J. MICHAEL DUNCAN Anp STEPHEN G. . | Sierentiesl WRIGHT it Ble StabilityAPPENDIX Slope Stability Charts USE AND APPLICABILITY OF CHARTS FOR ANALYSIS OF SLOPE STABILITY Slope stabiliy chats provide a means for rapid anal )sis of slope stability. They ean be use for preliminary !nalyses and forchocking detailed amlyses. They are ‘especially usefl for making comparions beeen de Sn alematves, Dacase they provide answers so ‘quickly. The accuracy of slope stability chars is ws ally a8 good a the ecuracy with whi shear stengths can be evalted this appendix, chart solutions ae presented for four types oF slopes: 1, Slopes in soils with ¢b = 0 and aniform strength throughout the dept ofthe soil ayer 2, Slopssin soils with > O.and ¢> O and uniform sirength toughou the dept ofthe soi ayer 23, Infinite slopes in soils with =O and ¢ = O and ils with ® > Oand ¢ > 0 4, Slopes in soils with = O and aength inceas- ng Tinearly ih depth ‘Using approximations in slope gecmetty and care- fully seleted soil repens, hese cht slutons can be applied to wide ange of nonhomogeneous slopes. This appendix contains the Tllowng chars: + Figure Act: Slope stability char for = 0 sils 1 Figure A-2: Surcharge adjustment factors for 6 = ‘and $ > 0 soils + Figure A-3- Submergence and sespage adjustment factors for g = O and > 0 soib + Figure At: Teasion crack adjustment Factors for GO and ¢ > O soils + igure A'S: Slope stability chars for > 0 soils 1 Figure 4-6: Steady seepage adjsunent fewor for > Oso + Figure A-7- Slope stability charts for infinite slopes + Figure A-8: Slope stability chats for = vith strength inereasing wih depth soils, AVERAGING SLOPE INCLINATIONS, UNIT WEIGHTS, AND SHEAR STRENGTHS For simplicity, chats are developed for simple homo: geneous sil conditions. To apply chars to nonhame feneous conditions it is necessary to approximate the ‘eal wins wih an equivalent homogeneous slope “The most effesive method of developing «simple slope profile for chart analysis sto begin with ross Section ofthe slope dawn to sale. On this eross sec tion sing judgment, draw geometrically” simple Slope tha approximates the real slope as closely as posible "To average the shear stents for chart analysis, it is seta to know the location of the eric) slip ser face, atleast proximately. The charts contained in the following seotions provide a means of estimating the poston ofthe erica ice, Average siength val tes are calculated by drawing th eis ele deter mined from the charts on the slope, Then the central fngle of are subtended within each layer or zone of| Soll is measured with a protacor. The ceatal angles ‘ae used a5 weighting factors fo calculate weighted a rage strength partmeter,c, 20d dy Dae, a Se a Day ri aa) 265,266 store stanuery cuaars were cu = average cohesion (sess uit) erage angle of inieral ction (depres) ‘= central angle of are, measured around the ‘ceiter ofthe estimated ential circle, within one i (Gegres) «¢ = cohesion in zone | (sess nis) (9, = anzle of internal ftion in zone 1 degrees (One condition in which it i preferable not to use thee averaging procedaes is the casein which an em bhankment overlies « weak foundation of saturated clay wth = 0, Using Egs. (AT) and (A-2) to develop iverage values of © and in sich a case would Teal {ora sual value of (ethaps 2 1 5). With do > 0, it would be necessary to Us the chart shown in Figure AS, which is base entirely on ctcles that pass through the toe of the slope, Wr weak & = 0 foun- tation sis, the ertcal ciel usually goes below the toe imc the foundation, In thee eases iti beter to approximate the embankment a @ > 0 soil and to we the = 0 slope stability charts shown in Figure UAL The equivalent @ = O tena of the embankment ‘ican be esimted by calcula ng the average normal stress om the part ofthe slp sirfae within the em- ‘enkment (one-half the average vertical stress js Use ally «reasonable approximation of the normal sess fo this pert of the sip sfc) and determining the ‘responding shear siength a hat point onthe shear ‘trengh envelope fo the embankment soil. This valve Of stengh i treated as value of, forthe embank: tment, with = 0. The averye value of 5,8 then ‘iluisted for both the emanlezent and the foundation sing the sime averaging procedure as described above Das, pat where (i the average undrcned shear strength in Stress un), 8, the central argle of are, mensored Sound the center of the estimated erica ee, within ‘oe # (degree), tnd (4) te 5, i layer Cin stress its). This average value of, then used, with = (0, for analysis of the slope. “To average nit weights for ee in chart analysis it is usualy sufficient to use layer thickness a a weight: ing factor, a8 indicated by the lowing expression: Eh Ce = a as where ys the average unit weight (Force per length ibd) the unt weigh af layer F (fee per length ‘bed and the thickness of ayer (in length ni) Unit weights should be averaged only to the depth of the bam ofthe cial cle ithe material below the toe ofthe slope isa = D materi the unit weight should be averaged only downto the foe ofthe slope Since the unit weight ofthe material below the toe has fo effect om stability i tis ease SOILS WITH $= 0 ‘The slope stability char for = 0 soils developed by Jan (1968) is shown in Figure AT. Charts proving jutment factors for surcharge loading atthe top of the slope are shown in Figure A-2. Chats providing fdjustment factors for snbmergence and seepage are ‘Shown in Figure A3, Chats providing adjustment fe- tors to acco for tension creks are shown in Figure aA, Steps forthe use of = 0 chars a: sing jogment, sect the range of depths for Possible erica crles to be investigate. For uni- Form sil conditions, the erica circle passes through the toe ofthe slope i the slope is steeper than about I (horizontal) on 1 (vertical. For fatter ‘Slopes, the ete eile usually extends below the foe, The chat in Figure A-I ean be used to compute factory of safety for eices extending to any dep, find three or mere depts shouldbe analyzed 0 be ‘re thatthe overall entcal ele and overall n= imu factor of safety have been fond Sep 2. The following ertera can be used fo determine ‘which posblties shouldbe examined 2 If there is water onside the slope, a circle pass ing above the water may be ential bb Ie sil layer i weaker than the one above it, the eaiical citle may extend into the lover {over} layer Thi applies to layers bot above snd below the toe ce: Ta soi layer ie stonger than the one above it the erteal eircle maybe tangent to the top of the Layer The following sleps ae peeformed fr each po tential ete eile Siep 3. Caleulate the depth factor, using the formal Fe as. \whese D isthe depth ftom the oe of the slope to the towest point on the slip eee (Ls length and FF