CONTENTS Preface v CHAPTER 1: Semiconductor Diodes 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Semiconductor Materials: Ge, Si, and GaAs 2 1.3. Covalent Bonding and Intrinsic Materials 3 Energy Levels 5 Extrinsic Materials: n-Type and p-Type 1 Semiconductor Diode 10 Ideal Versus Practical 19 Resistance Levels 2 Diode Equivalent Circuits 27 Transition and Diffusion Capacitance 30 Reverse Recovery Time 31 Diode Specification Sheets 32 Semiconductor Diode Notation 35 Diode Testing 36 Zener Diodes 38 Light-Emitting Diodes al Summary 48 Computer Analysis 49 CHAPTER 2: Diode Applications 59 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Load-Line Analysis. 60 2.3 Series Diode Configurations 2.4 Parallel and Series—Parallel Configurations n 2.5 AND/OR Gates a 2.6 — Sinusoidal Inputs; Half-Wave Rectification 76 2.7 Full-Wave Rectification 19 2.8 Clippers 82 2.9 Clampers 89 2.10 Zener Diodes 22x CONTENTS 2.41 212 243 2.14 Voltage-Multiplier Circuits Practical Applications Summary ‘Computer Analysis CHAPTER 3: Bipolar Junction Transistors 3a 32 33 34 35 3.6 37 3.8 3.9 3.10 3.11 3.12 3.13 Introduction Transistor Construction Transistor Operation Common-Base Configuration Transistor Amplifying Action Common-Emitter Configuration Common-Collector Configuration Limits of Operation Transistor Specification Sheet Transistor Testing Transistor Casing and Terminal Identification Summary Computer Analysis CHAPTER 4: DC Biasing—BitTs 41 42 43 44 45 46 a7 48 49 4.10 4a 412 AAS 44 415 Introduction Operating Point Fixed-Bias Circuit Emitter Bias Voltage-Divider Bias DC Bias with Voltage Feedback Miscellaneous Bias Configurations Design Operations Transistor Switching Networks Troubleshooting Techniques pnp Transistors Bias Stabilization Practical Applications Summary Computer Analysis CHAPTER 5: BST AC Analysis 51 52 53 54 55 5.6 5.7 Introduction Application in the AC Domain BIT Transistor Modeling The r, Transistor Model The Hybrid Equivalent Model Hybrid 7 Model Variations of Transistor Parameters 100 103 113 14 131 131 132 132 134 138 139 145 146 147 151 153 154 156 161 161 162 164 im 175 182 185 190 196 199 202 203 212 219 221 236 237 237 238 240 247 252 2535.8 5.9 5.10 5.11 5.12 5.13 5d 5.15 5.16 5.17 5.18 5.19 5.20 5.21 5.22 5.23 5.24 5.25 5.26 5.27 5.28 5.29 Common-Emitter Fixed-Bias Configuration Voltage-Divider Bias CE Emitter-Bias Configuration Emitter-Follower Configuration Common-Base Configuration Collector Feedback Configuration Collector DC Feedback Configuration Determining the Current Gain Effect of R, and R, ‘Two-Port Systems Approach Summary Tables Cascaded Systems Darlington Connection Feedback Pair Current Mirror Circuits Current Source Circuits Approximate Hybrid Equivalent Circuit Complete Hybrid Equivalent Model Troubleshooting Practical Applications Summary ‘Computer Analysis CHAPTER 6: Field-Effect Transistors 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 6.10 6.11 6.12 6.13 614 615 Introduction Construction and Characteristics of JFETS Transfer Characteristics Specification Sheets (JFETS) Instrumentation Important Relationships Depletion-Type MOSFET Enhancement-lype MOSFET MOSFET Handling vmos cmos MESFETs Summary Table Summary Computer Analysis CHAPTER 7: FET Biasing mM 12 3 14 Introduction Fixed-Bias Configuration Self-Bias Configuration Voltage-Divider Biasing 255 258 261 268 22 274 278 281 282 287 292 295 299 304 307 309 a a7 324 325 332 334 360 360 362 368 374 376 377 378 384 391 392 393 394 397 397 398 404 404 405 409 a5 CONTENTS xixi CONTENTS 15 16 1 18 19 7:10 7m Taz 13 74 TAS Depletion-Type MOSFETs Enhancement-lype MOSFETs Summary Table Combination Networks Design Troubleshooting p-Channel FETs Universal JFET Bias Curve Practical Applications Summary Computer Analysis CHAPTER 8: FET Amplifiers 8.1 82 83 8.4 85 86 87 38 89 8.10 8.11 B12 B13 8.14 B15 8.16 8.17 B18 8.19 Introduction FET Small-Signal Model JFET Fixed-Bias Configuration JFET Self-Bias Configuration JFET Voltage-Divider Configuration JFET Source-Follower (Common-Drain) Configuration JFET Common-Gate Configuration Depletion-Type MOSFETs Enhancement-Type MOSFETs E-MOSFET Drain-Feedback Configuration E-MOSFET Voltage-Divider Configuration Designing FET Amplifier Networks Summary Table Effect of R, and Rug Cascade Configuration Troubleshooting Practical Applications Summary Computer Analysis CHAPTER 9: BJT and JFET Frequency Response 91 92 9.3 9.4 95 9.6 97 98 99 9.10 Introduction Logarithms Decibels General Frequency Considerations Low-Frequency Analysis—Bode Plot Low-Frequency Response-BJT Amplifier Low-Frequency Response—FET Amplifier Miller Effect Capacitance High-Frequency Response—BJT Amplifier High-Frequency Response—FET Amplifier 420 425 430 430 434 436 437 439 4a2 453 454 464 465 472 475 481 482 485 489 490 491 494 495 497 500 503 505 506 515 515 530 530 530 534 537 540 546 555 560 562 5699.11 9.12 9.13 9.14 Multistage Frequency Effects Square-Wave Testing summary Computer Analysis CHAPTER 10: Operational Amplifiers 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 10.7 10.8 10.9 Introduction Differential Amplifier Circuit BiFET, BIMOS, and CMOS Differential Amplifier Circuits Op-Amp Basics Practical Op-Amp Circuits Op-Amp Specifications—DC Offset Parameters Op-Amp Specifications—Frequency Parameters Op-Amp Unit Specifications Differential and Common-Mode Operation 10.10 Summary 10.11 Computer Analysis CHAPTER 11: Op-Amp Applications W.1 2 usa 11.4 15 11.6 7 118 Constant-Gain Multiplier Voltage Summing Voltage Buffer Controlled Sources Instrumentation Circuits Active Filters summary Computer Analysis CHAPTER 12: Power Amplifiers 121 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 12.7 12.8 12.9 Introduction—Definitions and Amplifier Types Series-Fed Class A Amplifier Transformer-Coupled Class A Amplifier Class B Amplifier Operation Class B Amplifier Circuits Amplifier Distortion Power Transistor Heat Sinking Class C and Class D Amplifiers Summary 12.10 Computer Analysis CHAPTER 13: Linear-Digital ICs 13.1 13.2 133 Introduction Comparator Unit Operation Digital-Analog Converters 572 573 577 578 584 584 587 594 597 600 605 608 611 616 620 621 631 631 635 638 639 641 645 648 649 661 661 663 667 674, 617 683 687 690 692 693 701 791 702 708 CONTENTSxiv CONTENTS 13.4 13.5 13.6 13.7 13.8 13.9 Timer IC Unit Operation Voltage-Controlled Oscillator Phase-Locked Loop Interfacing Circuitry summary Computer Analysis CHAPTER 14: Feedback and Oscillator Circuits 41 14.2 14.3 144 14.5 14.6 14.7 14.8 14.9 Feedback Concepts Feedback Connection Types Practical Feedback Circuits Feedback Amplifier-—Phase and Frequency Considerations Oscillator Operation Phase-Shift Oscillator Wien Bridge Oscillator Tuned Oscillator Circuit Crystal Oscillator 14.10 Unijunction Oscillator 14.11 Summary 14,12 Computer Analysis CHAPTER 15: Power Supplies (Voltage Regulators) 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 15.5 15.6 15.7 15.8 15.9 Introduction General Filter Considerations Capacitor Filter RC Filter Discrete Transistor Voltage Regulation IC Voltage Regulators Practical Applications Summary Computer Analysis CHAPTER 16: Other Two-Terminal Devices 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 16.5 16.6 16.7 16.8 16.9 Introduction Schottky Barrier (Hot-Carriet) Diodes Varactor (Varicap) Diodes Power Diodes Tunnel Diodes Photodiodes Photoconductive Cells IR Emitters Liquid-Crystal Displays 16.10 Solar Cells 16.11 Thermistors 16.12 Summary m n5 7 m1 n4 r4 730 730 731 BI a2 7A 746 749 750 753 756 757 758 163 163 164 166 769 ™ 718 783 786 786 791 791 791 795 799 799 803 807 808 809 812 815 817CHAPTER 17: pnpn and Other Devices 17.1 Introduction 172 Silicon-Controlled Rectifier 173 Basic Silicon-Controlled Rectifier Operation 17.4 SCR Characteristics and Ratings 175 SCR Construction and Terminal Identification 17.6 SCR Applications 127 Silicon-Controlled Switch 17.8 Gate Turn-Off Switch 179 _Light-Activated SCR 710 Shockley Diode 1211 Diac 17.12 Triac 12.13 Unijunction Transistor 17.14 Phototransistors 17.15 Opto-Isolators 17.16 Programmable Unijunction Transistor 17.17 Summary Appendix A: Making the Chips That Run the World Appendix B: Hybrid Parameters—Graphical Determinations and Conversion Equations (Exact and Approximate) B.1 Graphical Determination of the h-Parameters B.2__ Exact Conversion Equations B.3. Approximate Conversion Equations Appendix C: Ripple Factor and Voltage Calculations C1 Ripple Factor of Rectifier C2 _ Ripple Voltage of Capacitor Filter 3 Relation of V,, and V,, to Ripple r €4 Relation of V, (RMS) and V,, to Ripple r 5 _ Relation Connecting Conduction Angle, Percentage Ripple, and /peai/Icc for Rectifier-Capacitor Filter Circuits Appendix D: Charts and Tables Appendix E: Solutions to Selected Odd-Numbered Problems index 872 872 876 876 878 878 879 880 881 882 884 893 CONTENTS xv