SCHAUM'S OUTLINE OF THEORY AND PROBLEMS of DISCRETE MATHEMATICS Second Edition SEYMOUR LIPSCHUTZ, Ph.D. Temple University MARC LARS LIPSON, Ph.D. University of Georgia SCHAUM’S OUTLINE SERIES McGRAW-HILL New York Washington, D.C. San Francisco Auckland Bogoté Caracas Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan Montreal New Delhi San Juan Singapore Sydney Tokyo TorontoSEYMOUR LIPSCHUTZ is on the mathematics faculty of Temple University and formerly taught at the Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn College. He received his Ph.D. in 1960 at Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences of New York University. He is one of Schaum’s most prolific authors, and has also written Probability; Finite Mathematics, 2nd edition; Linear Algebra, 2nd edition; Beginning Linear Algebra, Ser Theory; and Essential Computer Mathematics. MARC LARS LIPSON is on the faculty of the University of Georgia and formerly taught at Northeastern University and Boston University. He received his Ph.D. in finance in 1994 from the University of Michigan. He is also the coauthor of 2000 Solved Problems in Discrete Mathematics with Seymour Lipschutz. ‘Schaum's Outi of Theory and Problems of DISCRETE MATHEMATICS (Copyright: 1997, 1976 by The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. All rights recered. Printed in the Utes States of America, Except a3 permitted under the Copyright Aet of 1976, 80 part of this publication may be reproduced or distibuted in amy forms or by ty means, or stored in a data ase fr reirval sytem, without the prior written permission ofthe publisher 45671 1011 1213 1415 1617 18 19 20 BAWBAW9 ISBN 0-07-038045-7 Sponsoring Editors: Arthur Bierman, Barbera Gilson Production Supervisor: lure Stanley Editing Supervisor: Maureen Walker ‘brary of Congress Catalogng-a-Publction Dats Lipschut Seymour. ‘Schaum's outline of theory and problems of discrete Seymour Lipwshuta, Mare Lars Lipson-—2nd ed p._cm—{Schaum'souline series) Includes index ISBN 0.07-038085-7 pbk.) 1. Algebra, Absiract—Outlines, syllabi ete. 2. Combinatorial analyss-—Outnes syllabi. ee 3. Logic, Symbolic and ‘mathematical~ Outlines, slab. etc. Lipson, Mare. 11 Tite QALE2LS6. 1997 31292 —de21 9719341 cp McGraw-Hill ‘A Division of The McGraw Hill ComparesPreface Discrete mathematics, the study of finite systems, has become increasingly important as the computer age has advanced. The digital computer is basically a finite structure, and many of its properties can be understood and interpreted within the framework of finite mathematical systems. This book, in presenting the more essential material, may be used as a textbook for a formal course in discrete mathe- matics or as a supplement to all current texts. ‘The first three chapters cover the standard material on sets, relations, and func- tions and algorithms. Next come chapters on logic, vectors and matrices, counting, and probability. We than have three chapters on graph theory: graphs, directed graphs, and binary trees. Finally there are individual chapters on properties of the integers, algebraic systems, languages and machines, ordered sets and lattices, and Boolean algebra. The chapter on functions and algorithms includes a discussion of cardinality and countable sets, and complexity. The chapters on graph theory include discussions on planarity, traversability, minimal paths, and Warshall’s and Huffman’s algorithms. The chapter on languages and machines includes regular expressions, automata, and Turing machines and computable functions. We empha- size that the chapters have been written so that the order can be changed without ifficulty and without loss of continuity. This second edition of Discrete Mathmatics covers much more material and in greater depth than the first edition. The topics of probability, regular expressions and regular sets, binary trees, cardinality, complexity, and Turing machines and compu- table functions did not appear in the first edition or were only mentioned. This new ‘material reflects the fact that discrete mathematics now is mainly a one-year course rather than a one-semester course. Each chapter begins with a clear statement of pertinent definition, principles, and theorems with illustrative and other descriptive material. This is followed by sets of solved and supplementary problems. The solved problems serve to illustrate and amplify the material, and also include proofs of theorems. The supplementary prob- lems furnish a complete review of the material in the chapter. More material has been included than can be covered in most first courses. This has been done to make the book more flexible, to provide a more useful book of reference, and to stimulate further interest in the topics. Finally, we wish to thank the staff of the McGraw-Hill Schaum's Outline Series, especially Arthur Biderman and Maureen Walker, for their unfailing cooperation. SeyMouR LirscHutz Marc Lars Lipson