;gil nra;jpfshf
tpsq;Ffpd;wd.
GNuhl;bNahkpf;];:
gy tif Gujq;fis Ma;T nra;jYk;> mtw;wpw;Fhpa nry;fisf; fz;lwpjYk;>

kw;Wk; mtw;wpw;Fhpa [Pd;fis fz;lwpjYk; Gujr; nra;jpapay; vdg;gLk;.
epiwTWg;G DNA (cDNA)
Gujq;fis Ma;T nra;tjw;F nry;fspd; J}Jth; RNA –f;fs; gad;gLfpd;wd.

,e;j RNA f;fspd; %ykhf mtw;wpid cUthf;fpa [Pd;fspd; (m) DNA Jz;lq;fs;
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Njlg;gLfpd;wd. Nkw;gb fz;lwpe;j DNA f;fs; cDNA vdg;gLk;. kdpjhpy; ,J tiu

Rkhh; 60,000 mRNA fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sd.
9. kdpj [PNdhk; jpl;lk; gad;fs; ahit?

1. ,jd; %yk; caphf; nfhy;yp Nehahd Gw;W Nehia Fzg;gLj;Jk;
topKiwiaf; fz;lwpayhk;
2. kdpjw;Fj; Njhd;Wk; Neha;fis mwpaTk;> kUe;Jfis jahhpf;fTk;.
3. ,jd; %yk; Neha;fis Njhw;Wtpf;Fk; FiwghL cs;s [Pd;fis mwpayhk;
4. ,jd; %yk; gpw;fhyj;jpy; Neha;fs; mw;w kdpjr; rKjhaj;ij cUthf;f.
5. ,J clw;nry; [Pd;rpfpr;ir kw;Wk; fUtopapyhd [Pd; rpfpr;ir Kiwf;F
cjTfpd;wd.
10. FNshdpq; tptup:
FNshdpq; vd;gJ kuG xj;j caphpfis gpujpfshf cw;gj;jp nra;Ak;

KiwahFk;. ,jw;F fUtsh;r;rpapay; kw;Wk; tsh; kugpay; Mfpa Jiwfspy;
ngw;w mwpT cjtpAs;sJ.
nrk;kwp Ml;Lf;Fl;bapd; FNshdpq; Kiw Njhw;wk;:
1. lhf;lh; mahd; tpy;kl; vdgth; lhyp vd;w nrk;kwp Ml;Lf;Fl;bia FNshdpq;

Kiwg;gb cUthf;fpdhh;.
2. ,jw;F cl;fU khw;wpg; nghUj;Jjy; Kiwiag; gad;gLj;jpdhh;.
3. tpy;kl; kbr;nry;ypd; “2n” nfhz;l cl;fUit ePf;fpdhh;.
4. gpwF kbr; nry; cl;fUit> cl;fU ePf;fpa fUKl;ilapDs; nrYj;jpdhh;.
5. jw;NghJ fUKl;il 2n ,ul;ilvz; nfhz;l FNuhNkhNrhk;spd; njhFjpapid
cl;fU khw;wp nghUj;Jjy; %yk; KOtJk; ngw;wJ.
6. gpwF ,ul;il vz; (2n) cl;fU nfhz;l fUKl;il mjd; jha; nrk;kwp
Ml;bd; fUg;igapDs; kPz;Lk; nghUj;jg;gl;lJ. Nkw;gb fUKl;ilia kw;nwhU
Gjpa jha;r; nrk;kwp Ml;bd; (nrtpypj;jha;) fUg;igapYk; nghWj;jyhk;.
7. fUKl;il fUg;igapDs; tshe;J nrk;kwp Ml;Lf;Fl;biaj; Njhw;Wtpj;jJ.
,t;thW cUthd FNshdpq; nrk;kwp kuGg; gz;Gfspy; ,ul;il vz;

cl;fUit (kbr;nry;) toq;fpa nrk;kwp Ml;bid xj;jpUe;jJ. Mdhy; fUKl;il
toq;Fk; nrk;kwp Ml;bid xj;jpuhJ.
11. FNshdpq; nra;Kiwapd; xOf;f tpisTfis tptup:

jPikfs; :
1. ,jd; %yk; tpyq;Ffis cw;gj;jp nra;jy;> xOf;ftpaYf;Fk; ,aw;if
epajpf;Fk; xt;thjjhf fUjg;gLfpd;wd.
2. ,jd; %yk; jPa kdpjh;fis Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gLk;.
3. ,jd; %yk; gpwf;Fk; Foe;ij kuGtopj; jha;fis xj;jpUg;gjpy;iy.
4. cly; nry; %yk; cUthFk; caphpfspd; tho;Tf; fhyk; Neha; vjph;g;Gj;
jpwd; Nfs;tpf; Fwpahfpd;wd.
5. tpyq;Ffspy; %l;L typNeha;fs; Njhd;wpAs;sd.
6. ,jd; %yk; fUKl;il nry;fs; tPzbf;fg;gLk;. v.fh. G+id 1/57 fU
kl;Lk; tsh;e;jJ.
7. ,ay;G caphpfistplr; rPf;fpuNk ,wf;f Nehplyhk;. (cly; nry; %yk;)
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ed;ikfs;:
1. mope;j ,dj;ij caph;gpj;J epiyg;gLj;jyhk;.
2. ,jd; %yk; kdpj cly; cWg;Gfis mtw;wpd; %y nry;fs; %yk;
tsh;f;f gad;gLj;jyhk;.
3. ,jd; %yk; jpR xt;thik jPq;F tpistpf;Fk; tpisTfis jtph;j;Jg; gy
kdpj caph;fis fhg;ghw;wyhk;.
4. gy;Yaph; jd;ikia epiyepWj;j cjTfpwJ.
12. kuG nghwpapaypd; Kf;fpaj;Jtq;fs; ahit?
1. ,jd; %yk; jahhpf;fg;gLk; kUe;Jfs;> caph;fhf;Fk; nghUshd ,d;Rypd;>

tsh;rr
; p `hh;Nkhd;fs;> ,d;lh;/nguhd;fs;> khNdhFNshdy; Md;lb
; ghbfs;>
cw;gj;jpf;F gad;gLfpd;wd.
2. Rw;Wr; #oypy; kz;> ePh; khRWjy; Fiwf;fg;gLfpwJ.
3. fopT kWRow;rpapd; %yk; cw;gj;jpiag; ngUf;f cjTk;.
4. gaph; jhtuq;fspd; ,dg; ngUf;fj;jpy; gad;jUk; [Pd;fs; Eiof;fg; ngw;W
cw;gj;jp $l;lg;gLfpd;wJ. (iel;u[d; epiyg;gLj;Jk; [Pd;fs;)
5. Ntshz; gaph;fspy; jPq;Faphpfs; jhf;fj;jpw;F vjph;g;gpid Vw;gLj;j cjTk;.
6. [Pd; rpfpr;irfs; %yk; Neha;fisf; Fzg;gLj;jyhk;.
13. caphp jftypaypd; Nehf;fk; ahit?
1. xU nry; caphpypUe;J gy nry; caphp tiu mtw;wpd; [PNdhk;fs; kw;Wk;
Gujr; rPh;thpirfSf;fhd kpd;dZ juTg; Gyj;ij cUthf;fyhk;.
2. caphp %yf;$Wfspd; mikg;G kw;Wk; nray;ghl;bid mwptJld; mtw;wpd;
Kg;ghpkhd mikg;Gfis mwpe;J nfhs;s ,aYk;.
3. caphpay;> caphp Ntjpapay; kw;Wk; caphp ,aw;gpay; juTfis Ma;tjw;F
epA+f;spf; mkpyk; (DNA / RNA) kw;Wk; Guj thpirapy; mikg;G> nray;ghLfs;
Mfpatw;iw Ma;T nra;J Nrkpg;gjw;fhd nray;Kiwfis tFj;Js;sJ.
4. caphp jftypaypd; fzpdp Kiwfs; [PNdhk; kw;Wk; Guj epiyia mwpa
cjTfpwJ.
5. caphp jftypay; juTfs; %yk; Nehiaf; fz;lwpaTk; Gjpa tif
kUe;Jfis Njhw;Wtpf;fTk; top gpwf;Fk;.
14. caphp nra;jpapaypd; gad;fs; ahit?
1. caphp nra;jpapay; [Pd; mikg;gpidAk; Guj cw;gj;jp gw;wpAk; mwpe;J

nfhs;s cjTfpd;wd.
2. Neha;fisg; gw;wp mwpe;J nfhs;s cjTfpd;wJ.
3. mbg;gil caphpaiyAk; kw;Wk; DNA vdg;gLk; tho;tpd; mbg;gilf; $w;iw
mwpa cjTfpd;wd.
4. kUj;Jt kw;Wk; caphp nghwpapay; Jiwfspd; gad;ghl;bw;F toptFfpd;wd.
5. caphpapy; Ma;Tfspy; caphp ,aw;gpay; kw;Wk; caphp njhopy;El;gtpay;
nfhs;iffis gad;gLj;j cjTfpwJ.
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15. Guj mikg;ig tptup:
1. Gujq;fs; mkpNdh mkpyq;fshy; MdJ.

2. Rkhh; 20 mkpNdh mkpyq;fs; ,ize;J Guj rq;fpypia cUthf;Ffpd;wd.
,jw;F ghypngg;ilL rq;fpypfs; vdg;gLk;.
3. xU nghpa Gujk; gy ghypngg;ilL rq;fpypfis Jiz myFfshf
nfhz;bUf;Fk;. v.fh. xU `PNkhFNshgpd; %yf;$W ehd;F Jiz myF
ghypngl;ilL rq;fpypfshy; MdJ.
4. rpy mkpNdh mkpyq;fs; kpd;Ndw;wj;ij nfhz;lit. kw;w rpy mkpNdh
mkpyq;fs; JUt %yf;$Wfshf nray;gl;L vyf;l;uhd;fis <h;f;fpd;wd.
5. %d;whk; tif mkpNdh mkpyq;fs; JUtkw;w ePH; ntWg;Gj; njhFjpfisf;
nfhz;Ls;sJ.
6. Gujq;fs; Kjy;epiy> ,uz;lhk; epiy kw;Wk; %d;whk; epiy mikg;GfspYk;
fhzg;gLk;.
7. epiyahd mikg;Gg; ngw;w Gujq;fs; gpd;dh; mikg;G Gujq;fshfTk;> nray;
Gujq;fshfTk; NtWghlilfpd;wd.
8. Gujq;fspd; Kg;ghpkhd mikg;G gw;wpa nra;jpfs; Nrfhpg;G fzpzpapy; Nrkpj;J
itf;fg;gLk;. ,J Gujj;juT tq;fp vdg;gLk;.
16. Guj khjpup kw;Wk; gad;fis tpthp:
Guj khjphp
1. Guj jftypaypy; xU Gujj;jpd; mZ kw;Wk; %yf;$W mstpyhd nra;jpfs;

khjphpfs; %yk; njhpate;Js;sJ.
2. vf;]; fjph;fs; gbf tiuglk; xU Gujj;jpd; mZf;fspd; tptuq;fis
tpsf;FfpwJ.
3. fzpdp %yk; cUthd khjpupfs; xU Gujj;jpy; cs;s mkpyq;fspd;
gz;Gfis tpsf;FtNjhL> mg;Gujj;jpd; nray;ghl;bid mwpaTk; cjTfpd;wd.
4. vhpjdy; fhp vd;gJ Guj mikg;gpid tpsf;Fk; fpuhgpf;]; fdpzp khjphpahFk;.
gad;fs;:
1. Guj mikg;G nry; kw;Wk; jpRf;fspd; fl;likg;ig mwpa

2. Guj mikg;Gfs;> Guj khjphpfs; fdpzp tiugl khjphpfs; caphpay;
tpidfis mwpa cjTfpd;wd.
3. fdpzp tiugl khjpupfs; xU Gujj;jpy; ve;j xU gFjp kUj;Jt
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhz;lJ vd;gij mwpe;Js;sJ. ,jd; %yk; jLg;G
CrpfisAk;> kUe;JfisAk; cUthf;f gad;gLfpwJ.
4. Ntjpj; njhopw;rhiyfspy; kUe;Jfs; gy;NtW Ntjpf; $l;Lf; nghUs;fs; kw;Wk;
nehjpfspd; cw;gj;jpf;F top tFf;fpd;wd.
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17. buhd;]; n[dpf; caphpfs; vd;why; vd;d? mtw;iw cUthf;Fk; KiwiaAk;

gad;fisAk; tpsf;Ff? (%d;W kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs; 33,34,35,49,50,51-f;fhd
tpilfis vOjTk;. )
18. kuG khw;wg;gl;l caphpfspd; gad;fs; ahit?

1. ,ay;Gaphpfistpl czT jd;kakhf;fy; jpwd; mjpfk;.
2. Jhpj tsh;rr ; pia cilaJ
3. khkprj;jpd; juk; rpwg;ghf cs;sJ.
4. Neha; vjph;ghw;wiyf; nfhz;lJ.
5. cw;gj;jp rhiyfshf nray;gLfpd;wJ.
19. re;;jjp topj;njhlh; Ma;T tpthp. (%d;W kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs; 1,17,18-f;fhd

tpilfis vOjTk;.)
20. [Pd; rpfpr;iria tpthp. (%d;W kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs; 9,36-f;fhd tpilfis

vOjTk;.)
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21. juTGyk;/juTjsk; gw;wp tpsf;Ff?
juTGyk; ngUkstpyhd jfty;fs; my;yJ gjpTfspd; Njf;fkhf

tpsf;Ffpd;wJ.
juTGyq;fs;
nghJthd juTGyq;fs; rpwg;ghd juTGyq;fs;

(v.fh) FNA ESTS ntspg;gL thpir Kj;jpiufs;
fhh;Nghi`l;Nul;Lfs; GSS [PNdhk; rh;Nt thpirfs;
Gujq;fs; SNPS – jdp epA+f;spNahilL
gy;YW mikg;Gfs;
STSS – thpir Kj;jpiu ,lq;fs;
RNa juT Gyq;fs;
thpir mikg;G
juT Gyk; juT Gyk;
(ngU%yf;$Wfspd; mikg;G)
epA+f;spNahilL mkpNdh
thpirfs; mkpythpir
(epA+f;spf; (Gujq;fs;)
mkpyq;fs;)
Kjy;epiy ,uz;lhk; epiy

juTGyq;fs; juTGyq;fs;
(v.fh ) [Pd; tq;fp (v.fh ) cld;epfo; nkz;Bypd; ghuk;ghpak; kdpjd;

epAf;spf; mkpy thpirj; juT Gyq;fs .
EMBL – Inuhg;gpa %yf;$w;W caphpay; Nrhjidf;$lk;.
DDBJ – Njrpa caphpnjhopy; El;gtpay; jfty;ikak;.
NCBI - [g;ghd; juT tq;fp.
Guj thpir juT Gyq;fs;.
SIB - ];tp]; caphp jftypay; epiyak; .
EBI – INuhg;gpa caphp jftypay; epiyak;.
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ghlk; - 1
kdpjdpd; clw;nraypy;
gj;J kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;
1. itl;lkpd; Fiwg;ghl;L Neha;fis tpsf;Ff?
itl;lkpd; Fiwghl;L Neha;fs;
i) fz;zPh;Rug;G Fiwjy;.
ii) khiyf;fz; Neha;
itl;lkpd; A iii) fz;zpd; fUikg; gFjpapy; ntz;Gs;sp
Njhd;Wjy;.
i) Foe;ijfSf;F – hpf;fl;];
itl;lkpd; D ii) Kjpath;fSf;F - M];bNahkNyrpah
iii) vYk;Gfspy; fhy;rpak; gbjypy; ghjpg;G.
itl;lkpd; E tpyq;Fspy; kyl;Lj;jd;ik
i) ,uj;jk; ciwjypy; ghjpg;G

itl;lkpd; K ii) ,uj;jf; frpT FiwghL
i) nghp nghp
itl;lkpd; B1 ii) euk;G kz;lyk; ghjpg;G
iii) ,jar; Rw;W kz;lyghjpg;G
i) grpapd;ik
itl;lkpd; B2 ii) ,iug;ig Fly;FiwghL
iii) tha;g;Gz;.
ngy;yf;uh
i) kwjp
itl;lkpd; earpd; ii) Njhy;ghjpg;G
iii) tha;g;Gz;
iv) rpte;j ehf;F.
i) fz;> %f;F> fhJfs;> -Njhy; ghjpg;G.

itl;lkpd; B6
ii) cjL> thapd; Xuq;fs; ntbg;G.
1. ,uj;jNrhif.
itl;lkpd; B12 2. cyh;e;j ehf;Fg;Gz;.
3. jz;Ltlk; rhh;e;j euk;G ghjpg;G.
];fh;tpNeha;
i) gy;<W uj;jk; frpT
itl;lkpd; C
ii) gy; tpOjy;
iii) jirfspy; uj;jf; frpT
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Gujk; nrupj;jiy tpthp.
tiuaiw : nrhpj;jy; :
thapd; topahf EioAk; cztpy;cs;s nghpa %yf;$Wfshd

ghyprhf;fiuLfs;> kw;Wk; GNuhl;Bd;fis rpwpa %yf;$Wfshf khw;Wk; epfo;T
nrhpj;jy; MFk;.
Gujk; nrhpj;jYf;fhd tpidfs; :
czT
nrhpj;jYf;fhd Ruf;fg;gLk; nrhpj;jYf;Fgpd;
vd;irk;fs; nrhpj;jYf;F
cWg;Gfs; nghUs; czT
Kd; czT
,iug;gapd; ngg;rpd; Gujk; ngg;Nlhd;fs;

,iug;ig ePH
Rth; nudpd; NfrpNdh[d; Nfrpd;
bhpg;rpd;> ngg;Nlhd;fs;
ifNkh rpwpa
fizak; fizaePH; bhpg;rpd;> ghypngg;ilLfs; ngg;ilLfs;>
fhh;ghf;rp mkpNdh
ngg;bNl]; mkpyq;fs;.
Kd;rpWFly; mkpNdh
Kd;rpWFly; vhpg;rpd; ngg;ilL
ePh; mkpyq;fs;.
cl;fpufpj;jYk; jd;kakhjYk; :
 vspa mq;f %yf;$Wfshd mkpNdh mkpyq;fs; Fly; cwpQ;rpapd; topNa
clypDs; Eiofpd;wd.
 nrhpf;fg;gl;l czTf;nghUs;fs; cwpQ;rg;gl;L fy;yPuy; Nghh;ll
; y; rpiuapd;
%yk; fy;yPuiy milfpd;wd.
 fy;yPuypypUe;J clypDs; gy gFjpfSf;Fr; flj;jg;gl;L gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
 ,t;thW czthdJ rf;jpahfTk;> nry; mikg;ghfTk; khWjy; ngWtJ
jd;kakhf;fk; vdg;gLk;.
2. rpWFlypy; eilngWk; nrhpj;jypy; epfo;T gw;wp tpthp.
rpWFly; :
i) 5.7kPl;lh; ePsKilaJ
ii) bNahbdk;> [P[pdk;> ,ypak; vd;Dk; %d;W gjpfs; cilaJ.
iii) Fly; miyT ,af;fj;jpid igNyhhpf; RUf;Fj; jirfs; fl;Lg;gLj;Jk;.
fhzg;gLk; nghUl;fs; :
i) gpj;jePH> 2. fizaePH 3. Kd;rpWFly; ePH
gpj;jePH; :
i) gOg;G fye;j gr;ir epwKilaJ.
ii) fy;yPuypUe;J Njhd;WfpwJ.
iii) gpj;jg;igpapypUe;J gpj;j ehsk; topahf rpWFliy milAk;.
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gpj;jePhpy; fhzg;gLk; nghUl;fs; :
i) ePh;> Nfhiog;nghUl;fs;> nfhy];l;uhy;> gpj;j epwkpfs;> gpj;jePh; cg;Gfs;.

ii) gpj;jePh; cg;Gfs; nghpa nfhOg;G nghUl;fis rpwpa nfhOg;G jptiyfshf
khw;Wfpd;wd.
fizaePh; :
fhuj;jd;ikAilaJ> PH -7-8
fhzg;gLk; vd;irk;fs; :
mkpNy];> iyg;Ng];> bhpg;rpd;> ifNkhbhpg;rpd; fhh;ghf;rp ngg;bNl];>
mkpNy];
1. ];lhh;r; khy;Nlh];
bhpg;rpd;> ifNkhbhpg;rpd;> fhh;ghf;rpngg;bNl];>
2. ghypngg;ilfs; ngg;Nlhd;fs; rpwpa ngg;ilLfs;>
mkpNdh mkpyq;fs;.
iyg;Ng];
3. nfhOg;G fpspruhy; kw;Wk; nfhOg;G mkpyk;.
Kd;rpWFly; ePh;
Kd;rpWFly; - vd;irk;fSk; nray;fSk;

iyg;Ng];
1. nfhOg;G nfhOg;G mkpyk; + fpspruhy;
Rf;Nu];
2. Rf;Nuh]; FSf;Nfh]; + gpuf;Nlh];
khy;l;Nl];
3. khy;l;Nlh]; FSf;Nfh]; + FSf;Nfh];
yhf;Nl];
4. yhf;Nlh]; FSf;Nfh]; + fhyf;Nlh];
vhpg;rpd;
5. ngg;ilLfs; mkpNdh mkpyq;fs;
epA+f;spNaR
6. DNA, RAN epA+f;spNahilLfs;> epA+f;spNahirLfs;.
4. czTg;ghij Fiwghl;L Neha;fis tpsf;Ff.
gw;nrhj;ij :
gy;ypd; vdkhky; nld;ild; Nja;khdk; miltjhy; gw;nrhj;ij Vw;gLk;.
glk;. 1.4 gf;fk; 13
Neha; mwpFwpfs; :
i) gy; typ>
ii) tha;Jh;ehw;wk;>
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gw;fhy;tha; rpfpr;ir / Nth;f;Fop rpfpr;irapd; gbepiyfs;.
i) gy;ypd; NkypUe;J rpwpaJisapl;L mjpYs;s gw;$o;kg; nghUl;fis ePf;f

Ntz;Lk;. ,jid X fjph;glk; %yk; fz;fhzpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
ii) Fopia ed;F Rj;jk; nra;J> Ez;Zapnujphp kUe;J nfhz;L %lNtz;Lk;.
xUrpy ehl;fSf;Fg;gpd; Fopf;fhy;tha; fpUkpfsw;w epiyAs;sjh vdr;
Nrhjpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
iii) Neha;j;njhw;W ,y;iynadpy;> kug;ghy; gprpDld; Jj;jehf Mf;i]L> gp];kj;
Mf;i]L Nrh;e;J fyit nfhz;L fhy;tha; epug;gg;gLk;.
iv) Fopapd; Nky;tha; Xh;tif rpnkz;l;bdhy; rPy; nra;ag;gLk;.
Fly;Gz; :
i) ,iug;ig> Kd;rpWFly;> gFjpfspd; cl;Rthpy; jpRj;Njhy; mhpkhdk;

milj;J fhak; Njhd;WjNy Fly;Gz; MFk;.
ii) ,jpYs;s Nfhiog;nghUl;fs; Hcl mkpyj;jhy; mopf;fg;gl;L jpRf;fspy; tPf;fk;
Vw;gLk;.
tiffs;:
Kd;Fly; Gz; : 24 – 25 taJ Nkw;gl;lth;fspy; Njhd;Wk;.
,iug;ig Gz; : 50 taJ Nkw;gl;lth;fspy; Njhd;Wk;.
fhuzq;fs; :
i) n`ypf;NfhNgf;lh; igNyhhp – ghf;Bhpah

ii) M];gphpd;> rpy typ> epthuz kUe;Jfs;
iii) Gifg;gpbj;jy;.
iv) kJ mUe;Jjy;.
v) cstpay; mOj;jk;.
rpfpr;if :
i) Gz; jpUk;g Vw;glhjthW ghJfhj;jy;.
ii) tho;f;if Kiwfis khw;wp mikj;jy;
iii) Gifg;gpbj;jiy jtph;j;jy;> kJmUe;Jjiy jtph;j;jy;.
iv) ftiy> kdmOj;jk;> jtph;j;jy;.
Flypwf;fk; :
Flypwf;fj;jpy;> Flypd; xUgFjp jpUfyile;J ,Lf;fj;jpDs; Eioe;JtpLk;.
mg;gFjpapy; ,uj;j Xl;lk; jilgLk;. ,jw;F Flypwf;fk; vd;W ngah;.
Fly;gpJf;f tiffs; :
ftl;ilg; gpJf;fk; :
mbtapw;wpy; typikf;FiwT fhuzkhf Vw;gLk;.
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Nky;njhil gpJf;fk; :
mjpf cly; vil my;yJ gy Foe;ijfis ngwy; Mfpa fhuzq;fshy;

Vw;gLk;.
njhg;G+o; Fly; ,wf;fk; :
Foe;ijfspy; ehgpiar; Rw;wpAs;s gFjp jsh;rr

; pailtjhy; Vw;gLfpwJ.
i) vspa mWit rpfpr;ir.
Fly;thy; mow;rp :
i) ngUq;Fly; Jtq;Fk; ,lj;jpy; cs;s Fly; thypy; tPf;fk; Vw;gl;L

fLikahd tapw;Wtyp Njhd;WtJ Fly;thy; moh;rp MFk;.
ii) ,e;j tPf;fj;jhy; jLg;G Vw;gl;L ,jpYs;s ghf;Bhpaq;fs; Neha;njhw;iw
Vw;gLj;jyk;.
mwpFwpfs; :
i) Nky; tapw;wpy; typ

ii) the;jpAzh;T
iii) fha;r;ry;.
cjug;igAiw mow;rp :
i) rpfpr;ir jhkjkhdhy; NehAw;w Fly;thy; ntbj;J tapw;wiwapy; Vw;gLk;

Neha;njhw;W
ii) rpfpr;ir :
mWitrpfpr;ir %yk; Fly;thiy ePf;fk; nra;ayhk;.
gpj;j fw;fs; :
i) gpj;jePhpd; jd;ikfspy; khw;wq;fs; Vw;gLtjhy; Njhd;Wk;.

ii) ,e;j fw;fs; nfhy];lu; hyhy; MdJ.
fhuzq;fs; :
i) clw;gUkd; mjpfhpg;G.
ii) cztpy; nfhOg;G mjpfhpj;jy;.
iii) gpj;jePh; ehsq;fs; milgl;L kQ;rs; fhkhiy Njhd;Wk;.
fy;yPuy; mow;rp:
i) itu]; jhf;Fjyhy; fy;yPuypy; Vw;gLk tPf;fk;;.
mwpFwpfs;
i) clw;Nrhh;T
ii) the;jpnaLj;jy;.
iii) fha;r;ry;
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rpfpr;ir :
i) ey;y Xa;T
ii) kJ mUe;Jjiyj; jtph;f;f Ntz;Lk;.
5. vYk;G KwpT tiffs;> Vw;gLk; tpjk; kw;wk; rupnra;Ak; tpjj;jpid tpthp?
tiuaiw:
vYk;G ciljy; my;yJ fPwYWjy; vYk;G KwpT vdg;gLk;.
tiffs;:
gr;irf; nfhk;G KwpT
 Foe;ijfSf;F Vw;gLk;
 KOikaw;wJ
 fhHnlf;rpd; xU gFjp xl;bapUf;Fk;
%ba KwpT:
 ,uj;jf; fl;L ntspapy; njuptjpy;iy
jpwe;j KwpT:
 ,J xU Nkhrkhd fhak;.
 ,uj;j fl;L jpwe;j fhaj;jpd; topNa ntspNa njupAk;
 fpUkpfs; cs; Eioe;J NfL tpistpf;Fk;
Neha; epiy KwpT:
 nkype;j vYk;Gfspy; Nkhjy; Vw;gLtjhy;
 i`gH ghuhijuha;brj;jpd; fhuhzkhf Njhd;WfpwJ.
mOj;jKwpT
njhlh;r;rpahf> ePz;l fhykhf vOk;gpd; Xhplj;jpy; Vw;gLk; mOj;jk;
fhuzkhf Njhd;Wk;.
gpwg;G KwpT:
Foe;ij gpwf;Fk; NghJ Foe;ijapd; clypy; Vw;gLfpwJ.
Vw;gLk; tpjk;:
 NeubahfNth my;yJ kiwKfkhfNth vOk;gpd; kPJ Vw;gLk; Nkhjy;.
 Neub Nkhjypy;> Nkhjy; eilngw;w ,lj;jpNyNa vOk;G KwpT Vw;gLtJ.
 kiwKf Nkhjypdhy; Vw;gl;l mOj;jk; flj;jg;gl;L kw;nwhU ,lj;jpy;
vOk;G KwpT Vw;gLtJ.
Row;rp my;yJ vOk;gpd; jpUfy;:
 vOk;gpd; kPJ Vw;gLk; Row;rp rhpthz vOk;G Kwpit Vw;gLj;Jjy;
 kiwKf Nkhjy; - v.fh. njd;id kuj;jpy; my;yJ caukhd
fl;blj;jpypUe;J fPNo tpOjy;
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rhpnra;Ak; tpjk;:
Kwpe;j vOk;Gfs; $Ljy; ,J %d;W epiyfs; cilaJ.
1. tPq;Fjy; epiy > 2. rhpnra;jy; epiy 3. kPz;Lk; tbtikj;jy; epiy
tPq;Fjy; epiy
 vOk;G KwpT Vw;gl;l ,lj;jpy; ,uj;jFoha;fs; ntbj;J Kwptiljy;.

 `PkNlhkhit ,J Vw;gLj;JfpwJ.
 Xd;W my;yJ ,uz;L ehl;fspy; eilngWk;
 mg;gFjpapYs;s nkd;ikahd jpRf;fs; tPq;FfpwJ.
rhpnra;jy; epiy:
 fhy]; jpR cUthfpwJ

 ,J Kwpe;j vOk;Gfspd; Kidfis ,izf;Fk; ghykhFk;.
 ,J 8 Kjy; 12 thuq;fSf;F eilngWk;.
kPz;Lk; tbtikj;jy; epiy:
1. Kwpe;j ,U KidfSk; xl;Lfpd;wd.
2. ,jdhy; mOj;jj;ij jhq;Fjy; kw;Wk; jirehh;fSld; ,izjy; Vw;gLk;.
3. FiwghL ,Ue;jhy; mr;R thh;j;jy; Kiwapy; rhpnra;jy;
4. xU tUlk; tiu ePbf;fpwJ. glk;. gf;fk;.17
6. Xh; vYk;G jirapd; mikg;ig tpthp?
i) xU thpj;jirapy; (vYk;Gj;jirapy;) gyjirehh;fs; fw;iwfshf

mike;Js;sd.
ii) jir ehh;fspd; FWf;F tpl;lsT 10 Kjy; 100µ tiu ePsk; 1kp.kP 20kp.kP
tiu
iii) jirehiur; Rw;wpf; fhzg;gLk; rt;Tg;glyk; rhh;Nfhnyk;kh MFk;.
iv) Xt;nthU jirehhpYk; 4 Kjy; 20tiu nky;ypa ,iofs;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,jw;F ikNah/iggphpy;fs; vd;W ngah;.
v) ikNah/iggphpy;fspd; tpl;lk; 1-3µ tiu cs;sJ.
vi) ,e;j ,iofSf;fpilNa rhh;f;Nfhgpshrk; cs;sJ.
vii) ikNah/iggphpypd; xUjdp Jz;bw;F rhh;f;Nkhkpah; vd;W ngah;.
rhh;Nfkpahpd; mikg;G :
i) rhh;Nfkpaiu Ez;Nzhf;fp topNa ghh;f;Fk; NghJ mlh;j;jpahd
(A.fw;iw) mlh;j;jpaw;w (I- fw;iw) khwp khwp mike;Js;sJ.
ii) A. fw;iw kj;jpapy; cs;s Fiwthd mlh;j;jp gFjpf;F H-gFjp vd;W
ngah;.
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iii) I. fw;iw ‘Z’ tbtf; Nfhl;bdhy; ,uz;lhfg; gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

iv) A – fw;iwapy; RUq;Fk; jd;ikAila ikNahrpd; vd;Dk; Gujj;jpdhyhd
jbj;j ,ioj;njhFjp fhzg;gLfpwJ.
v) ,jd; tpl;lk; 110 A0 kw;Wk; ePsk; 1.5µ
vi) ,uz;lhtJ njhFjp ,iofs; A. fw;iwapd; kPJk;> Xustpw;F I. fw;iwapd;
kPJk; ePz;bUf;fpd;wd. ,it Mf;bd; vd;Dk; nghUspdhy; Mdit.
vii) jir ehh;fs; RUf;fk; nraypy;>
ikNahrpd;
Mf;bd;
bNuhNghikNahrpd;
bNuhNghdpd;
Mfpa Kf;fpa Gujq;fs; nray;gLfpd;wd.
jir ehh;fspd; nray;fSf;F Mw;wy; ATP %yf;$wpypUe;J ngwg;gLfpwJ.
(glk; : gf;fvz;.21 glk;.19)
7. jirr;RUf;fk; eilngWk; nray;Kiwia tpsf;Ff.
efUk; ,io fUj;Jf; nfhs;if :
 `hd;rd; kw;Wk; `f;Ny MfpNahhpd; fUj;jpd;gb jir RUq;Fk; myfpy;

ikNahrpd; kw;Wk; Mf;bd; ,iofs; cs;sd.
 jir RUf;fj;jpd; NghJ ,t;tpiofs; xd;wpd; kPJ xd;whf efh;e;J nry;fpd;wd.
 jirRUf;fk; kw;Wk; ePl;rpapd; NghJ A fw;iwapd; ePsk; khwhJ Ifw;iwapd; ePsk;
jirapd; ePsj;jpw;F Vw;wthW khWfpwJ.
 ,jd; tpisthf ‘Z’Nfhl;Lg; gFjpfs; ,Of;fg;gl;L mLj;jLj;j
rhh;f;Nfhkpah;fs; ,Of;fg;gLfpd;wd.
jirRUf;fj;jpw;fhd ATP Mw;wy; :
 jir RUf;fj;jpw;fhd Mw;wy; ATP %yf;$Wfs; gpsTw;W ADP +P1Mf
khWtjhy; ntspg;gLfpwJ.
 ,e;j Mw;wy; Mf;bd; ,ioapd; nray;gLk; ,lj;Jld; ,izfpwJ.
euk;G – jir re;jpg;G :
 jirehh;fs;> ikaypDiw nfhz;l euk;GfSld; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
 ,e;j euk;Gfs; KbAk; ,lj;jpy; jirAk; euk;GfSk; re;jpf;fpd;wd.
 ,jw;F euk;Gj;jir re;jpg;G vd;W ngah; ,t;tplj;jpy; mrpl;ily; nfhiyd;
vd;Wk; Ntjpg;nghUs; ntspaplg;gLfpwJ.
 ,g;nghUs; jir RUf;fj;ij J}z;LfpwJ.
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jir RUf;fj;jpd; Jtf;fk; :
 nray;kpF Mw;wy; jirehh;fis milAk; NghJ RUf;fk; njhlq;FfpwJ.

 ,g;gFjpapy; Njhd;Wk; kpd;Mw;wyhy; rhh;Nfh gpsh];kpf; tiyg;gFjpapypUe;J
fhy;rpak; madpfs; tpLtpf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
 ,e;j fhy;rpak; madpfs; jirr;RUf;fr; nraYf;fhd Ntjpay; nray;fisj;
Jtq;Ffpd;wd. ,jw;F J}z;ly; miljy; vd;W ngah;.
jirr; RUf;fj;jpd; mjpfgl;rj;jpwd;
,ay;ghd ePsKs;s jirfspd; mjpfgl;r mOj;j rf;jp Rkhh; 3.5fp.fp./r.nr.kP
MFk;.
jir jpwdpy; khw;wk;. :
ePz;l Xa;tpw;Fg; gpd;G> xU jirapd; RUf;fk; mjDila KOj;jpwdpy; ghjp
msNt ,Uf;Fk;. ,j;jirfs; 30 – 50 jirj;J}z;ly;fSf;F gpwF KOj;jpwidAk;
milfpd;wd. glk; gf;fk; 23 glk; 1:10
8. EiuaPuy; Rthrj;jpd;NghJ eilngWk; gy;NtW epfo;Tfis tpthp.

fhw;Nwhl;lk; :
O2 kpFe;j fhw;W EiuaPuypDs; ngwg;gLk; mjd;gpd; CO2–ld; ntspNaw;wg;gLk;.
O2 guty; :
EiuaPuy;fspd; %r;R rpw;wiwfspypUe;J O2 ,uj;j je;JfspDs; cs;s
,uj;jj;jpy; guTk;.
O2 flj;Jjy; :
EiuaPuy; rpiufshy; O2 kpFe;j ,uj;jk; ,jaj;jpw;F nry;YJy;.
O2 gug;Gjy; :
gy jkdpfshYk; je;JfpfspYk; O2 clypd; gy nry;fSf;Fk; gug;gg; gLk;.
O2 CO2 ,lkhw;wk; :
,uj;jk;> clw;nry;fspilNa O2, CO2 ,lkhw;wk; ngWk;. nry;fspDs;
FSf;Nfh]hdJ Co2 ePuhfTk; khWfpwJ.
CO2 flj;Jjy; :
,uj;jj;jpd; topahf CO2 flj;jg;gl;L> EiuaPuypy; ntspNaw;wg;gLfpwJ.
O2, Co2 ,lkhw;wk; :
CO2 ntspNaWifapy; %r;Rf; rpw;wiwapy; O2 cs;spOf;fg;gLk;.
ntspr;Rthrk; :
CO2 kpFe;j fhw;W ntspNaWk;. glk;.1.11 gf;fk;.27
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9. kdpjdp;y; Rthk; eilngWk; tpjj;ij tpthp?
khh;giwapy; Vw;gLk; khw;wq;fshy; cl;RthrKk; ntspRthrKk; Vw;gLk;.

khh;giw
i) ,J fhw;Wg;Gf ,ayhj miw.
ii) Kd;Gwk; khh;ngYk;G> gpd;Gwk; KJnfYk;Gj; njhlh; gf;fq;fspy; tpyh
vYk;Gfs;> fPo;Gwk; cjutpjhdk;> Mfpatw;why; ,J R+o;e;Js;sJ.
Rthrj;jpy; <LgLk; jirfs; :
i) ntspg;Gw> cl;Gw tpyh vYk;gpil jirfs;.
ii) cjutpjhdj;jpd; tl;l jirfs;.
iii) ,j;jirfspd; ,af;fj;jhy; khh;giwfspd; nfhs;ssit mjpfhpf;fNth
Fiwf;fNth ,aYk;.
cl;Rthrk; :
i) Gjpa fhw;W EiuaPuy;fSf;Fs;shf vLj;Jr; nry;fpwJ
ii) ,J nray;kpF epfo;rr
; p.
iii) ntspg;Gw tpyh vYk;gpilj; jirfs;> cjutpjhdk;> Mfpad gq;Nfw;fpd;wd.
nray;gLk; tpjk; :
i) ,ay;ghd Rthrpj;jypy; ntspg;Gwtpyh vYk;gpilj; jirfs; RUq;Fk;> tpyh
vYk;Gfs; caUk;. ,jdhy; khh;giw nghpjhFk;.
ii) cjutpjhdj;jpd; tl;lj;jirfs; RUq;Ftjhy; khh;giwfs; msT mjpfhpf;Fk;.
iii) ,jdhy; EiuaPuypDs; fhw;wpd; mOj;jk; FiwAk;.
iv) MfNt ntspf;fhw;W EiuaPuDs; EioAk;.
glk; : 1,2 cl;Rthrk;
ntspRthrk; :
i) fhw;W EiuaPuy;fspypUe;J ntsptUtjhy;
ii) ,J ke;jj;jd;ikahd nray;
nray;gLk; tpjk;
i) cjutpjhdk; jsh;r;rpailtjhy;> ,ay;ghd mikg;Gj; Njhd;Wk;;.
ii) tpyh vYk;Gfs;> cs;tpyh vYk;gpilj; jirfspd; RUf;fkiltjhy; ,ay;ghd
epiyf;Fj; jpUk;Gk;.
iii) EiuaPuypDs; fhw;wpd; mOj;jk; mjpfhpf;Fk;.
iv) khh;giwapd; nfhs;ssT FiwAk;.
(glk; : 1-13 ntspRthrk; - gf;fvz;.29 )
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10. ,uj;jj;jpd; ,iagpiz vOJf.

,uj;jk; :
i) ,uj;jk; xU jput ,izg;Gj; jpR MFk;.
ii) ,jpy; gpsh];kh 55%, ,uj;j nry; 45% cs;sJ.
gpsh];kh
i) ,jpy; ePh;> myHGkpd;> FNshGypd;> madpfs;> FSf;Nfh];> itl;lkpd;fs;>
A+hpah> Mf;]p[d;> `hh;Nkhd;fs;> fhzg;gLfpwJ.
ii) ,Jfiug;ghdhfTk;> flj;Jjy;> rf;jpaspf;Fk; gzpiaAk; Nkw;nfhs;fpwJ.
,uj;j nry;fs; :
A. rptg;gZf;fs;
i) tl;ltbtk;> ,UGwk; Fope;jit> cl;fU ,y;iy.
ii) xU fd kpy;yp kPl;lhpy; Mz; : 5.2 kpy;ypad; ngz; : 4.5 kpy;ypad; cs;sJ.
iii) 7.5µm msT
iv) `PnkhFNshgpd; fhzg;gLk;
v) 120 ehl;fs; thOk; (Mz;) 110 ehl;fs; thOk; (ngz;)
vi) fy;yPuy;> kz;zPuypy; mopf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
vii) Mf;]p[d;> flj;Jk; gzpia nra;fpwJ.
B. ,uj;j nts;is mZf;fs;
i) cl;fU cz;L.
ii) Neha; vjph;g;G gzpia Nkw;nfhs;fpwJ.
iii) 5 tiffs; cs;sd
i. epA+l;Nuhgpy;fs; - (60 – 70%) gy;cl;fU vdg;gLk;.
ii. ,NahrpNdh/gpy;fs; - (0.5. – 3.0%) xt;thikapd; NghJ
mjpfkhFk;.
iii. NgNrh/gpy;fs; - (0.1%) cly; jpRtPf;fk; Vw;gLk; NghJ
mjpfkhFk;. ,jpy; `pg;ghhpd; ,uj;jk;
ciwjiy jilnra;Ak;.
iv. ypk;Nghdrl;Lfs; - 20 – 30%
1. epzePh; cWg;Gfspy; fhzg;gLk;. rpwpa nts;is mZf;fs;.
2. B nry;fs; Mz;bg;ghbfis jahhpf;Fk;
T nry;fs; itu];fis mopf;Fk;.
v. khNdhirl;Lfs; - (1-4%) nghpaJ> njhw;WNehapd; NghJ mjpfkhFk;.
C. ,uj;j gpNsl;nyl;Lfs; :
,uj;jk; ciwjypy; gq;Nfw;Fk;
5-9 ehl;fs; tho;git.
glk; :1.17 gf;f vz; : 42
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11. ,jaj;jir erpTWjy; Neha; gw;wp vOJf.

,J ,jaj;jirj; jkdp Neha;
jkdpf;Foy;fs; milgLtjhy; Njhd;WfpwJ. fLikahd neQ;R typ Vw;gLk;. ,jaj;

jirapd; xU gFjp ,we;J tpLfpwJ.
fhuzq;fs; :
i) ,jaj;jir jkdpfspd; milg;ghy; ,e;j Neha; Vw;gLk;.
ii) nfhy];buhy; Nghd;w nfhOg;G gbtjhy; Vw;gLk;.
iii) ,g;gbTfshy; fPwy; Vw;gl;L Fohapy; ,uj;jf; frpT Vw;gLk;.
iv) ciwe;j JDf;F Foiy milj;jhy; ,uj;j Xl;lk; jilgLk;.
v) khh;G typAk;> ,ja ,af;f epWj;jKk; Vw;gLk;.
mwpFwpfs; :
i) kpff;fLikahd neQ;Rtyp> fOj;J ,lJ iff;F gutyhk;.
ii) tpah;j;jy;.
iii) %r;Rj;jpdwy;
iv) tapw;Wf; Fkl;ly;> the;jp.
v) kuzk; gw;wpa glglg;G.
mikjpahd ,jaj;jir erpTWjy; :
i) ,jaj;jir erpTWjy; Nehapy; 5-y; xUtUf;F neQ;Rtyp Njhd;Wtjpy;iy.
ii) kaf;fk;> tpah;j;jy;> Njhy; ntSg;G Vw;gLk;.
iii) rh;f;fiu tpahjp> kpif ,uj;j mOj;jk;> cs;sth;fspy; Njhd;Wk;.
Neha; tha;g;G fhuzpfs; :
i) Gif gpbj;jy;
ii) kpif ,uj;j mOj;jk;.
iii) 30% cly; vil mjpfk; cs;sth;fSf;F Vw;gLk;.
iv) ,uj;jj;jpy; nfhy];l;uhy; msT mjpfhpj;jy;.
v) clw;gapw;rp ,y;yhjpUj;jy;.
12. ,ja ,af;fj;J}z;ly; Njhd;wYk;> gutYk;> gw;wp tpthpf;fTk;.

,jaj;jpd; tpirapaf;fk;> ,jaj;jirfshy; Vw;gLk; ,j;jifa ,af;fj;jpw;nfd>
irD – Mhpf;Fyhh; fZ SA
Vl;hpNah – ntd;lh; pFyhh; fZ AV
`p];rp;d; fw;iw
Gh;fpd;[p ,iofs; Nghd;w mikg;Gfs; ,jaj;jpYs;sd.
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i) SA fZthdJ tyJ Vl;hpaj;jpd; Nky;Gwg; gf;fr;Rth;fspy; mike;Js;sJ.

ii) ,J rpwpa gl;il tbtpy; jirehhpdhy; MdJ ,jd; msT 1.5nr.kP x 3nr.kP
MFk;.
iii) ,f;fZ kpd;J}z;Ljy;fis Njhw;Wtpf;Fk; jpwDilaJ.
iv) ,j;J}z;ly; Mhpf;fps; KOtJk; gut ,aYk;. ,g;gutypd; Ntfk; 0.3 kP / nrfz;L
MFk;.
v) SA fZtpd; J}z;Ljy; AV fZtpw;F guTk;.
vi) AV fZtpypUe;J J}z;Ljy; `p];rpd; fw;iw> Gh;fpd;[p ,iofs; Mfpatw;wpw;F
guTk;.
vii) ,t;tpiofs; ntz;l;hpf;fpspd; Rth; KOtJk; gutpAs;sd. glk;.1.15 gf;fk;.33
13. ,ja ,af;fr; Row;rpia tpthp.
i) XH Jtf;f ,jaj;Jbg;Gj; Njhd;wp gbg;gbahf gy epfo;rr ; pfspd; gpd;
kPz;Lk; ,ja Jbg;gpd; Jtf;fk; Njhd;Wjy; Xh;,ja ,af;fr; Row;rpahFk;.
ii) ,jak; RUq;Fjy; rp];Nlhy; vdg;gLk;.
iii) ,jak; jsh;rr; pailtJ ila];Nlhy; vdg;gLk;.
iv) xH ,jaj; Jbg;G vd;gJ Xh; rp];Nlhy; kw;Wk; Xh; ila];Nlhiy
cs;slf;fpaJ MFk;.
Vl;hpa rp];Nlhy; :
i) Nky;> fPo; ngUQ;rpiufs;> ,jaj;jir ird]; Foy;fs; ,uj;jj;ij tyJ
Vl;hpaj;jpDs; nfhl;Lfpd;wd.
ii) mNj Ntisapy; ,lJ Vl;hpak; ehd;F EiuaPuy; rpiufshy; ,uj;jj;ijg;
ngWfpwJ.
iii) Vl;hpaj;jpuypUe;J ntd;l;hpf;fps;fSf;F 70% ,uj;jk; jhdhf ke;j epiyapy;
fPopwq;Fk;.
iv) 30% Vl;hpa miw RUq;Ftjhy; jpzpf;fg;gLk;.
ntz;l;hpf;fps;fs; epuk;Gjy; :
i) Vl;hpaq;fs;> ntz;lh; pf;fps; miwfSf;F ,ilNa cs;s thy;Tfs; jpwg;gjhy;
,uj;jk; fPopwq;Fk;.
ii) ,jdhy; ntd;l;hpf;fpspy; %d;wpy; ,Ugq;F epuk;Gk;.
iii) vQ;rpa ,lk; Vl;hpa RUf;fj;jhy; epug;gg;gLk;.
ntd;lh; pf;Fyhh; rp];Nlhy; :
i) Vl;hpa rp];Nlhy; Kbe;jTld; SA fZtpd; J}z;ly; AV fZtpidAk;> gpw ehh;
mikg;GfisAk; milfpwJ.
ii) ntd;lh; pf;fps;fspd; Rth;RUq;Fk;.
iii) ntd;lh; pf;Fyhh; mOj;jk; Njhd;Wk;.
iv) ,t;tpirahy; miu re;jpu thy;Tfisj; jpwf;fr; nra;J chpa jkdpfspy;
,uj;jk; ghAk;.
ntd;lh; pf;Fyhh; ila];Nlhy; :
i) ntd;lh; pf;fps;fs; RUq;fp ,uj;jk; ntspNawpaTld; ,uj;j mOj;jk; FiwTgLk;.
ii) miur;re;jpu thy;Tfs; %lg;gl;L Vl;hpa thy;Tfs; jpwf;Fk;.
iii) mLj;j ,ja ,af;fr; Row;rp Jtq;Fk;.
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glk; 1:16 gf;fvz;. -33

14. Njrpa FLk;g eyj;jpl;lj;jpy; cs;s gy;NtW nray; jpl;lq;fisAk;> ,itfspd;
Kf;fpaJtj;ijAk; vOJf.
Njrpa FLk;g eyj;jpl;lk; - epiyfs; :
i) jha; Nra;eyk; NgZjy;
ii) jha; - Foe;ijfs; Neha; jLg;Gr; nra;jy;.
iii) czT+l;lk; (fUTw;w jha;> Foe;ijfSf;F)
iv) fUj;jilr; rhjdq;fspd; gad;ghL.
fUj;jil rhjdq;fs; :
1. jw;fhypf Kiwfs; glk;. gf;fvz;. 98
m. FwpAiu :
i) ,J Mz;fs; gad;gLj;Jk;Kiw
ii) tpe;jZf;fs; fytpf; fhy;thapDs; nry;tJ jLf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
iii) ghy;tpid Neha;fs; guTtJ jLj;jy;.
M. ngz;Ziw :
i) ,J ngz;fs; gad;gLj;Jk; Kiw
ii) fytpf; fhy;tha; %Ltjhy;> fUg;ig Nehf;fp tpe;J nry;tJ jLf;fg;gLfpwJ.
,. `hh;Nkhd;fs; :
i) Gnuhn[];buhd;> <];bNuh[d; Mfpa `hh;Nkhd;fs; mz;lk; ntspNaWtij
jLf;fpwJ.
ii) ,J khj;jpiu tbtpy; fpilf;fpwJ.
<) fUj;jilr; rhjdq;fs; :

fhg;gh; T
i) ,J fhg;gh; kw;Wk; gpsh];bf;fhy; MdJ.
ii) fUg;igapy; nghUj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
iii) fUTWjiy 3 Mz;Lfs; tiu jLf;fyhk;.
c) mWit rpfpr;ir Kiwfs; : gf;;fvz;. 99

i) thnrf;nlkp - Mz; fSf;F tpe;J ehsk; Jz;bg;G
ii) bA+ngf;lkp - ngz;fSf;F mz;l ehsk; Jz;bg;G
iii) ,it epiyahd jLg;G Kiwfs; MFk;.
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15. Rthrf; FiwghLfs; / Rthr Neha;fs; gw;wp tpthp?
epA+Nkhdpah rspf;fha;r;ry; fhrNeha; khh;G fhrNeha;
1. epA+Nkhfhf;fy; epA+Nkhdpah (ghf;Bhpah)

1. ikNfhghf;Bhpak;
1. 1. NehA+f;fpfs; 2. ikf;Nfh gpsh];kh itu];fs; my;yJ ghf;Bhpah
bAgh;FNyhrp]; (ghf;Bhpah)
3. fhf;rhfp itu]; (itu];)
1. EiuaPuy;
2. Neha;j; njhw;wpdhy; Fly;>
2. ghjpf;;fg;gLk; gFjpfs; EiuaPuy;fs; %r;Rf;fpisf; Foy;fs; tPf;fk;.
vYk;Gfs;> rpWFly;
jPtpu khh;G rsp Neha;

 itu]; my;yJ ghf;Bhpah
my;yJ fhw;W khRgLjy;.
Gifg;gpbg;gth;fs; >
1. itu]; epNkhdpah rpWFoe;ijfs; tajhdth;.
3. tiffs; 2. ghf;Bhpa epNkhdpah - Kw;wpa khh;Gr;rsp Neha;
%r;Rg; ghijfs;
FWfyiljy;.
Fiwe;J %d;W khjk; tiu
,UkYk; rspAk; ,Ug;gJ. .
,UkYk; neQ;RtypAk; rpy
kQ;rs;> gr;irepw rsp> rpy Neuq;fspy; Neuq;fspy; ,uj;jk; 1. 1. %r;Rg; ghijfs; milgLk;.
4. mwpFwpfs; ,uj;jKk; rspAk;> ntspNaWjy;> fha;r;ry;> ntspNaWjy;> fha;r;ry;>
,Uky;> %r;Rj; jpzwy;. %r;Rj;jpdwy;> grpapd;ik> 2. ,Uky;> rsp.
vilFiwjy;.
1. Ez;Zaph; vjphp my;yJ G+Q;irf;nfhy;yp
kUe;Jfs; gad;gLj;Jjy;
2. fha;r;riy Fiwf;f ghurpl;lhky; my;yJ
5. rpfpr;if - -
M];gphpd; gad;gLj;Jjy;.
3. Mf;]p[d; my;yJ nraw;if Rthrk;
mspj;jy;.
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ghlk; 5
Rw;Wr;#oy; mwptpay;
gj;J kjpg;ngz;fs;
1. fz;zhb tPL thAf;fs; gw;wpAk; mit Rw;Wr;R+oypy; Vw;gLj;Jk; jhf;fk; gw;wpAk; xU

fl;Liu tiuf.
tsp kz;lyj;jpy; rpy thAf;fs; R+hpadpd; ntg;gj;ij cwpQ;rp mg;gbNa itj;Jf;
nfhs;Sk; ,jdhy; G+kpapd; ntg;gk; cah;fpwJ. ,jw;F fz;zhb tPl;L tpisT vd;W ngah;.
,jw;F fhuzkhd thAf;fs; fz;zhb tPL thAf;fs; vdg;gLk;. v.fh.CO2, NO2 ePuhtp> kPj;Njd;.
tiffs; :
1. ,aw;ifahfNth my;yJ
2. kdpjdpd; nray;ghLfshy; ,t;thAf;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
fhh;gd; - il- Mf;irL CO2
i) vhpkiy ntbj;jy;> tpyq;Ffs; Rthrpj;jy;> fhpkg;nghUl;fis vhpj;jy; kw;Wk;
mitfspd; mOFjy; Nghd;tw;why; Vw;gLfpwJ.
ii) epyf;fhp> ngl;Nuhypak;nghUl;fs;> jplf;fopTfs;> thfdq;fis Xl;Ljy; Nghd;w

fhuzq;fshy; CO2 msT mjpfhpf;fg;gLfpwJ. fhLfs;> mopf;fg;gLtjhy;>
xspr;Nrh;f;if %yk;jhtuk; cwpQ;Rf; nfhs;Sk; CO2 FiwfpwJ.
kPj;Njd; (CH4)
i) ,J CO2 tpl 20 klq;F mjpfkhf ntg;gj;ij cwpQ;Rk;. ,J epyf;fhp> ,aw;if

thA kw;Wk; vz;nza; Mfpait cw;gj;jpo nra;Ak; NghJ cUthfpwJ.
ii) gRkhLfs; czTg;nghUl;fisr; nrhpf;Fk; NghJ kPj;Njd; ntspNaw;wg;gLfpwJ.
iel;u]; Mf;irL NO2
i) ,J CO2 tpl 300 klq;F mjpf ntg;gj;ij cwpQ;Rk;. ,J Gijgbt

vhpnghUs; vhpj;jy;> kw;Wk; gz;iz kz;iz cOk;NghJk; cUthfpwJ.
FNshNuh GNshuh fhh;gd; (CFC )

,J Fsph;rhjd ngl;bapypUe;J cUthfpwJ. ,J cyfshtpa ntg;gk;
cah;tpw;F fhuzkhFk;.
biuGSNuh kPijy; ry;gh; ngd;ll

; h /GSiul; :-
i) ,J 2000-k;Mz;by; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;l thA. ,J ve;jtif njhopw;rhiyapy;; ,Ue;J
ntspaplg;gLfpwJ vd;gJ fz;Lg;gpbf;fg;gltpy;iy.
ii) ,J kw;w thAf;fis tpl mjpf msT ntg;gj;ij cwpQ;RfpwJ.
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2. Gtp ntg;gkhjypd; tpisTfis tpthp.

(or)
cyfshtpa ntg;gcah;tpd; tpisTfis thpirg;gLj;Jf.
cyfshtpa ntg;g caHT vd;gJ G+kpapd; ruhrhp ntg;g mstpy; Vw;gLk; mjpfhpg;igf;
Fwpf;Fk;.
tpisTfs; : (VNjDk; 10-I vOjTk;)
1. fly;fs; ntg;gkiltjhy; fly;ePH kl;lk; caUk;.

2. gUtf; fhyq;fspd; msT ePbf;fyhk;.
3. mjpf <ug;gjk; mjpf kionghopit Vw;gLj;Jk;.
4. Gay;fs; mbf;fb cz;lhFk;.
5. cyfpd; rpy gFjpfs; ghiytdk; Nghy; Mfyhk;.
6. thdpiyia Kd;djhfNt fzpf;f Kbahky; NghFk;.
7. #whtspfs; kpfTk; fLikahf tPRk;.
8. jPq;FapHg; G+r;rpfshYk;> jhtu Neha;fshYk;> gapHfSk; fhLfSk; ghjpf;fg;gLk;.
9. tpyq;Ffs; JUtq;fs; Nehf;fp ,lk; ngaUk;.
10. rpytiff; fhLfs; kiwe;J NghFk;.
11. ntg;gr;Row;rpahy; kdpjHfs; Neha;tha;g;gLtH my;yJ ,we;J NghthHfs;.
12. kNyhpah> nlq;F fha;r;ry;> kQ;rs; fha;r;ry;> %isf; fha;r;ry; Neha;fs; cyfpd; kw;w
gFjpfSf;Fk; guTk;.
3. XNrhd; glyk; XH ,aw;ifahd #hpa xspj;jLg;G tpthp?
XNrhd; vd;gJ Mf;]p[dpd; xU tbtk; (O3). ,J ];l;Nul;Nlh]; /gpahpy;
(XNrhNd];gpaH) fhzg;gLk;. ,J Gw Cjhf;fjpHfisj; jLj;J> G+kpapYs;s caphpfisf;
fhf;fpwJ.
XNrhd; XH ,aw;ifahd #hpaj;jil :
];l;Nul;Nlh];/gpahpy;> XNrhd; cUthf;fg;gLk; msTk;> rpijf;fg;gLk; msTk; rkkhf

,Ug;gjhy;> XNrhdpd; nkhj;j msT epiyahf ,Uf;Fk;. Mdhy; CFC, HFC-k; XNrhid rpijj;J
tpLfpd;wd.
XNrhd; nghj;jy;
Kjd; Kjypy; mz;lhHbf; gFjpapd; Nky; gFjpapy; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lJ.
thA kz;lyj;jpy; XNrhd; glymlh;j;jp kpfTk; Fiwe;J nkypjha;f; fhzg;gLk; gFjp
XNrhd; nghj;jy; vdg;gLk;.
mz;lhHbf; gFjpapy; XNrhd; ,og;gpw;Ff; fhuzq;fs; :
FNshhpd; kw;Wk; GNuhkpd; nghUs;fshy; XNrhd; nghj;jy; Vw;gLk;.
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XNrhd; Fiwg;G nghUl;fs; - CFC (or) g;hpahd; thAf;fs;> GNuhkpd; $l;Lg;nghUl;fs; (or)
`hNyh[d;fs;> iel;u[d; Mf;i]Lfs; kw;Wk; kPijy; GNuhNkl; Mfpait.
,g;nghUs;fs;> FspHrhjdg;ngl;bfs; /gphp]Hfs;> njhopw;rhiy fiug;ghd;fs;> jPaizg;Gf;

fUtpfs; Nghd;wtw;wpypUe;J ntspNaw;wg;gLfpd;wJ.
XNrhd; ,og;gpdhy; Vw;gLk; tpisTfs; :
(i) jhtuq;fspy; Vw;gLk; tpisTfs; - fhLfs; cw;gj;jpia ghjpf;Fk;.
(ii) tpyq;Ffspy; Vw;gLk; tpisTfs; - kPd; FQ;RfisAk;> rpy tpyq;FfisAk;
ghjpf;Fk;.
(iii) kdpjDf;F Vw;gLk; Rfhjhuf; NfLfs; - Njhy; epwkpg; Gw;WNeha;fs;> vhpjpkh>
fz;ghHitf; NfhshWfs;> fz;Gw;WNeha; Nghd;w gy jhf;fq;fis Vw;gLj;Jk;.
XNrhd; ,og;igj; jLj;jy; :

(i) FNshNuhGSNuh fhHgd;fSf;F gjpyhf i`l;Nuh FNshNuh GNshuh fhHgd;fs;
gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
(ii) mk;Nkhdpahit gad;gLj;jyhk;.
(iii) ePH kw;Wk; ePuhtpia gad;gLj;jyhk;.
(iv) Ntjpg;nghUl;fis kW Row;rpapy; <LgLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
(v) #hpa fjpHfspypUe;J jw;fhj;Jf; nfhs;syhk;.
XNrhd; gly ,og;igf; fz;fhzpj;jy;.
gf;fvz;: 169 Chart
4. ,lHghL jUk; fopTfspd; Nkyhz;ik gw;wp tpthp.

(or)
jPq;F jUk; fopTfspd; Nkyhz;ik gw;wp tpsf;F.
,lHghL jUk; fopTfs; Mapuk; Mz;Lfs; MapDk; mg;gbNa ,Ue;J Mgj;ij

tpistpf;Fk;.
 fjpHtPr;R fopTfs;>
 cNyhff; $l;Lg;nghUl;fs;>
 fhpkf; fiug;ghd;fs;>
 kUj;Jtkidf; fopTfs; Nghd;wit ,lHghLjUk; fopTfs; MFk;.
,tw;iw ifahsf; fPo;f;fz;l Kiwfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
epyj;jpy; epug;Gjy; :
,uhZtk; njhlHghd ,lHghLfisj; jUk; fopTfSk;> fjpHtPr;R fopTfSk; ,k;Kiwapy;
ghJfhg;ghfg; G+kpf;F mbapy; Nrkpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. kpfTk; Mokhd gJq;F Fopfspy; kpf mjpf
mstpy; fjpHtPr;R fopTfs; Nrkpf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
Mo;fpzW gha;r;ry;
,k;Kiwapy; G+kpapd; kpf Moj;Js; epyj;jb ePUf;Fk; fPNo Mo;fpzWfs; Njhz;lg;gLk;.
,f;fpzw;wpy; ,lHghL jUk; jputf;fopTfs; nrYj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
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Nkw;gug;gpy; %bitj;jy;
,e;j Kiw rpwpjsT Ntjpaf; fopTfis nfhz;l Vuhskhd ePiuf; ifahs

gad;gLfpwJ. ,k;Kiwapy; rpWFsq;fs; ntl;lg;gl;L jputf;fopTfs; nfhl;lg;gLfpd;wd.
jplf;fopTfs; jiug;gug;gpy; gbe;J tpLfpd;wd. ePH Mtpahfp tpLfpwJ.
vhpj;Jr; rhk;gyhf;fy;
,k;Kiwapy; ,lHghL jUk; caphpa kUj;Jtf; fopTfs; vhpf;fg;gl;Lr; rhk;gyhf;fg;gLk;.
(c-k;) kdpj cly;fopTfs;> J}f;fp vhpag;gLk; kUe;Jfs;> ,uj;jk;> rPo; tpyq;Ffspd; fopTfs;
Mfpait.
caphpaj; jPHT
Ez;ZapHfs;> jhtuq;fs; Nghd;w caphpag; nghUl;fisf; nfhz;L Rw;Wr; #oiyr; Rj;jk;

nra;tJ jhd; caphpaj; jPHT vdg;gLk;.
(v.fh).
(i) ghf;Bhpahf;fs; fdcNyhfq;fspd; fopTfis rpijf;fNth (or) cwpQ;Rf;

nfhs;sNth nra;fpd;wd.
(ii) gy jhtuq;fs; khRf;fis xw;wp vLj;Jf;nfhs;sg; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. (jhtuj;
jPHT)
(iii) kuGg;nghwpapay; %yk; cUthf;fg;gLk; Ez;ZapHfs; jPq;F jUk; mZf;
fjpHfisAk;> ghjurk;> FNuhkpak;> fhl;kpak; fd cNyhfq;fis ePf;f
gad;gLfpwJ.
(iv) [pg;uy;yh gpA+Nrhpak; raidLfis rpijf;fg;gLfpwJ.
(v) #g;gH gf; vd miof;fg;gLk; #NlhNkhdh]; ghf;Bhpah vz;izf; fopTfis
rpijf;fg; gad;gLfpwJ.
5. ,lHghlw;w fopTfspd; Nkyhz;ik gw;wp tpthp.
(or)
jplf;fopTfs; Nkyhz;ik gw;wp tpthp.
Rfhjhu epyf;Ftpg;G :
epyf; Ftpg;Gf; fopTfis ,aw;iff; FopfspNyh (or) gs;sq;fspNyh Ftpj;J> mjw;FNky;

Rj;jkhd kzy; gug;gg;gLfpwJ. ,e;epyf;Ftpg;Gfs; kPJ G+q;fhf;fs; tpisahl;L ikjhdq;fs;
Nghd;w nghOJNghf;F mk;rq;fis cUthf;fyhk;.
vhpj;Jr; rhk;gyhf;Fjy; :
efuhl;rpfspy; vhpj;Jr; rhk;gyhf;Fk; ciyfs; %yk; vhpaf;$ba jplf;fopTfs; vhpj;Jr;

rhk;gyhf;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,k;Kiw %yk; jplf;fopTfis 80 Kjy; 90 rjtPjk; Fiwf;fyhk;.
kPz;Lk; gad;gLj;Jjy; kw;Wk; kWRow;rpKiwfs; :
ug;gH> fz;zhb> jhs; kw;Wk; Jz;L cNyhfq;fs; Nghd;wit fopTfspypUe;J jdpNa

gphpj;njLj;J kPz;Lk; gad;gLtjw;F kWRow;rp vd;W ngaH.
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(i) fopTj;jhis 54% kWgbAk; gad;gLj;jyhk;. ,jid ml;ilg; ngl;bfs;>

kpd;flj;jhg; nghUshfNth njhO cukhfNth khw;wyhk;.
(ii) fz;zhbfis 20% kWgbAk; gad;gLj;jyhk;. GJf;fz;zhb> fhq;fphPl; M];ghy;l;
Nghd;wit jahhpj;j $ohq;fw;fs; (or) kzYf;F khw;whf gad;gLk;.
(iii) cNyhfq;fis 39% cUf;fp kPz;Lk; gad;gLj;jyhk;.
(iv) czTf;fopTfs;> gz;izf;fopTfs;- njhO cukhfg; gad;gLj;jyhk;.

(v) gioa Jzpfis – fhfpjk; jahhpg;gpy; gad;gLj;jyhk;.
fopTePHr; Rj;jpfhpg;G kw;Wk; Nkyhz;ik :
kpjf;Fk; fopTfis ePf;f – ciwa itj;jy;> gba itj;jy;> tbfl;ly;> fhw;Nww;wk;

nra;jy; kw;Wk; Neha; Vw;gLj;Jk; caphpfisf; nfhy;y FNshhpd; Vw;wk; Nghd;w gbepiyfs;
cz;L.
Kjy; epiy Rj;jpfhpg;G :
rhf;filf; fopTfis Rj;jpfhpf;f ,ae;jpu tbfl;ly;> ry;yil gad;gLj;jy;> gbatply;

kw;Wk; FNshhpd; Vw;wk; nra;jy; mlq;Fk;. ,k;Kiw %yk; 50-65% kpjf;Fk; jplg;nghUl;fis
ePf;fg; gad;gLfpwJ.
,uz;lhk; epiy Rj;jpfhpg;G :
ghf;Bhpaq;fshy; fhpkf; fopTfs; ePf;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,t;thW tplg;gLk; fopTfs;

ePHepiyfspy; cs;s Mf;]p[idf; Fiwj;J tplhjgb fhw;Nww;wk; %yk; Mf;]p[d;
Vw;wg;gLfpwJ.
6. caphpag; gy;tifg; gw;wp fl;Liu tiuf

caphpag;gy;tifik:
caphpag; gy;tifik vd;gJ epyk;, fly;, ed;dPh; vd midj;Jr; #o;epiykz;lyq;fspy;

thOk; caphpdq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; Ntw;Wik kw;Wk; mit mq;fj;jpdh;fshf cs;s #o;epiy
kz;lyq;fspd; NtWgl;l jd;ik vdg;nghUs; nfhs;syhk;.
tiffs;:
 kugpag; gy;tifik,
 rpw;wpdg; gy;tifik,
 #o;epiy kz;ly gy;tifik
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caphpag; gy;tifik Fiwtjw;fhd fhuzq;fs;:
,aw;iff; fhuzq;fs;:
rpw;wpdq;fs; jpBh;khw;wq;fshYk;, ,aw;ifj;Njh;thOk; Njhd;Wfpd;wd. mNj

Kiwapy; mopfpd;wd.
250 kpy;ypad; Mz;LfSf;F Kd;, ngh;kpad; fhyj;jpy; Vw;gl;l Nguoptpy;
fly; caphpfs;, 2/3 gq;Fk; midj;J jhtu tpyq;F FLk;gq;fspy; ghjpAk;
mope;J tpl;ld.
kdpjdhy; Vw;gLk; mopT:
 fhLfs; mopf;fg;gLtjhy; mijr; rhh;e;J tho;e;j jhtuq;fSk;, tpyq;FfSk;

ghjpf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
caphpag; gy;tifik Vd; ghJfhf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;?
(i) tptrhak;,ePh;tho; caphptsh;g;G, tpyq;F guhkhpg;G, fhl;Ltsk; Nghd;w caphpay;

gphpTfl;L KJnfYk;ghf cs;sJ.
(ii) vjph;fhyj;jpy; GJtif czT, kUe;Jfs;, kw;wNjitfis G+h;j;jp nra;Ak;.
(iii) moptpd; tpspk;gpYs;s caphpdq;fis ghJfhf;fTk; ,J mtrpak;.
caphpag; gy;tifik ,og;ghy; Vw;gLk; tpisTfs;:
xU Fwpg;gpl;l ,dk; capNuhL ,Ue;jhy; jhd; kw;w caphpdq;fs; mr;#o;epiy kz;lyj;jpy;

capNuhL ,Uf;f KbAk;. (v.fh.) ntg;gf;fhLfspy; Mh;f;fpl;Njdpf;fs; mope;jhy; me;j #o;epiy
kz;lyNk mope;JtpLk;.
caphpag; gy;tifik ghJfhg;G:
cyfshtpa ghJfhg;Gj;jpl;lq;fs;:
 G+kp KOtJk; fhzg;gLk; caphpa kpifg; gy;tifik ,lq;fisg;
ghJfhg;gJ Xh; Kd;dphpik mspf;fg;gl Ntz;ba Kf;fpa jpl;lk;.
 cyfk; KOtJk; 25 caphpa kpifg;gy;tifik ,lq;fs; milahsk;
fhzg;gl;Ls;sd.
2.Njrpag; ghJfhg;Gj; jpl;lq;fs;:
,e;jpa murhy;,
 rl;lg;G+h;tkhd eltbf;iffs;
 thopl ntspg;ghJfhg;G
 thopl cs;ghJfhg;G Kaw;;rpfs;
 jfty;fisg; ghJfhj;jy;
 mwptpay; kw;Wk; njhopy;El;gq;fisg; gad;gLj;jy; Nghd;w
eltbf;iffs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;L tUfpd;wd.
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3. caphpa kpFtsq;fis Vw;gLj;Jjy;:

,jpy; xd;W my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l ghJfhf;fg;gl;l ,lq;fSk;, mijr;#o;e;Js;s
epyq;fSk; eph;tfpf;fg;gl;L mjd;%yk; caphpfs; ghJfhg;Gk; ,aw;if tsq;fspd;
njhlh;e;j gad;ghLfSk; guhkhpf;fg;gLk;.
etk;gh; 2002 Kbtpy; cyfk; KOtJk; cs;s caphpa kpFtsj;jpy; 95 ehLfisr;
rhh;e;j 495 ,lq;fs; ,Ue;jd.
,e;jpahtpd; caphpa kpFtsq;fs;:

jkpo;ehL:
1.fly;ePh; kpFtskhd kd;dhh; tisFlh(caphpay; nrhh;f;fk;).
2.kiy caphpa kpFtskhd ePyfphp.
,e;jpah:
1) ehf;uj; (Nkfhyah).
2) ek;jgh (mUzr;ryg;gpuNjrk;)
3) ee;jh Njtp (cj;jpug;gpuNjrk;)
4) epf;Nfhghh; (me;jkhd; kw;Wk; epf;Nfhghh; jPTfs;)
5) Re;jutdf;fhLfs; (Nkw;Ftq;fk;)
caphpag; gy;tifik ghJfhg;gpy; <Lgl;Ls;s epWtdq;fs;:
1) cyfshtpa tdtpyq;F epjpak;

2) vjph;fhyj;jpw;fhd tsq;;fs;
3) ,aw;f;ifg; ghJfhg;G
4) cyf tsq;fs; epWtdk;
5) gd;dhl;L mwptpay; fofk;
caphpag; gy;tifikiag; ghJfhf;f ,e;jpahtpy; cs;s epWtdq;fs;:
1) jhtu kugpay; tsq;fSf;fhd Njrpa fofk; - GJnly;yp.

2) tpyq;F kugpay; tsq;fSf;fhd Njrpa fofk; - fky;.
3) kPd; kugpay; tsq;fSf;fhd Njrpa fofk; - myfhghj;.
7. Mw;wy; neUf;fbia jtpHf;f vLf;f Ntz;ba eltbf;iffs; :

vhpnghUs; EfHit Fiwj;jy;
(i) fl;blq;fspy; ntg;gj;jil nghUl;fis mikj;jy;.

(ii) Nghf;Ftuj;Jr; rhjdq;fspd; vhpnghUs; EfHit Fiwj;jy;.
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Gjpa Mw;wy; tsq;fis cUthf;Fjy;
(i) fhw;W Mw;wy; : ,e;jpahtpy; fhzg;gLk; ePz;l flNyhug;gFjpfs;> kiyfs;

kw;Wk; ghiytdg; gFjpfspy; fhw;W Miyfis cUthf;fp> kpd; cw;gj;jp nra;ayhk;.
fhw;W Mw;wypd; epiwfs;
i. fhw;whiyfs; %yk; cw;gj;jpahFk; kpd;rhuj;jpw;F nryT kpfTk; FiwT.

ii. Rw;Wr;#oYf;F vt;tpj ghjpg;Gk; ,y;iy.
iii. ,jpy; nra;ag;gLk; KjyPL tPzhtjpy;iy.
Gtp ntg;g Mw;wy; : ,e;jpag; ngUq;fly; kw;Wk; grpgpf; gFjpfspy; cs;s gy jPT
ehLfspy; ,e;j Mw;wy; ngwg;gLfpwJ.
rpwpa ePHkpd; jpl;lq;fs; : ,J kpfTk; kypthdJ. NkYk; Rw;Wg;Gwf; NfL Vw;gLj;jhky;

kpd; cw;gj;jp nra;ayhk;.
ngUq;fly; Mw;wy; :
Nfushtpy;> tpopQ;rk; vd;Dk; JiwKfj;jpy; ,e;j Mw;wy; %yk; kpd;rf;jp jahhpg;G
nra;Ak; Kjy; Miy cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,J Mz;Lf;F 150 MW kpd;rhuk; cw;gj;jp
nra;Ak;
#hpa Mw;wy;
cyfpy; cs;s midj;J Mw;wy;fSf;Fk; %ykhdJ #hpa Mw;wy; MFk;.
xt;nthU tUlKk; #hpadplkpUe;J G+kpf;F 5X1020 fpNyh fNyhhp Mw;wy;
fpilf;fpwJ.
#hpa Mw;wypd; epiwfs;
1. Rw;Wr; Roiy khRgLj;jhj ‘Mw;wy;’ ,J.
2. #o;epiy rkd;ghl;ilg; guhkhpf;f ,J cjTfpwJ.
mZf;fjpH Mw;wy;
,d;iwa kw;Wk; ehisa cyfpw;F cfe;j xNu kypthd Mw;wy; mZf;fjpH
Mw;wy; MFk;.
,J mZf;fU gpsj;jy; kw;Wk; mZf;fU ,izT %yk; ,e;j Mw;wy;
ngwg;gLfpwJ.
capHthA (or) rhz vhpthA :
caphpaf; fopTfisf; fhw;ww;w Kiwapy; kl;fr; nra;tjd; %yk; ,t;thw;wy;
ngwg;gLfpwJ.
i`l;u[d; - vjpHfhy Mw;wy; %yk;
i) i`l;u[d; xU rpwe;j khw;W Mw;wyhFk;. ,jd; %yk; kdpjr; rKjhaj;jpw;F
Njitahd midj;J Mw;wy; NjitfisAk; kypthfTk;> jpwd; tha;e;jjhfTk;
ngwyhk;.
ii) Rw;Wr;#oy; ghjpg;G Vw;glhJ. ,ij ifahStjw;F vspikahdJ.
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8. gy;NtW Mw;wy; %yq;fshy; Rw;Wr;R+oy; vt;thW ghjpf;fg;gLfpwJ tpthp?

ntg;g Mw;wy;
ntg;g Mw;wy; MiyfspypUe;J Ez;rhk;gy; CO2, SO2 NO2 Nghd;wit
ntsptUfpwJ. ,J Rw;Wg;Gwj;ij ghjpf;fpwJ.
ePh;Mw;wy; :
ePh; kpd;epiyaq;fs; Vw;gLj;Jk; NghJ mq;F thOk; kf;fis ,lk; ngaur; nra;a
Ntz;b cs;sJ. NkYk; nryTk; mjpfk;. mizfs; fl;Ltjpdhy; Rw;Wr;R+oy;
ghjpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
mZf;fjph; Mw;wy; :
mZ ciyapypUe;J ntsptUk; fjph;tPr;r ePz;l fhyj;jpw;F ,lh;ghLfisj
jUfpwJ. mZ ciyapypUe;J ntsptUk; fjph;fis G+kpapy; Gijahky; ghJfhf;f
KbahJ. vdNt G+kp epyg;gFjp ghjpf;fg;gLk;. (v.fh.) Nrhtpaj; A+dpadpy; Vw;gl;l
nrh;Ndhgpy; mZtpgj;J.
R+hpa Mw;wy; :
R+hpa nry;fs; cw;gj;jpf;F gad;gLj;Jk; fhl;kpak;> Gw;WNehia cz;lhf;Fk;.
,jw;F Njitg;gLk; rpypf;fhdid cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; NghJ CO2 mjpfkhf ntsptUk;
,e;j CO2 fz;zhb tPL tpisit Vw;gLj;Jk;.
Gijg;gbt vhpnghUs;fs;
Gijg;gbt nghUl;fis vhpf;Fk; NghJ (epyf;fhp> ngl;Nuhy;>)
CO2 mjpfkhFk;. ,jdhy; fz;zhb tPL tpisT cz;lhFk;.
Ez;rhk;gy; Fopfs; epyj;ij khRgLj;JfpwJ. rhzj;ij vhpg;gjd; %yk; ntsptUk;
Gif Rthr kw;Wk; rPuz kz;lyj;ij ghjpf;fpwJ.
CO2, SO2, NO2 Nghd;wit mkpy kioia cUthf;FfpwJ.
9. tWik gw;wp njhFj;J vOJf.
tWik vd;gJ Fiwe;jgl;r tsk; (or) tUkhdk; ,y;yhjpUj;jy; MFk;. (or)
kdpjj; Njitf;F mtrpakhd rj;JzT> cilfs;> tPL> Rj;jkhd ePH kw;Wk;
Rfhjhuj; Njitfs; ,y;yhjpUj;jy; tWikahFk;.
tWikahy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l ehLfs; :
tsUk; ehLfs; : Mg;gphpf;fh> Mrpah> yj;jPd;> mnkhpf;fh> fpof;F INuhg;gh.
tsHe;j ehLfs; : mnkhpf;fh> fdlh> [g;ghd;
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tWik ,uz;L tifg;gLk;.

KOikahd tWik : KOikahd tWik vd;gJ kdpjHfspd; tho;f;iff;Nf
Nflhf mikAk; Nkhrkhd tWik.
ehl;bd; epiyf;F njhlHgpayhd tWik : kw;w cyf ehLfSld; xg;gpLk;NghJ
Fiwe;j tsk; (or) tUkhdj;ijf; nfhz;l xU rKjhak;.
tWikAk; Rw;Wr;#oy; gpur;rpidfSk; :
gy ,lq;fspy; kf;fl;njhifAk;> tWikAk;> ,aw;if tsq;fs; kPJk; Rw;Wr;#oy;
kPJk; ngUk; jhf;fj;ij cz;lhf;fpAs;sd.
cyfpd; gy ghfq;fspy; Rw;Wr;#oy; rPHNfL tWikf;fhd xU Kf;fpa fhuzpahf
mikfpwJ.
cyfshtpa Rw;Wr;#oy; rPHNfLfs; gy fhuzpfshy; Vw;gLfpd;wd. kf;fs;njhif
ngUf;fj;jpdhy;> epyq;fisAk;> kw;w tsq;fisAk; mtHfs; gad;gLj;JtJNk MFk;.
tWikiar; rhpnra;Ak; topfs;
1. gRikg;Gul;rpia mjpfhpj;jy;.
2. ePHgphpKfL Nkyhz;ik %yk; tskw;w epyq;fis tsKs;s epyq;fshf
khw;wy;.
3. caphpa G+r;rpf;nfhy;ypfspd; gad;ghl;ilf; Fiwg;gjd; %yk; ePH kw;Wk; epy
khRghl;ilj; jLj;jy;.
4. Ntiy tha;g;ig mjpfhpj;jy;.
5. r%fg; ghJfhg;Gj; jpl;lq;fs; nray;gLj;jy;.
6. mjpf mstpy; Muk;gr; Rfhjhu epiyaq;fs;> kUj;Jtkidfs;> kw;Wk;
mdhij tpLjpfs; mikj;jy;.
7. FLk;gf; fl;Lg;ghl;il mky;gLj;jy;.
10. ed;dPH tsq;fs; kw;Wk; ed;dPH gw;whf;Fiwf;fhd fhuzq;fis tpthp.
ed;dPH tsq;fs; :
1. gdpkiy> gdpf;fl;b> ntz;gdp Nghd;wtw;wpy; G+kpapy; fpilf;Fk; %d;W rjtPj
ePH ehd;fpy; xU gq;F mile;J fplf;fpwJ.
2. gdpkiyf;F mLj;J ed;dPH mjpfkha; fhzg;gLtJ epyj;jb ePH MFk;.
3. Vhpfs; kw;Wk; Fsq;fs;
4. <u epyq;fs;
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ed;dPH gw;whf;Fiwf;fhd fhuzq;fs; :

,aw;iff; fhuzq;fs; :
Fiwe;j msT kiog;nghopT> ntg;gf; fhw;W Nghd;wit.
kdpjf; fhuzq;fs; :
kf;fl;njhifg; ngUf;fk;> tpiuthd efukakhf;fk;> mjpf Nka;rr
; y;> jtwhd
rhf;fil ntspNaw;wk; Mfpait.
epyj;jb ePH Fiwjy;
fpuhkq;fspy; 95% epyj;jb ePiuNa ek;gpAs;sdH. ,jdhy; fpzWfSk;> ePH
Cw;WfSk; twz;L tpLfpd;wd.
NkYk; mjpf mstpy; epyj;jb ePH cwpQ;rg;gLfpwJ.
fly;ePH cl;GFjy; :
cyfpd; gy;NtW gFjpfspy; fly;ePH cl;GFtjhy; ed;dPH epiyfs;
khwptpLfpd;wd.
XLk; MWfs; kiwjy; : mizfs; fl;lg;gl;L XLk; MWfs; %o;fbf;fg;gLtJ MFk;.
Mtpahjy;> xOFjy; kw;Wk; tz;ly;gbjy; :
ed;dPH Vhp> Fsk;> mizfspy; ,it eilngWfpd;wd.
11. ed;dPH Nkyhz;ikg; gw;wp tpthp.
Gtpapy; fpilf;Fk; ePhpd; msT xU Fwpg;gpl;l msTjhd;. Fwpg;gpl;l ,lq;fspy; ePH
fpilg;gjw;Fg; gytopfs; cs;sd.
Nkfj;jpy; (Ntjpg;nghUs;fs;) J}Tjy; :
cyHgdp (or) nghl;lhrpak; mNahilL Jfs;fis ePHNfhj;j Nkfq;fs; kPJ
J}tpdhy; rpy rkak; kiog;nghopT Vw;gLk;.
cg;GePiuf; FbePuhf;fy;
ed;dPH msit mjpfhpf;f ngUq;fly; ePhpd; cg;Gj; jd;ikia ePf;FtJ rpwe;j
njhopy; El;gkhFk;. fPo;fz;l Kiwfs; %yk; cg;GePiu khw;wyhk;.
1. tbfl;ly;
2. jiyfPo; rt;T+L guty;. ,e;j jpl;lk; mjpf nrythFk;.
Jgha;> Xkhd; kw;Wk; g`;iud; Nghd;w ehLfspy; ,k;Kiw nray;gLfpwJ.
mizfs;> ePHj;Njf;fq;fs;> fhy;tha;fs;> ePHf;Foha;fs; :
mizfs; %yk; ePiur; Nrkpj;J gad;gLj;jyhk;.
ePHg;gphp KfL Nkyhz;ik :
rpW rpW mizfs; (or) Vuhskhd ejpePHf; fpisfs; Mfpait jz;zPH
nts;skhf ngUfp tPzhfhky; Njf;fp itf;Fk;.
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kioePH Nrfhpg;G :
kioePiu NehpilahfNth (or) G+kpf;Fs; nrYj;jpNah epyj;jb epHthfj;ijg;
ngUf;FtNj kioePH Nrfhpg;G jkpof muR ehl;bNyNa Kd;Ndhbahf kioePHr; Nrfhpg;Gj;
jpl;lj;ij mky;gLj;jpAs;sJ. glk; : 187
Nkk;gl;l Ntshz; Kiwfs; :
rpwe;j Ntshz; KiwfSk;> fhLfs; tsHg;Gk;> ePH Xb tPzhtijj; jLf;Fk;.
rJg;G epyq;fisg; ghJfhg;gjd; %yk; epyj;jbapDs; ePH gha;tJk;> ,aw;ifahf
ePiur; Nrkpg;gJk; mjpfkhFk;.
tPLfspy; Nrkpj;jy; :
tPLfspy; ehk; gad;gLj;Jk; ryit ,ae;jpuk;> ghj;jpuq;fisf; fOTk; ,ae;jpuk;
Nghd;wtw;why; ePH tPzhtijf; Fiwf;fyhk;.
njhopw;rhiyfspy; Nrkpj;jy;
njhopw;rhiyf; fopTePiur; Rj;jpfhpj;J> kWRow;rpapy; <LgLj;jp kPz;Lk;
gad;gLj;jyhk;.
ePiu Nrkpg;gjpy; xU jdp kdpjdpd; gq;F :
1. Fspf;f cgNahfg;gLj;Jk; ePhpd; msitf; Fiwj;jy;.
2. fhH kw;Wk; ,U rf;fu thfdq;fis mbf;fb fOtf;$lhJ.
3. iffisf; fOTk;NghJ Njitapy;yhky; jz;zPH Foha;fisj; jpwe;J
itf;ff; $lhJ.
4. Fiwe;j ePiug; gad;gLj;Jk; foptiwr; rhjdq;fis gad;gLj;jyhk;.
5. xOfpf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; Foha;fisr; rhp nra;jy;.
******* Best Wishes *********
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nkšãiy¥ bghJ¤ nj®Î

16. Vngy;kh];f]; v];Fyz;l]; jhtuj;jpd; fdp (<) R+yf miw ntbfdp

$Ljy; xU kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs; :

1. jhtu tifg;ghl;bay; - Kiwg;ghl;Lj; jhtutpay;

10. Nghpd> rpw;wpdg; ngah; ,uz;Lk; xd;whf ,Uj;jy; - lhl;Nlhdpk;

42. %d;W rpw;wpiyapy; KbAk; $l;biy – `_tpah gpNurpypad;rp];

43. ,iyabr; nrjpy;fs; Kl;fshf khwpAs;s jhtuk; - A+Nghh;gpah ];gpyd;nld;];

44. ,iyabr; nrjpy;fs; cNuhk Rug;gpahf khwpAs;s jhtuk; - [l;Nuhgh Fh;fh];.

45. mfhypghtpd; kQ;rhp – Nfl;fpd;

61. uhtndyhtpd; fdp – ntbfdp.

62. gazpfspd; gid – uhtndyh klfh];fhpad;rp];

63. kzpyh ehh;j; jhtuk; - kpA+]h nlf;];ilyp];

64. mghfh Jzp – kpA+]h nlf;];ily;];

%d;W kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;

1. xj;jg; gz;Gfspd; mbg;gilapy; jhtuq;fis xOq;fhd Kiwapy;

2. ntt;NtW njhFjpf;F ,ilNa cs;s jhtuq;fspd; kuG topia

capUs;s jhtuj; njhifapd; Kiwghl;bay; vd tiuaWf;fyhk;. mwpKfk;

4. ghpNrhjid tifghl;bd; Nehf;fq;fs; ahit?

1. ,aw;if caph; myFfspd; tiuaiwfis eph;zapj;jpy;

2. #o;epiyr; rpw;wpdk;> #o;epiy tif> $l;Lr;rpw;wpdk;> fk;Nghpak; Nghd;w

5. gynrhw;ngahpL Kiw vd;why; vd;d?

jhtuq;fs; gy nrhw;fshy; Md ngah;fshy; miof;fg;gLtJ v.fh

6. ,Ur;nrhw; ngahpL Kiw vd;why; vd;d? vLj;Jf;fhl;L jUf

 Xt;nthU jhtuj;jpw;Fk; Nghpdg;ngah; rpw;wpdg;ngah; Mfpa ,uz;L ngah;fs;

8. %ycyh; jhtu khjphp vd;why; vd;d?

10. n`h;Nghpa cyh; jhtu khjphpfis Nrkpf;Fk; NghJ ifahs Ntz;ba

11. nge;jk; kw;Wk; `Pf;fh; tifg;ghl;bid gpd;gw;Wk; ehLfs; ahit?

12. G+f;Fk; jhtuq;fspd; %d;W tFg;Gfs; ahit?

13. nge;jk; kw;Wk; `_f;fh; tifg;ghl;bYs;s [pk;Ndh];ngh;k; jhtuf; FLk;gq;fs;

16. yhhpNdapd; tifg;ghl;L epiyia jUf.

17. khy;Ntrpapd; tifg;ghl;L epiy

ml;Nuhgh ngy;yNlhdh jhtu Nth;fspypUe;J ml;Nuhgpd; vd;w My;fyha;L

gphpj;njLf;fg;gLfpwJ.,J jir typia ePf;f gad;gLfpwJ.

20. nrhyhNdrp FLk;gj;jpd; tifg;ghl;L epiy

23. A+/Nghh;gpNarp FLk;gj;jpd; tifg;ghl;L epiyia vOJf.

24. fpshNlhL vd;why; vd;d? vLj;Jf; fhl;Lj; jUf.

30. ngha;j;jz;L vd;why; vd;d? kpA+]h ghub]pahfhtpy; ngha;j;jz;L vt;thW

Ie;J kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs; :

1. n`HNghpaj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ahit?

2. mfpy cyj; jhtutpay; ngah; #l;Lr;rl;lj;jpd; Kf;fpa mk;rq;fs;:

1. Nghpdg; ngah; xw;iwg; ngah;r;nrhy; MFk;. ,g;ngahpd; Kjy; vOj;ij

2. xU jhtuj;jpw;Fg; Gjpa ngah; #l;Lk; NghJ> mj;jhtuj;jpd; n`h;Nghpak; jahh;

3. nge;jk; kw;Wk; `Pf;fh; tifg;ghl;bd; epiwfis vOJf.

1. ,e;j tifg;ghL Ez;zpa Neub Ma;tpw;F cl;gl;L ,aw;if Kiwapy;

4. nge;jk; kw;Wk; `Pf;fh; tifg;ghl;bd; Fiwfis vOJf.

1. ,t;tifg;ghl;by; ilfhl;byplNd jhtu tFg;gpw;Fk;> khNdhfhl;byplNd jhtu

2. kyhpd; gy gz;Gfs; ,lk; ngwhky; epuhfhpf;fg;gl;bUg;gJ FiwahFk;.

3. xUtpj;jpiyj; jhtuf; FLk;gkhd Mh;f;fpNlrp kpfTk; vspa njhd;ikahdnjdf;

4. neUq;fpa njhlh;gpidAila rpy jhtuf;FLk;gq;fs;> jdpikg;gLj;jg;gl;L

5. njhlh;gw;w jhtuf;FLk;gq;fs; xNu gphptpy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sd.

5. n`h;Nghpak; (cyh; jhtuj; njhFg;G) Fwpj;J fl;Liu tiuf.

6. jhtu tifg;ghL Kiwfspd; tiffs; ahit? xt;nthd;wpw;Fk; Fwpg;G vOJf.

7. khy;Ntrp jhtuq;fspd; nghUshjhu Kf;fpaj;Jtk; .

gad;ghLfs; jhtutpay; ngah; gad;fs;

3. fl;ilj; kuf;fl;il> glF>

mGl;byhd; ,z;bfk; Nth; kw;Wk; ,iyfs; fha;r;ry;>

(3 kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fspy; ehh; jhtuq;fs;> czT jhtuq;fs;> kUj;Jtj; jhtq;fs; (k)

8. nrhyhNdrp jhtuq;fspd; nghUshjhu Kf;fpaj;Jtk; .

ml;Nuhgh ngy;yhNlhdh> jirtyp> ,Uky; (k)

rpfnul;> gPb (k) %f;Fg;

9. A+Nghh;gpNarp jhtuq;fspd; nghUshjhu Kf;fpaj;Jtk; .

khdp`hl; v];Fnyz;lh ];lhh;r; czthfTk;>