2. Contingency Tables {wo-Way Contingency Tat Contingency table: cols contain counts of outeomes. ee ‘A:wo-way table with I rows and J columns is eallod an I} sable. pve Physicians’ Health Study (5 years) [Mycaral Infarction (Ml) = hoa attack. 2x 2 table. cop YW Places TEE 108s Aspirin 104 10933 With row totale: Tow a YN Tota Pracebo a3 ToBI 10s Asprin 104 1099311037 — Diagnostic Disease Tests Ye=outcome cttest: t=pustve 2 = negative X-= actual condition’ 1 = diseased 2 = noldseased Pry = 11K Pry = 20k senstvly specticly It you get a postive result, move relevant to yous Prix = 1Y sisease is rolaively rare, his may below even it sensitvty and spectity are high (see ep. 25-26 of text for an exam) ‘conditional dt von X rts to the probably distibvion of wren we reste toon oad love ot X Physicians’ Health Study (ctd) wap YW tera Fete ast Sample (or estimated) eondonal roe for plaebo group are 10 to.s45 rosa Tage sea Natural way to look at data when —Y = response variable (0. heart stack: yes/no) Indep. X= evplanaiony variable (8. eoup:aspiinacebo) int and Marginal Distribution ‘What i and ¥ are both response variates? Let ny =PIX=4Y=j, tat, {rx] forms the joint alistebution ot X ard Y. (ox }forms the marginat cistbution ot X. {reforms the marginal estbuton ot Y. 2x Zexample: x 1 ae]Sample col courts: {ny} Cell proportions: (py) Ips Wwnere 2x 2 example: Fact: X and Yate independent Pax =i,¥=j) = PAX =U bo. my = mismey for alli and) 2x exam: LL x Ee 2 Dna it and ont it Pav 1 2 a 2 Tz forall andj é Independence Definition (Statistical Independence) X and Y are stavsteal independent ithe vue conltonaldstriuton Of Is the same at each lovel of X. 2 x 2 example, Rows represent condional étibuions of Y given X. y 12 1 [erpas] 1 * 2 Torts} 1 2.2 Comparing Proportions in 2 x 2 Tables y s Conditional itibutions x {P= TEs fe =ps—pe SE lpr pe Physicians’ Health Study (etd) P)=0017 pe=0.008 p;—pe—0.008 DorrxOaeT oO x ORT SE= Grose Froa7 20018 95% Clfor my me! .008 &: 1.96(.0018) ~.008 003 ~ (.005,.011 ‘Apparently — mp > 0.8. 5 > 72)relative risk = 1 (Cm TF Physicians’ Health Study (ctd) Pas) ‘Sample relative rsk nthe Physicians Health Study is “Tho odds of response S (instead of Fs PS py _ 9017 m pe 0008 ~ '? in row Inthe 2 « 2 table above: odds(s) = ‘Sample proportion of heart atacks was 82% higher or placebo group Invow 2, Soe p. 58 of loxl for Cl formula for relative risk Note Example: 95% Cl for BR in PHSis(1.43,2.31 > if odds(S} = 8, then Sis tree times as key as F Tndeperdonco <=> S=1 » if odds(} = 3, thon Fis three times as key as i) st 1(s) = _OeestS) 1 ee PS) = TF oaaaiST Group 3 Pe = odds(s) <3 =» Pris) 2 put a a Deion (Odds Ratlo) = rio odds(s)=1 <> pris)- V3 -V8_1 pgp 3 mi(1—m) IS) 5 = PIS m a 4 NG O8is Ratio: = BO