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 "!#$%&('*)+ ,.- /0-12 7

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x1 = 1
 
  
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 2x1 + 3x2 − x3 = 5

4x1 + 4x2 − 3x3 = 3

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Û −1
 −3

5‰Iqsgj€optI…†}oÒkˆ’+€tvgj€o…†}?vgu‡p}pkQopn6m(t1kˆ}I}p{µi‘m‘§‘ovm(iQ€}&qs‹vm(tI…†}Ò}mqumnFmt1kQ} €}&nF}Òvgu‡IIopwQoÒmqugsnFgutIoxw }
€}1mš.€gumt1kQm…vm x1 …voFiˆmŠp{ItI…vo6qsgutv‹IoIhkˆm(n]£¤iˆmp™ a11

a12 4
m= = =2
a11 2
E m(iQiˆoOžŸ}pwQnFoIh}&itv}„‡p}1i*‡„oxqu}pwQm(i…†}&imqumnFmt1kQ}&ie…vo]iˆmŠ&{vtI…vo~qsgutv‹Io]i‘m(wQ‚p}OwQm(iˆ{vq¡kLoxt1kˆm+i…Io]iˆ{v”†kQwQo&‚x}~mt1kˆwQmr}1i
m(qsm(n6m(t1kˆ}&i
opt&kQgsŠ&}&i
…voaiˆmŠ&{vtI…vo]qsgutv‹IoFm}1i
mqumnFmt1kˆ}1iy…voFvwQgsnFm(gswLo~qugutv‹IoFn~{Iq¡kQgsvqugj€op…v}&i
}pw m †}p{4i‘m‘§‘ov™
  
2 ← 2 −m· 1
5 nao„kQwˆgu "ox{vnFmt1kLop…vo6wQm(iˆ{vq¡kLoxt1kˆm ’O…vo&…vo6.}&w(™
 3 7 −1


[Ab] =  3
Û −7 −1
−2
−3
 −1

-oxwLo~m(qsgunFgst.oxwy}Ҁ}hmš.€gumt1kˆm"…†m x1 tIo]kˆm(wQ€mguwQo]qsgutv‹IoII€opqu€{vqjo„£¤i‘m {vn•tI}„‡p}6n~{vqskˆguvqugu€(op…†}&w(™


a31 2
m= = =1
a11 2
}?—1{Iopq’]{†kˆguqugs +op…†}Ò.oxwLoan~{vqskˆguvqugu€(oxwoavwQgsnFm(gswLoaqugstv‹.oÒIopwQoI.m(t&kL‚x}..iˆmwi‘{v”vkˆwLoxÓj…vo҅voFkQmwL€m(gswLoaqugstv‹.ovŒ 5iˆiˆgun
kQmn6£ iˆm  3 ←  3 − m ·  1 †}җ1{vmwˆm+i‘{Iq¡kLo]m(n²™
 3 7 −1


[Ab] = 

−2
−6
−13 −7 
−6
-opiQiˆox£ iˆmp†opŠp}pwLov1IopwQo]mqugsnFgutIop(‚x}F…†}Ҁ}hmš.€gumt1kˆm"…†m …vo6kˆm(wQ€mguwQo]qsgutv‹IoIŒÄ“ vwQ}†€m+…†gsnFm(t&kQ}]’Oiˆgun6guqjoxwyox}1i
opt&kQmwQgs}&wˆm+i}pwQ’n {vkˆguqsgu (ox£ iˆmF}²€}hmš.€gsm(t&kQma…†m x2 Ú a22 Üx…I2o4i‘m(Šp{vtI…Io?qugstI‹Io4€}&n6}}²vgu‡IŒ?“ n~{vqskˆguvqugu€(op…†}&w"’
€(oxqj€{vqjop…†}Fo„kQwQo2‡&’(ie…†mp™
a32 −6
m= = =3
4 op m(tI…†}    DkQmn6£ iˆmF€}pnF}wˆm+i‘{Iq¡kLop…†}šItIopqÎ{InFonao„kQwˆgu 6kˆwQguoptvŠp{Iquopw iˆ{vmwQgs}&w op{vnFmt1kQo&…vo
a22 −2

m+—&{Igs‡„oxqumt1kQmpŒ 3 ← 3 −m· 2
 3 7 −1


[Ab] =  −2 −1 −7 
 
−15
œ i‘kˆm"tv}„‡&}6iˆgjilkQmnao6qsgutvm(opw
.}†…†mOiˆmwež op€gsqunFmt1kˆmOiˆ}pqu{I€gs}&tIop…†}6o„kQwQo2‡&’(ie…voFoxvqugu€(op(‚x}F…†}aoxquŠp}pwQgskˆgun6}F…voFiˆ{v”Ii‘£
kQg¡kQ{vgu(‚x}FwQmkˆwQ}&oxkˆgu‡„ovŒ*“ ‡pmkˆ}&w‰i‘}&qs{I(‚x}6’p™
 
1
x = 2 
3
 
  
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   Ð Ð Í Ï (Ë!Ï Ê
   


“ oxquŠp}&wˆgskˆnF}FnF}&i‘kˆwLo6€}pnF}ÒiˆmO.}†…†m~gsnFvqumnFmt1kLoxw‰{vn vwQ}pŠ&wQopnFo]IopwQoa€(oxqj€{vqjoxwyth{vnFmwQgj€oxnFm(t&kQmOoanao„kQwˆgu 
kQwˆgjoxtvŠ&{vqjoxw-m(—1{vgu‡„oxqumt1kˆm&Œ 9r}"mt1kQopt1kˆ}I1i‘moxquŠp{vn mqumnFmt1kˆ}]…vo"…†gjoxŠp}&tIoxq†IwˆgutI€guIopq.…vonao„kQwˆgjo A žŸ}&wÄguŠp{IopqIo m(wˆ}.
m(qsm6tI‚x}²}†…†mwLƒiˆmw{†kQgsqugu (op…v}IŒ h}&wˆtIox£ iˆm~tIm(€m+iˆiQƒxwQgu}ID…†m(i‘kQonaoxtvm(gswLovDm(tI€}&t1kˆwLoxw {vnao}&{†kˆwLoqsgutv‹IotIonao„kQwˆgu 
m(n —1{vm‰}]€}hmš.€gsm(t1kˆm‰tIoO.}1i‘gj‚p}"m(—1{vgu‡2opqsm(t1kˆmriˆml§‘oO…vg¡žŸm(wˆm(t&kQmr…†m mwQ}IŒ œ tI€}pt1kˆwLop…Iom(iQiˆoqugstI‹Iovh…†m‡&m£¤i‘mywQm(opqsgu (opw
{vnao6mwQn~{†kLovI…†mžŸ}&wˆnaoFo6wˆmkˆguwQopw
}a‡2opqs}&wy m(wˆ}F…voa…†gjoxŠ&}ptIopqIwˆgutI€guIopq¾Œ Ù o&i‘}aiˆml§‘o6gsnF}&iQi‘Óu‡pm(qDmtI€}pt1kˆwLoxw
m+iˆiQo
qugstI‹Iov†}aiˆgui‘kˆm(nFo6tI‚p}F’O…†mkQmwQn6gutIo&…†}IŒ
“ iO…vo&…†}&i"…vmamt1kˆwLop…vo²iQ‚x}²o²nao„kˆwQgu Òox{vnFmt1kLop…vomÒo}pwL…†mn …v}²iˆgjilkQmnaovŒÒ-opwQomžŸm(g¡kQ}&iO…vmatv}xkLop‚p}tI}
opqsŠ&}pwQg¡kQn6}.&}1i
mqumnFmt1kQ}&i 8 5. · 0 iQ‚x}a…vo6nao„kˆwQgu op{vnFmt1kQo&…vovŒ n


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œ n{vnao]m(qsgunFgst.op‚p}]Š1ox{IiQiˆguoptIov†iˆmopqsŠ&{vn mqumnFm(t&kQ} tIo £’+i‘gunao~gskˆm(wQo&‚p}Ih}Fvwˆ}&ŠpwLoxnaoO—1{vm"m+ilkLƒ
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{vna=o4…†0gu‡1gjiQ‚xk}².}&wO m(wˆ}.B}—1{vmFqsm(‡„oxwLƒo4€wˆm(wO—1{vma}
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ÈÉBÊhËÌÎ;ÏÐ E o&…†}²}i‘gji‘kˆmnao²o4iˆmŠp{Igsw+Bmt.€}pt1kQwQopw {Iniˆgui‘kˆm(nFokQwˆgjoxtvŠ&{vqjoxwOiˆ{v.m(wˆgu}pwm+—&{Igs‡„oxqumt1kQmÒo„kˆwLo2‡p’+i…v}
nF’kQ}†…†}a…†m yox{IiQi(Œ


 x1 + x 2 + x 3 = 1
x1 + x2 + 2x3 = 2

x1 + 2x2 + 2x3 = 1
5 nao„kQwˆgu "ox{vnFmt1kLop…vo

[Ab]
…†}ai‘gjilkQmnao6’p™
 
1 1 1 1
[Ab] = 1 1 2 2
1 2 2 1
œ iQ€}&qs‹vm(tI…†}F}FmqumnFmt1kQ} a11
€}&n6}FvwQgun6m(gswQ}Fvgu‡ I1kQmn6£ iˆmO—1{vmp™


a21 1
m= = =1
a11 1
œ Ž†m(€{†kQoptI…†}aoF}pmwLop(‚x} 
2 ←

2 −m·

1
oFnao„kQwˆgu "ox{vnFm(t&kLop…vo~š.€(o]guŠp{.oxqBov™
 
1 1 1 1
[Ab] = 0 0 1 1
1 2 2 1
mwL€m(”.m£ iˆm"—&{Im"}amqumnFmt1kˆ} …†m+ilkLo]naoxkˆwQgs "nF}†…†gsš.€o&…voF’"gsŠ&{IoxqBo  v}җ1{vm"gut1‡hgjox”vguqugs +oxwLƒ]oa€}pt1kˆguth{Iop(‚x}
†… }6nF’kQ}h…v}6…†m yop{Iiˆi(Œ-oxwLoOm‡hgskQaop22wegji‘kˆ}IhvwQ}†€m+…†m£¤i‘m €}&n–oOkQwˆ}†€o6…†mqugstIo&i
…vo~naoxkˆwQgs ox{vnFm(t&kLop…vo]…†}ai‘gji‘kˆmnaoIŒ
5 gu…v’gjo?vwQgutI€guIoxq’6m(iQ€}&qs‹vm(w €}pnF}?Igs‡ }mqumnFmt1kQ}…†m6naoxgu}pw nF›h…v{vqs}²…vo€}&qs{vt.ooptIoxquguiQop…Ioam]mwQn~{vkQoxw"o&i
qugstI‹Iopie…†}~m(qsm(nFmt1kˆ}6—&{Imrm(i‘kQƒ~tIo].}1i‘gj‚p}~…†}~Igs‡ ]oxt1kQgsŠ&}I1}p{?iˆml§‘oI&tIo]…†gjoxŠp}&tIoxq.vwQgstI€gs.oxqŒ œ ilkQmvwQ}†€m+…†gsnFm(t&kQ}
kQmno6‡„oxt1kLoxŠpm(n–…†m"Š&opwQopt1kˆguwm+ilkLox”vguqsgj…vo&…†mt1{In6’(wˆgj€o6IopwQo6oFi‘}&qs{.‚x}F…†}Òiˆgui‘kˆm(naovŒ
 
  
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ÈÉBÊhËÌÎ;ÏÐ 5‰vqugj€oxw}?nF’kQ}†…†}?…†}vgs‡&}xkLoxnFmt1kˆ}?IoxwL€gjoxqB.oxwLoawˆm+i‘}&qs‡&mwy}i‘m(Šp{vgut1kˆm~iˆgui‘kˆm(naov.švŽvoxtI…†} 7?€o&iˆo&i


…†m+€gunaoxgji™


 x1 + x2 + 2x3 = 8
−x1 − 2x2 + 3x3 = 1

5 nao„kQwˆgu "ox{vnFmt1kLop…vo6’p™
3x1 − 7x2 + 4x3 = 10

pÛ   Ûp   3        


7v   Ûp   

[Ab] =  −1, 7v 000 


−2, 000
−7, 000
   Û   
“ vwQgun6m(gswQ}Io&iˆiˆ}³’²…†mkˆmwQnFgst.oxw6}µm(qsm(n6m(t1kˆ}µ…vmnaoxgu}pw6nF›†…†{vqu}à…vo4ºÞ°ÅÀ¹aÁÅÀÞQ»!¶L¸„ G†Ç»„Œ 9‰m+ilkQm€(opiˆ}I-m+ilkQm
m(qsm(n6m(t1kˆ}y’ a31 = 3, 000 Œ E m(iˆml§‘o„£¤iˆm*—&{ImÄm(i‘kˆmÄmqumnFmt1kˆ}i‘m‘§‘oy}yvgu‡ ‰IopwQo
Iwˆ}†€m+…†mw€}pn oym(qsgunFgstIo&‚p}yŠ&ox{.iˆiˆguoptIov
}&{Öiˆml§‘oIÎ…vm(iˆml§‘o„£¤iˆmҗ&{Ima}‡„oxqu}pw 74m+ilkQml§‘o²tIo4}&iˆgj‚x}4…†}³mqumnFmt1kˆ} Œ 5riQiˆgsn²Îwˆm+oxqugs +o„£¤i‘mF{vnao4mwQn~{†kLop(‚x}
m(t&kQwˆm"o6vwQgsnFm(gswLo~mkQmwL€m(gswLo~qugutv‹IoF…voFnao„kQwˆgu "ox{vnFmt1kLop…voIŒ*“ wˆm+i‘{Iq¡kLopa…†11}6’p™
7v  −7, 000    Û    
7v   Ûp   

[Ab] =  −1, Ûp 000


 Ûp 000
−2,
  3       
D naoև&m ².m(wˆn]{†kQo&…voÖopiFqugstI‹Iopi(.opiQiˆox£ iˆm.oxwLo³}ÖvwQ}†€m(iQiˆ}à…†m4m(qsgunFgst.op‚p}…†}&iFm(qsm(n6m(t1kˆ}&ia…IoµºÞ°ÅÀ¹aÁÅÀވ»
¶L¸„ G†Ç»F—1{vmm(i‘kQ‚p}6op”IoxgsŽ†}6…voF…†gjoxŠ&}ptIopq.IwˆgutI€guIopq¾ŒÄ“ Iwˆ}†€m+…†gun6m(t1kˆ}6’ }FnFm(iˆnF}6…v}6nF’kˆ}†…†}a…†m yox{IiQi(Œ 5iˆiˆgun
}Fn~{Iq¡kQgsvqugj€op…v}pwy…voaiˆmŠp{ItI…vo]qsgutv‹IoII€opqu€{vquo&…†}6tIoFvwQgsnFmguwLo]€}pqu{vtIov†’&™
a21 −1, 000
m21 = = = −0, 333
a11 3, 000
-oxwLo~opq¡kQmwLoxwe}&imqumnFmt1kˆ}1i
…vo~iˆmŠ&{vtI…vo]qsgutv‹IoIh mwLoxt.…†}]o&iˆiˆgsn }6mqumnFmt1kQ} a21 hž ox £ iˆm  2 ←   
}a—1{vmwˆm+i‘{Iq¡kLo]m(n²™ 2 − m21 · 1
 7v     Û    
  
  
−7, 000 7 7 7 7 7 7
[Ab] =  Ûp
 
−4,Û& 333
  3        
-opiQiˆox£ iˆmp†opŠp}pwLov1IopwQo6o6mqugsnFgutIop(‚x}a…†}FmqumnFmt1kQ} a31 †{vkˆguqsgu (optI…†}a}ai‘m(Šp{vgut1kˆmn~{Iq¡kQgsvqugj€op…v}pw+™
a31 1, 000
m31 = = = 0, 333
a11 3, 000
5 }pmwLop(‚x}Fi‘}&”vwQm o]kˆm(wQ€mguwQo6qugstI‹Io6’ 
3 ← 3 − m31 · 1
 vwQm(iˆ{vq¡kLoxtI…v}]m(n™
   7v      Û  
 
    −7, 000 7 7 7 7 7 7 
[Ab] = 
   
−4, 333 7I 7 7 7 
   
“|.opiQi‘}Öi‘m(Šp{vgut1kˆm²’²mtI€}pt1kˆwLoxwF}ÖmqumnFm(t&kQ}…†m²nFopgs}&wanF›h…v{vqs}ÖtIoØßÁ F G†ÇÝp»!¶L¸x G†Ç»xŒ 9rm(i‘kˆm€(opiˆ}IÄt.‚x}à’
}&iQi‘Óu‡pm(qm+iˆ€}pqu‹vmw }mqumnFmt1kˆ} a12 = −7, 000 .}&wQ—1{vm6opiQi‘gun;}mqumnFmt1kˆ} a22 …vo…vguopŠp}pt.oxqIwˆgutI€guIopq¾Dguwˆgjoi‘m(w
m(qsgunFgstIo&…†}IŒ 5 wˆm(ŠpwLoҊpm(wQopqΗ1{vmaiˆmaoxvqugu€(oop}nF’kˆ}†…†}4…†}vgs‡&}xkLoxnFmt1kˆ}IopwQ€guopq’a—1{vmao?”I{Iiˆ€(o.m(qs}²mqumnFm(t&kQ}
…†m²naoxgu}pwanF›†…†{vqu}I
—1{vm4‡„oxg‰iˆmwa}Övgu‡Ötv}vwQ}†€m+iˆiˆ}à…vm4mqugsnFgutIop(‚x}àŠ&ox{.iˆiˆguoptIovÄ’4wˆm+oxqugs +op…voà…†}&iFm(qsm(nFmt1kˆ}1i
…vovwQ›pvwQgjo҅†gjoxŠp}&tIoÒIwˆgutI€guIopqÎ.oxwLoҔIopg¡Ž†}IŒ 9rm(i‘kˆm6mŽ†mnFvqu}m(iˆ.m+€Ósš.€}.B…†m‡&m£¤i‘m]wˆm+oxqugs +oxwrm+ilkLo?”I{Iiˆ€(o?m(t1kˆwQm]}1i
m(qsm(n6m(t1kˆ}&i a22 = −4, 333 m a32 = 3, 333 Œf†mtI…†} a22 €}pn«nFopgs}&wnF›†…†{vqu}Ipmqum’
m(iQ€}&qs‹Igu…†} €}&n6} vgu‡ .Œ D nao ‡pm( 
—1{vmm(i‘kˆm"Igs‡ am(i‘kQƒ6tIoa…†gjoxŠ&}ptIopqIwˆgutI€guIopq…voFnao„kQwˆgu p†tI‚p}a‹Iƒ6tvm(€m(iQi‘gj…vo&…†m"…†m".m(wˆn]{†kQo&‚p}F…vm"qsgutv‹Io&iŒ 5iˆiˆgun
…†m(‡pm£ iˆm‰mqugun6gutIopw}]mqumnFmt1kˆ} a32 IopwQoO€}ptI€qs{Igswe}~vwQ}†€m+iˆiˆ}~…†mkˆwQguoptvŠp{Iquopwˆgu (o&‚x}.ŒÎ“ ‡„oxqu}pw
…†}~n]{vqskˆguvqsgj€o&…†}pwe’p™
a32 3, 333
m32 = = = −0, 769
a22 −4, 333
meoy}pmwLop(‚x}‰iˆ}p”vwQmÄoykQmwL€m(gswLoyqugstv‹.o‰wQm(iˆ{vnFm£¤i‘m*o   „wˆm+i‘{Iq¡kLoxtI…†}rtIoriˆmŠ&{vgst1kQm*nao„kˆwQgu *kˆwQgjoxtvŠ&{vquopw
m+—&{Igs‡„oxqumt1kQmpŒ 3 ← 3 −m32 · 2
 7v     Û    
   
−7, 000 7 7 7 7 7 7 
[Ab] =  
  
−4, 333
   v7    
 
  
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-oxwLo~m(tI€}&t1kˆwLoxw
}F‡pmkQ}pw‰iˆ}pqu{I‚p} x
”Io&ilkLo]opvqsgj€opwy}Fn6’kˆ}†…†}a…voaiˆ{v”Ii‘kˆgskˆ{vgj‚p}FwˆmkˆwQ}&o„kQgs‡„oIŒ 5 iˆ}pqu{I‚p}]’&™
 
3, 000
x = 1, 000
2, 000
Ð BÐ Í Ï (Ë!Ï Ï .Ï vË!Ê +Ï
      
 
 
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nao„kQwˆgu  A Œ“ vwˆ}&ŠpwLoxnaoÒ.oxwLoom(qsgunFgstIo&‚p}Š1ox{IiQi‘gjoxt.o?{†kQgsqugu (oxt.…†}²}Igs‡&}xkQopnFmt1kˆ}²IopwQ€guopqiˆmwLƒ…†gs‡hgj…†gj…†}4n mn
kQwˆz+iyIoxwˆkˆm+iŒ 5 IwˆgunFmguwQoF’OwQm(iˆ}ptIiQƒ2‡pm(qD.m(quoa”I{Iiˆ€(o҅†}anaoxgu}pwrmqumnFmt1kˆ}…voҀ}&qs{ItIovŒ 5 iˆmŠ&{vtI…†}aIopw‘kQmOwQm(oxqugu (o
o6mwQn~{†kLop‚p}6…vm"qsgutv‹Io&i
mp†}pw
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a11 a12 ··· a1n
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ŒŒŒ ŒŒŒ ŒŒŒ ŒŒŒ
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8, 7x1 + 3, 0x2 + 9, 3x3 + 11, 0x4 = 16, 4



24, 5x1 − 8, 8x2 + 11, 5x3 − 45, 1x4 = −49, 7



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21, 0x1 − 81, 0x2 − 13, 2x3 + 21, 5x4 = −106, 3

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4x1 + 3x2 + 2x3 + x4 = 10

2x1 + 3x2 + x3 − x4 = 6, 90
 
 
  x + 2x + 3x + 4x

=5
 −x + x − 4x + x

= −6, 60 1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4
x1 − x 2 − x 3 − x 4 = −1
x1 + x 2 + x 3 + x 4 = 10, 20
 

 
x1 + x 2 + x 3 + x 4 =3
 
4x1 − 5x2 + x3 − 2x4 = −12, 30

x + 2x2 + 3x3 + 4x4 = 10



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=7
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= 12, 02
1 2 3 4
 3x1 + 2x2 + x3 + 2x4 =6

  2x 1 + 5x 2 + x 3 + 2x 4 = 14, 90

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4x1 + 3x2 + 2x3 + x4 =5
 
4x1 + 6x2 + 2x3 + x4 = 20, 72

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4x1 + x2 + x3 + 4x4 =7

x1 − 0, 25x2 − 0, 25x3 = 0
 
 
2x1 − 8x2 + x3 − x4 = −6
 

 −0, 25x + x − 0, 25x = 0

1 2 4
25x + 0, 25x x1 + 2x2 − 5x3 + x4 = −1
−0, x − 4 = 0, 25

1 3
 

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x1 + x2 + x3 − 4x4 = −1
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−0, 25x2 + x4 = 0, 25

x(0) = [0 0 0 0 0] ¦Œ


 10x1 + 4x2 − x3 + 3x4 = 2

−8x2 − 2x3 + x4 − 3x5 = 5




2x1 − 4x2 + 7x3 = 13

−x1 + 2x2 − 3x3 − 10x4 + 2x5 = 4





2x1 − x2 − x3 + x4 − 7x5 = 7

 
  
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10x1 + x2 + x3 + 2x4 + 3x5 − 2x6 = 6, 57



4x1 − 20x2 + 3x3 + 2x4 − x5 + 7x6 = −68, 448





 5x − 3x + 15x − x − 4x + x = −112, 05

1 2 3 4 5 6

 −x 1 + x 2 + 2x 3 + 8x 4 − x 5 + 2x 6 = −3, 968

x1 + 2x2 + x3 + 3x4 − 9x5 − x6 = −2, 18





−4x1 + 3x2 + x3 + 2x4 − x5 + 12x6 = 10, 882

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